Plant Productions

Research Paper - Agroecology

Evaluating APSIM-Barley model for different barley cultivars under water and nitrogen stresses

Hassan Shahbazi; khosro Azizi; Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; Solieman Mohamadi; Naser Akbari

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 1-17

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43267.2092

Abstract

Introduction Background: Crop simulation models provide the possibility to study the effect of agronomic management practices on agricultural production activities in a given location. ... Read More Introduction Background: Crop simulation models provide the possibility to study the effect of agronomic management practices on agricultural production activities in a given location. The models are mechanistic and process-oriented that are able to simulate different agricultural systems (including arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran) through different sub-models (biological, environmental, managerial, and economic sub-models) connected with the main engine of the models. The APSIM-Barley model can be used to evaluate the management practices on barley crop. The current research was carried out to evaluate the APSIM-Barley model in relation to simulating the growth, development, and yield of three barley cultivars (Azaran, Jolgeh, and Bahman) under different conditions of nitrogen and irrigation supplies. Materials and methods In order to evaluate the APSIM-Barley model regarding simulating and quantifying the phenological stages, biomass, and grain yield of different barley cultivars, some independent experiment datasets were used. For crop model calibration, an experiment was conducted in a factorial split plot design at the Agricultural Research Center of Hamedan in 2019. The main factor consisted of three irrigation levels (30-40, 60-70, and 90-100% of the field capacity) and sub-factors included cultivar levels (Azran, Jolgeh, and Bahman as early, mid, and late cultivars, respectively) and three nitrogen levels (zero, medium, and optimum). For model validation, another series of independent datasets in different years consisting of published articles and research projects were used. For assessing the efficiency of the crop model and comparing the simulated and measured values, R2, nRMSE, d-index, and MBE indices were used and OriginPro software was considerd for all statistical analysis and drawing of figures.Results and Discussion The simulation results of APSIM-Barley model in the calibration step showed that nRMSE for days to flowering and maturity was 2.43 and 2.4%, respectively. Also, under full water and nitrogen conditions, nRMSE for the leaf area index of Azaran, Jolgeh and Bahman cultivars was 13.5, 14.1, and 10.7%, respectively, and under severe water and nitrogen stresses, it was 16.5, 18.6, and 26.5% respectively. At this step, and nRMSE and d-index for biomass and grain yield were 24.9% and 0.98 and 15.2% and 0.96, respectively. In model validation step, nRMSE, d-index, R2, MBE were 15.02%, 0.96, 0.82 and 0.34 t ha-1, respectively, for grain yield. ConclusionIn general, the results showed that the APSIM-Barley model was able to simulate the growth, development, and grain yield of different barley cultivars with acceptable accuracy under different water and nitrogen management conditions in different years and regions. Therefore, the APSIM-Barley model can be used as a reliable tool in future studies such as climate change assessment, yield gap analysis, agricultural zoning, and etc. by other researchers..

Research Paper - Horticulture

Evaluation of the fruit quality of Fukumoto, Navelate and Thomson Novel orange cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks

