نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری اصلاح نباتات، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی و باشگاه پژوهشگران و نخبگان جوان، کرج، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

چکیده
یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌هایی که در ردیف تنش‌های غیر زیستی قرار می‌گیرد و باعث ایجاد محدودیت در عملکرد گیاهان می‌شود، تنش خشکی است. شناسایی ژنوتیپ‌های متحمل به خشکی مهم‌ترین گام در طرح‌های به‌نژادی محسوب می‌گردد، بدین منظور آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دو شرایط تنش و عدم تنش رطوبتی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج در سال زراعی 1394 روی 12 ژنوتیپ آفتابگردان پایه‌ریزی و اجرا شد. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه واریانس مرکب وجود تنوع میان ژنوتیپ‌های مورد مطالعه را از لحاظ بیشتر صفات تأیید نمود. اثر محیط برای تمامی صفات و اثر متقابل ژنوتیپ با محیط نیز فقط برای ارتفاع بوته معنی‌دار بود. صفت عملکرد دانه از نظر پارامتر‌های بازده ژنتیکی، ضرایب تغییرات ژنوتیپی و فنوتیپی در شرایط تنش و عدم تنش نسبت به سایر صفات مقادیر بیشتری را نشان داد. بالاترین وراثت‌پذیری در آزمایش نرمال متعلق به عملکرد دانه (55/77 درصد) و در آزمایش تنش متعلق به ارتفاع بوته (70/62 درصد) بود. بیشترین تغییر میزان صفت در شرایط تنش نسبت به شرایط نرمال به‌ترتیب مربوط به ارتفاع بوته (27 درصد)، عرض برگ (5/25 درصد)، قطر ساقه (25 درصد) و طول برگ (22 درصد) بود. دندروگرام به‌دست‌آمده از تجزیه خوشه‌ای ژنوتیپ‌ها را بر اساس صفات تحت بررسی در هر دو شرایط تنش و عدم تنش در سه گروه طبقه‌بندی نمود. با توجه به گروه‌بندی تجزیه خوشه‌ای در شرایط تنش خشکی ژنوتیپ‌های Sor و Progress به‌عنوان ژنوتیپ‌های متحمل و در مقابل ژنوتیپ‌های Favorite، Record، SHF81-90، Master و Lakomka به‌عنوان ژنوتیپ‌های حساس شناخته شدند. بر اساس نتایج حاصل و با توجه به وجود تنوع کافی در بین ژنوتیپ‌ها به نظر می‌رسد امکان شناسایی ژنوتیپ‌های متحمل به خشکی وجود دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Genetic Diversity Study of Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) Genotypes for Agro-morphological Traits Under Normal and Drought Stress Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Saremi-Rad 1
  • Khodadad Mostafavi 2

1 Ph.D. Student of Plant Breeding, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University and Young Researchers and Elite Club, Karaj, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

چکیده [English]

Abstract
 
Background and Objectives
As the world's population grows, increasing demand for edible oils is inevitable. In addition to plant genetics, environmental variability plays a key role in plant yield. Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses that reduce the productivity of sunflower and other crops. Understanding the nature of phenotypic traits that improve performance under stress conditions and identifying the complex physiological and genetically mechanisms is fundamental to plant stress. Improving drought tolerance and increasing water productivity in plants is one of the most important goals of the breeders. Gaining knowledge of the amount of phenotypic and genetic parameters in the plant species for genetic and plant breeding studies is very important for the exact selection of the genotypes according to the objectives of the breeding programs. Understanding the nature of morphological, physiological, genetic and molecular mechanisms under the influence of drought tolerance can play an important role in the development of drought tolerant genotypes for cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas. The main aims of this study included investigation of genetic diversity of sunflower germplasm (to understand the relationships between morphological traits and their heritability) and accurate identification of the most important traits that affect the sunflower yield in each of the normal conditions and drought stress.
 