Javad Fattahi Moghadam; Seyedeh Elham Seyedghasemi; Negin Akhlaghi

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 19-35

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43862.2102

Abstract

IntroductionIt is important to attend the physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, especially in newly introduced cultivars that may be unknown to the consumer. Nutritive ... Read More IntroductionIt is important to attend the physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, especially in newly introduced cultivars that may be unknown to the consumer. Nutritive compounds in fruit are usually influenced by variety, rootstock and post-harvest conditions. In this article, the results related to the evaluation of the fruit quality of three varieties of oranges on two rootstocks have been examined at harvest time and during storage.Materials and methodsFruit of Thomson Novel, Fukumoto, and Navelate oranges on two rootstocks including Swingle Citrumelo and Citrange C-35 were harvested when TSS/TA reached about 6.5-7. Fruits were evaluated at the harvest time and then stored in cool storage (5oC, RH=85%) for 60 days. The fruit quality were checked on the 30th and 60th days of storage for two years. Evaluated Characteristics included fruit lenght, width, thickness; arithmetic, geometric, equivalent diameter and harmonic means ; fruit aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, true volume, apparent volume, volume error, density, weight, weight loss, peel thickness, juice percentage, peel color indices (L*, a*, b*, hue angle, chroma and CCI), total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), technological index (TI), total phenol, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity and organoleptic evaluation.ResultsThe fruit of Navelate orange on Citrumelo rootstock and Fukumoto orange on C-35 rootstock had smaller physical characteristics than Thomson Novel. In all treatments, the shape of the fruit was balanced and without elongation or indentation. The fruit of Navelate on Citrumelo (aspect ratio: 96.96) was slightly elongated. Navelate variety on C-35 produced larger and heavier fruit similarly Thomson fruit. The volume error in Fukumoto and Navelate varieties and on both rootstocks was less than the control. At the time of harvest, the fruit of the Fukumoto had a thicker peel (more than 4 mm) on both rootstocks than the other cultivars. The amount of juice percentage was not significantly different than control at harvest time, but at the end of storage, the fruit of Navelate on the C-35 had the lowest (35.73%) of juice percentage. Fukumoto and Navelate fruits on both rootstocks had higher TI index than Thomson at harvest time. The TSS at harvest time was the lowest (9.22 and 9.78 respectively) only in the fruits of Thomson and Navelate on Citrumelo rootstock. Navelate and Thomson fruits had higher TA on C-35 rootstock. In all treatments, the amount of TA decreased during storage. Fukumoto fruit on C-35 had the highest TSS/TA ratio, which was preserved during storage. The fruit of Navelate had a lower TSS/TA level at the harvest time on both rootstocks (7.12 and 7.5). At the time of harvest, the average ascorbic acid in all three cultivars on C-35 rootstock was higher than the same cultivars on Citrumelo rootstock. The value of a*, hue angle, and CCI of the skin of Navelate orange with a negative value were different from the other cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks (-1.12 and -0.61 respectively). The antioxidant capacity of Fukumoto fruit was 43.99% on Citrumelo and 62.12% on C-35 rootstock at the harvest time. The amount of antioxidant capacity and total phenol increased during storage. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the Fukumoto as Thomson, scored better in relations to peel and pulp appearance, sourness, aroma and taste than the fruit of the same cultivars on the C-35 rootstock. Navelate fruit produced higher score in terms of taste and sweetness (7) on Citrumelo rootstock than C-35 (6) rootstock.ConclusionBased on the TSS/TA ratio, it was determined that Fukumoto and Navelate oranges are early and late ripening respectively. Citrumelo rootstock increased late ripening in Navelate fruit and contrary C-35 rootstock increased early ripening in Fukumoto fruit. According to the a* and CCI indices, the Navelate fruits did not have suitable coloring at the time of harvest, and Citrumelo rootstock delayed the color change of the fruit skin. In general, the organoleptic characteristics of the fruit on C-35 were better than Citrumelo. Finally, it seems that the combination of Navelate/C-35 is more suitable than Navelate/Citrumelo. Fukumoto/C-35 combination is suitable for having early ripening fruit..

Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Evaluation of phenological characteristics, light consumption efficiency and growth indicators of rapeseed cultivars under the condition of no irrigation and increased levels of plant density

Hana Aboodeh; Abdelmahdi Bakhshandeh; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Seyed Amir Moosavi

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 37-52

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43064.2086

Abstract

IntroductionGrowth analysis has a significant perspective on the function of agricultural plants. In the early stages of plant growth, the growth indicators, including the leaf area ... Read More IntroductionGrowth analysis has a significant perspective on the function of agricultural plants. In the early stages of plant growth, the growth indicators, including the leaf area index, the growth rate of the product decreases, and then due to suitable vegetation, the absorption of light radiation is better, and the accumulation of plant dry matter also increases, and after that Due to aging and yellowing, the leaves are reduced. The amount of light radiation absorbed by the plant varies during the growth period, which depends on the leaf surface index and the arrangement of the leaves of the plant. Material and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in the research farm of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2021-2022. In this research, the effect of three factors of irrigation interruption, cultivars and density was investigated in the form of factorial split with the base design of randomized complete blocks in three replications. The factor (no interruption of irrigation (control), interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering until the formation of 50% of the pod and interruption irrigation at the stage of pod formation until harvest the main factor, rapeseed cultivars Hayola 4815 and Aram and plant density per meter square (80, 110 and 140 plants per square meter) were considered as secondary factors. Results and DiscussionIrrigation interruption caused a decrease in growth indicators, including the amount of plant dry matter accumulation, leaf surface index, and leaf surface durability. The changes in harvest index and durability of leaf surface and accumulation of dry matter at the beginning of the development of leaves had a slow trend until a little before the appearance of inflorescences, but after that the slope of the mentioned parameters increased. During the experiment, changes in growth parameters including LAI, LAD, RGR, CGR and TDW were evaluated. At the beginning of the plant growth season, the growth rate of the product was low due to the lack of complete vegetation cover and proper light consumption efficiency. In all treatments, with the passage of time, the growth rate of the crop was gradually increasing and it reached the maximum value in the reproductive stages and then went through a decreasing process. The effects of stopping irrigation on dry weight were evident and the accumulation of dry matter was observed during the increasing time. which can be due to the increase in dry weight of stems, leaves and reproductive organs over time. Also The relative growth rate also showed an increasing trend with the increase of the leaf area index at first and then a decreasing trend. ConclusionIt seems that the second-stage irrigation interruption treatment at a density of 80 plants per square meter and Haiola 4815 variety, by maintaining more green area through more leaf surface durability and lower light consumption in the condition of irrigation interruption at the end of the growing season, was able to achieve a higher RUE100 compared to other treatments. to dedicate The highest seed yield (1572.61 kg per hectare) was obtained from the density of 110 plants per square meter and Hayola variety 4815..

Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Evaluation of pear seedlings P.betulifolia for tolerance to lime-induced chlorosis

Mitra Mirabdulbaghi; Hamid Abdollahi; Mahyar Tavusi; Ali Rezaei

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 53-64

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45717.2137

Abstract

Introduction The aim of this research is to introduce the superior characteristics of P.betulifolia pear rootstock in comparison to the commercial Pyrodwarf (control) in terms of leaf ... Read More Introduction The aim of this research is to introduce the superior characteristics of P.betulifolia pear rootstock in comparison to the commercial Pyrodwarf (control) in terms of leaf parameters {leaf-N, -K, -Mg, Ca, -Fe, -Zn and leaf-B content; leaf area; chlorophyll (SPAD-Value); Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F0:minimum fluorescence; FM: maximum; fluorescence and value of photochemical capacity of photosystem 2 (FV/FM)}, growth traits (shoot length, diameter of shoot) under active lime tolerance in heavy-textured to clayey soils. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in a factorial design within the construction of a completely randomized blocks design, using pots. The factors included: 1- Soils with lime in the range of 15% (texture: clay-loam), 20% (texture: clay), 25% (texture: loam), and 45% (texture: sandy loam). 2- Rootstocks P.betulifolia, Pirrodwarf (as a control). In total, the experiment was carried out on 120 units (5 different levels of soil lime * 2 non-grafted rootstocks * 3 replications * 4 trunk of each studied rootstock/). Data analysis was performed using SPSS and SAS software, involving mean comparisons using Duncan’s method and determining regression relationships.The preparation of pots was carried out as follows: initially, drainage holes were created at the bottom of plastic pots and covered with gravel. Then, a layer of sand and gravel was added to the depth of the pots, followed by the application of animal manure. At this stage, the soils under study, representing different combinations of texture and lime treatments, were added to the 3-kilogram pots. Each pot’s soil composition consisted of 1/3 sand and gravel, 1/3 animal manure, and the remaining being the specified soil samples. Prior to commencing the experiment, the soil samples underwent chemical analysis to determine their general characteristics, including total neutralizing value (TNV), saturation pH, electrical conductivity, soil texture, and organic matter content. In this research, the “Chlorosis Power Index” (CPI) was employed using the formula: CPI = 10000 * (active lime) / (Fe, ppm) ² to estimate the intensity of chlorosis resulting from soil liming for the studied rootstocks. The iron content, extracted as active iron (Fe, ppm) ² using ammonium oxalate, was reported in milligrams per liter, while CPI was reported in milligrams per kilogram. Results P.betulifolia rootstock, compared to the control rootstock Pyrodwarf, showed lower sensitivity to the soil’s “Chlorosis Power Index.” Negative and significant regression relationships between the increase in the soil’s “Chlorosis Power Index” and the investigated traits were not observed in the P.betulifolia rootstock. Conclusion Notably, P.betulifolia demonstrated superior features, including active lime soil tolerance up to 45% lime (sandy loam texture and alkaline pH), in terms of leaf uptake of nutrients such as potassium, boron, total iron, and active iron, chlorophyll content, and growth traits like leaf length, leaf width, height, and trunk diameter.

Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Effect of foliar application of amino acids on some physiological processes of oil rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) under late-season drought stress conditions

Esmaeil Fayaz; ALI SOROOSHZADEH; Ali Heidarzadeh

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 65-83

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45873.2138

Abstract

Introduction Oil rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) stands out as a precious oilseed plant cultivated globally, ranking as the third major source of oil production. The cultivation of this ... Read More Introduction Oil rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) stands out as a precious oilseed plant cultivated globally, ranking as the third major source of oil production. The cultivation of this plant is expanding due to its notable nutritional and economic advantages. However, the arid and semi-arid climate of Iran poses a challenge to rapeseed cultivation, particularly with the occurrence of water deficit stress towards the end of the season. Various strategies are employed to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress and enhance plant tolerance. One effective method involves the application of biological stimulants, such as amino acids. These compounds can stimulate plant growth and development, under optimal conditions and stress. Amino acids play direct and indirect roles in physiological metabolism, facilitating nutrient exchange and structural activities. This includes the augmentation of photosynthetic pigment concentration, enhancement of photosynthesis rate, and increased protein synthesis, particularly under stress conditions. In consideration of the significance of oil and the role of rapeseed in oil production, along with the challenges posed by drought stress during the reproductive growth stages of rapeseed, this study was conducted to examine the impact of foliar application of amino acids on the physiological parameters of oil rapeseed under conditions of irrigation interruption at the end of the season. Materials and methods This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of amino acids on the physiological characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigments of oil rapeseed under withholding irrigation at the end of the season (reproductive growth stage) as factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University, during the 2022-2023 growing season. The investigated factors were three levels of irrigation (full irrigation during the season, withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage, withholding irrigation from pod forming) and five levels of foliar spraying (no foliar spraying, zero foliar spraying (distilled water), one, two and three grams of amino acids per liter) in stem elongation, flower-bud emergence, and flowering stages. The experimental plots included four planting rows and three meters in length. In the field, one week after the last foliar spraying, photosynthetic and transpiration rates and various fluorescence parameters were measured using a portable gas exchange and Mini-PAM device, respectively. Moreover, pigments (including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid) in the fresh plant samples were determined in the laboratory. After ensuring the normality of the residual of data, statistical analysis was performed using SAS software (version 4.9.) to compare the average data. The LSD test was used at the five percent level. Results Physiological and biochemical traits were adversely impacted by water deficit stress, as evidenced by the withholding of irrigation. This stress condition significantly decreased various characteristics, including maximum photosystem efficiency, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and levels of photosynthetic pigments. However, applying amino acids via foliar spray mitigated the adverse effects of drought stress. The results indicated that the photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, intercellular CO2/ambient CO2 ratio, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly influenced by the interaction between drought stress and foliar application of amino acids. The results indicated that the foliar application of two grams of amino acids per liter significantly increased various physiological parameters compared to the control group. Specifically, it resulted in a 22% enhancement in the photosynthesis rate, an 80% improvement in stomatal conductance, a 30% elevation in transpiration rate, a 40% rise in chlorophyll b, and a 27% increase in carotenoid levels. Conversely, the foliar spraying of one gram of amino acids per liter yielded the highest levels of chlorophyll a and the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II. These values were 20% and 5.5%, respectively, different from those observed in the control group. Also, the highest grain yield was obtained under withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage (1440 kg ha-1), withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage (2346 kg ha-1) and full irrigation during the season (4514 kg ha-1) with foliar application of 2 grams of amino acid per liter. Conclusion Based on the findings, the most favourable impact of foliar application of amino acids on the investigated traits was observed at a concentration of two grams per liter of water. Notably, the enhancement of these traits has a direct correlation with seed yield. Consequently, considering the substantial influence of these traits on the improvement of seed yield (22.4% and 61.4% under full irrigation and irrigation interruption conditions, respectively), the recommendation is to employ foliar spraying of two grams of amino acids per liter. This application is suggested to enhance rapeseed's physiological and biochemical characteristic across all three irrigation regimes, including full irrigation and interruption of irrigation from the flowering and budding stages.

Research Paper - Agronomy

Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative yield of some new sugar beet hybrids in Nir climatic conditions

Farhad Sanaii Niiri; salim farzaneh; Ali Asghari; Seyede Yalda Raeisi Sadati; Abazar Rajabi