Materials and Methods
An experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in normal and drought stress conditions in 2014 growing season on 12 sunflower genotypes in a research field of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch. Each block consisted of 12 plots and each plot contained five rows. Each row was 5 meters length with 60 cm spacing, and plant spacing on rows was 20 cm. The studied traits included grain yield, seed length, seed width, seed diameter, leaf length, leaf width, plant height and stem diameter.
 
Results
The results of combined analysis of variance confirmed the significant diversity among genotypes for most traits. Grain yield showed higher values for parameters of genetic efficiency, genotypic and phenotypic variation coefficients under drought stress and non-stress conditions compared to other traits. While the highest percentage of heritability in the normal condition belonged to grain yield, it belonged to plant height in the stress conditions. Plant height, leaf width, stem diameter and leaf length showed the highest change in terms of traits in stress conditions compared to normal conditions. Dendrograms derived from cluster analysis classified genotypes into three groups based on studied traits under both drought stress and non-stress conditions. According to the cluster analysis, under drought stress condition, the Sor and Progress genotypes were identified as tolerant genotypes and, in contrast, genotypes of Favorite, Record, SHF81-90, Master and Lakomka were recognized as sensitive genotypes.
 
Discussion
In the combined analysis of variance the significance of the environmental effect shows that drought stress has significantly affected all traits. Therefore, the applied stress reveals the differences between the cultivars and the evaluation of the cultivars in the stress environment can lead to the selection of suitable cultivars. The effect of genotype was not significant for some traits, which suggests that the selection of cultivars for these traits is complex because the differences between the cultivars are not clearly defined. Selection is more reliable for traits that are significant, such as grain yield. The interaction between genotype and environment also increases the complexity of selection, which was significant only for plant height in this study. The high coefficient of phenotypic variation for traits indicates that the expression of these traits is greatly affected by the environment. Also, the high coefficient of genotypic and phenotypic variation for some traits indicates the wide range of changes for these traits. In general, the correspondence of the phenotypic coefficient and the genotypic coefficient in some traits indicates that the environmental effects on trait expression are negligible. However, when the phenotypic variation coefficient is higher than the genotypic variation coefficient, it indicates a high environmental effect. The low difference between the phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for some traits suggests that these traits are more controlled by genetic factors. Therefore, the selection of parents for these traits is appropriate for hybridization programs.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Abiotic stress
  • Coefficients of genotypic and phenotypic variation
  • Genetic gain
References
Akbari, G. H. A., Jabbari, H., Daneshian, J., Alahdadi I. and Shahbazian, N. (2008). The effect of limited irrigation on seed physical characteristics in sunflower hybrids. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 12(45), 513-523. [In Farsi]
Allard, R. W. (1960). Principles of plant breeding. New York: John Wiley and sons Inc.
Beyazgul, M., Kayam, Y. and Engelsman, F. (2000). Estimation methods for crop water requirements in the Gediz Basin of western Turkey. Journal of Hydrology, 229(1-2), 19-26.
Burton, G. W. and DeVane, E. H. (1953). Estimating heritability in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) from replicated clonal material. Agronomy Journal, 45(10), 478-481.
Chimenti, C. A., Pearson, J. and Hall, A. J. (2002). Osmotic adjustment and yield maintenance under drought in sunflower. Field Crops Research, 75(2-3), 235-246.
Comstock, R. R. and Robinson, H. F. (1952). Genetic parameters, their estimation and significance. Proceedings 6th International Grassland Congress, Pennsylvania State College, U.S.A.
Earl, H. J. and Davis, R. F. (2003). Effect of drought stress on leaf and whole canopy radiation use efficiency and yield of maize. Agronomy Journal, 95(3), 688-696.