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 85-100

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45256.2131

Abstract

Introduction Today, after about 200 years of sugar beet history, about 40% of the sucrose needed by humans is supplied through this crop 1.8% of the country's sugar beet is produced ... Read More Introduction Today, after about 200 years of sugar beet history, about 40% of the sucrose needed by humans is supplied through this crop 1.8% of the country's sugar beet is produced in Ardabil province. Pathogens of sugar beet leaves and roots are among the factors that affect the quantity and quality of sugar beet products and in many cases prevent the development and even limit the cultivation of this product. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted to evaluate different quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet (20 hybrids) in the research field of Nair using a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019. For this study, 20 sugar beet monogerm hybrids that were produced in Ardabil Agricultural Research Station along with 9 paternal and maternal parents were used. To determine the effective traits on root and sugar yield and percentage of extractable sugar from cluster analysis and to determine the correlation coefficient Peberson method was used. Results The results showed that the characteristics of the percentage of green cover of the field, the number of plants and the amount of sodium and potassium at the probability level of five percent and the traits of number of total and branched roots, amount of harmful nitrogen, alkalinity coefficient, molasses sugar percentage, gross and pure sugar yield, root yield and green-yellowness score had a significant difference among the hybrids at the probability level of 1%. Also, for the attribute number of hybrid plant number 17 and number of roots of hybrid number 7, they were superior to other hybrids. In the current research, the maximum infection with rhizomania disease (13.7%) was observed in hybrid number 9, and the lowest amount belonged to two hybrids number 10 and 12. The highest amount of sodium and potassium was in hybrid 15, while hybrid number 20 had the highest amount of harmful nitrogen. Hybrid 3 had the highest alkalinity coefficient, while the highest percentage of molasses sugar belonged to hybrid 15. The highest yield of gross, pure and root sugar (respectively 10.69, 8.193 and 85.59 tons per hectare) was obtained from hybrid 12 and the lowest values belonged to hybrid 3. Conclusions In general, in terms of performance indicators, hybrids number 3, 12 and 15 were the most suitable hybrids compared to other hybrids.

Research Paper - Weed Sciences

Investigating integrated weed control on yield and yield components and qualitative traits of canola in rotation with corn

Negar Atashbar; Ali Monsefi; Esfandiar Fateh

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 101-115

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.43934.2106

Abstract

Introduction Conservation tillage practices and the presence of crop residues on the soil surface have a positive effect on crop yields by reducing the germination and establishment ... Read More Introduction Conservation tillage practices and the presence of crop residues on the soil surface have a positive effect on crop yields by reducing the germination and establishment of weeds during crop growth. The presence of weeds is one of the most important factors that reduce agricultural products in the world and it leads to a large reduction in the yield of agricultural products. Weeds, as one of the effective limiting factors for canola cultivation, cause a decrease in the yield of canola due to the competition in absorbing the environmental resources of growth such as nutrients, radiation, and water. On the other hand, mixing weed seeds with canola reduces the quality of its oil. Therefore, this experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the integrated management of weeds and alternating plowing on the yield and some agricultural characteristics of canola in the conditions of Ahvaz. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of sequential tillage and weed management, research was conducted in the year 2021-2022 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz. The lay out of this research was an experimental design of split plots in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor of tillage in three levels: 1) zero tillage-zero tillage, 2) reduce tillage-conventional tillage and 3) Conventional tillage-zero tillage and the sub-plot of weed control in six levels: 1) control, 2) hand weeding, 3) cycloxidem herbicide 2 liters per hectare in installments of 15 and 30 days after sowing, 4) cycloxidem herbicide 2 liters per hectare at 30 days after sowing, 5) crop residues as surface mulch (maize @ 5 tons per hectare) and 6) crap residues + cycloxidem herbicide was 1.5 liters per hectare at 30 days after sowing. Statistical analysis of data was done using SAS software and comparison of averages with LSD method. Results and Discussion The results of the experiment showed that the highest seed number per silique, the highest seed yield, the highest biological yield, and the percentage of oil in the treatment were related to the mutual effects of conventional tillage and manual weeding. The highest silique number per plant and 1000 seeds weight were in the conditions of conventional tillage and the application of 2 liters of herbicide per hectare in installments. The highest rate of harvest index was obtained with 26.80 percent in the condition without tillage and the application of 2 liters of cycloxidum herbicide per hectare in installments. Conclusion The use of conventional tillage and the use of cycloxidum herbicide 2 liters per hectare in division along with manual weeding can be effective in controlling weeds and increasing crop yield. In other hand the use of integrated management of weeds and the use of an effective combination of different methods of weed control with sequential tillage, which is effective in terms of society and the environment, and can reduce the damage caused by weeds and burning of residue.