Ehdaie, B. and Waines, J. G. (1989). Genetic variation, heritability and path-analysis in landraces of bread wheat from southwestern Iran. Euphytica, 41(3), 183-190.
Elias, E., Salih, A. and Alaily, F. (2001). Cracking patterns in the Vertisols of the Sudan Gezira at the end of dry season. International Agrophysics, 15(3), 151-156.
Falconer, D. S. (1989). Introduction to quantitative genetics (3rd edition). Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England: Logman Scientific and Technical.
FAO. (2015). Food outlook, global market analysis. Retrieved fromhttp/www.fao.org/.
Ghani, A., Hussain, M. and Qureshi, M. S. (2000). Effect of different irrigation regimens on the growth and yield of sunflower. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2(4), 334-335.
Gholinezhad, E. and Darvishzadeh, R. (2018). Estimates of variance components and heritability of grain yield and yield components in confectionary sunflower landraces in different levels of irrigation. Plant Productions, 41(2), 29-41. [In Farsi]
Hatami Maleki, H., Abdi, N., Darvishzadeh, R. and Jafari, M. (2016). Mapping QTLs controlling drought tolerance indices in Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Journal of Crop Breeding, 8(20), 228-235. [In Farsi]
Johnson, H. W., Robinson, H. F. and Comstock, R. E. (1955). Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybeans. Agronomy Journal, 47(7), 314-318.
Marinkovic, R. (1992). Path-coeficient analysis of some yield components of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Euphytica, 60(1), 201-205.
Mohammadi, A., Majidi, E., Bihamta, M. R. and Heidari Sharilabad, H. (2006). Evaluation of drought stress on agro-morphological characteristics in some wheat cultivars. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi, 73(4), 184-192. [In Farsi]
Nabipour, A. R., Yazdi-Samadi, B., Zali, A. A. and Poustini, K. (2000). Effects of morphologic, traits and their relation to stress susceptibility index in several wheat genotypes. Biaban, 7(1), 31-47. [In Farsi]
Nezami, A., Khazaei, H. R., Boroumand Rezazadehb, Z. and Hosseini, A. (2008). Effects of drought stress and defoliation on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in controlled conditions. Desert, 12(2), 99-104. [In Farsi]
Pearce, S. R., Knox, M., Ellis, T. N. H., Flavell, A. J. and Kumar, A. (2000). Pea Ty1-copia group retrotransposons: Transitional activity and use as markers to study genetic diversity in Pisum. Molecular Genetics, 263(6), 898-907.
Rahimi, M., Rabiei, B., Dehghani, H. and Tarang, A. R. (2013). Mapping main and epistatic QTLs for drought tolerance indices in F5 population of rice. Modern Genetics, 8(4), 435-448. [In Farsi]
Rauf, S. and Sadaqat, H. A. (2007). Effects of varied water regimes on root length, dry matter partitioning and endogenous plant growth regulators in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Plant Interactions, 2(1), 41-51.
Reddy, G. K. M., Dangi, K. S., Kumar, S. S. and Reddy, A. V. (2003). Effect of moisture stress on seed yield and quality in sunflower. Journal of Oilseeds Research, 20(2), 282-283.
Sanchez-Bianco, M. J., Rodriguez, P., Olmos, E., Morales, M. A. and Torrecillas, A. (2004). Differences in the effects of simulated sea aerosol on water relations, mineral content and ultrastructure in Cistus albidus and Cistus monspeliensis plants. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33(4), 1369-1375.
Shayesteh, T., Ghobadi, M., Ghobadi, M. E., Mohammadi, G., Honarmand, S. J. and Allahmoradi, P. (2013). Effects of irrigation regimes on grain yield and its components in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as second crop. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 2(7), 68-72.
Singh, R. K. and Chaudhary, B. D. (1985). Biometrical methods in quantitative analysis. New Delhi New Delhi, India: Kalyani Publishers.
Stansfield, W. D. (1991). Theory and problems in genetics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
United Nations (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). (2019). World population prospects 2019: Highlights. Retrieved fromhttps://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html.
Yousefi, F., Hassibi, P., Roshanfekr, H. and Meskarbashee, M. (2016). Study of drought and salinity stress effect on some physiological characters of two canola (Brassica Napus L.) varieties in Ahvaz. Plant Productions, 38(4), 25-34. [In Farsi]
 
 © 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)