Research Paper - Tissue Culture

Effect of proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan and moderate salinity stress on in vitro microtuberization of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Agria

roghayeh ghasemi; alireza motallebiazar; sima panahirad; amin jahanian

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 117-130

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43532.2097

Abstract

Introduction In recent years, the application of nanoparticles has been used successfully in plant tissue culture, which has a tremendous impact on the removal of microbial contamination ... Read More Introduction In recent years, the application of nanoparticles has been used successfully in plant tissue culture, which has a tremendous impact on the removal of microbial contamination of the explant through the use of these materials and also the positive role of these materials in callus formation, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, somaclonal variation and production of secondary metabolites. Proline is a proteogenic amino acid that accumulates as a useful solvent in plants under both stress and non-stress conditions. Recent discoveries indicate that proline plays an important role in plant growth and differentiation throughout the life cycle. Chitosan was found to enhance secondary metabolite production in cell suspensions and calli of various species applied in micropropagation, chitosan could improve plantlet quality in vitro, in consequence facilitating the subsequent acclimatization of plantlets to ex vitro conditions. The aim of this work was to investigate whether the in vitro application of nanocomposite and moderate salinity can improve microtuberization. Materials and Methods After the cultivation, the jars containing the explants were transferred to the growth chamber under absolute darkness and at a temperature of 18±2°C. The cultures were kept in these conditions for 4 months without sub culturing the samples for this purpose. MS medium containing 80 g of sucrose, containing proline at concentrations of 20 and 40 mg L-1, chitosan at a concentration of 240 mg L-1, proline 20 and chitosan 240 mg L-1, proline 40 and chitosan 240 mg L-1, 120 mg L-1, proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan 120 and 240 mg L-1 and control treatment, as well as non-salinity treatments with the same compounds and concentrations mentioned for salinity were cultured. Factorial experiment was conducted base on a completely randomized design with three replications on single nude explants of mentioned cultivar. Results and Discussion The results of this study show that moderate salinity has a significant effect on the first, second, third and last month of microtuberization. (in 1% level). The results of the comparison of mean microtuber yield showed that the highest yield was obtained when 240 mg of chitosan was treated with 20 mg / l of proline at moderate salinity with an average weight of 210 mg. Moreover, a concentration of 20 mg / l proline alone in moderate salinity was not sufficient to stimulate microtubers., but a concentration of 40 mg L-1 proline in mild salinity was satisfactory. According to the results of this study, it can be suggested that the use of chitosan compounds with proline and the use proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan with moderate salinity can be used to produce suitable microtuberization in the in vitro conditions of potatoes. In order to prove our results with the results of previous researchers, the results of chitosan application experiment on the growth and yield of miniature showed that application of 500 mg L-1 chitosan produced minituber weighing more than 1.5 g per seedling. Chitosan increased other traits including number of minituber per seedling, number of leaves per seedling and seedling length (Asghari-Zakaria et al., 2009). In the study of the effect of cobalt nanoparticles on the morphological characteristics of Santana cultivar in vitro, it was observed that the presence of cobalt nanoparticles caused the formation of microtubers faster, also the maximum size and function of microtubers from the combination of 2.5 mg. Cobalt nanoparticles with 80 g L-1 sucrose were obtained (Hamza, 2019). Conclusions In this experiment, proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan was successfully synthesized and according to the obtained results, it can be used in plant tissue culture and in vitro microtuberization. In the field of potato microtuberization, the use of nanocomposite showed a significant increase in the number of microtubers compared to the control, which showed a significant effect in the late stages of microtuberization. Also, the use of moderate salinity with treatment nanocomposite is effective for stimulating microtuberization, which increases microtubers yield. Based on the results of this experiment, a concentration of 120 mg L-1 proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan is a more suitable concentration for potato microtuberization.

Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

Antioxidative and pigment response of Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) to Zinc oxide and Cerium dioxide nano elicitors

Hadiseh Sadeghi; Jafar Ahmadi; Farhad Habibzadeh; Sedigheh Fabriki Ourang

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 131-146

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44522.2119

Abstract

Introduction Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is a perennial and woody shrub that grows in different regions of Iran and the world. The Berberidaceae family has a high potential ... Read More Introduction Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is a perennial and woody shrub that grows in different regions of Iran and the world. The Berberidaceae family has a high potential in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Elicitors are biotic or abiotic stimulators that can induce responses in plants. Abiotic elicitors are used to increase secondary metabolites in plants. Nanoparticles have minimum dimensions between one and 100 nanometers, which have specific physical and chemical properties. Like many nanoparticles, zinc oxide and cerium dioxide nanoparticles are toxic to living organisms. The mechanism of toxicity of nanoparticles is generally contributed to the induction of oxidative stress which lead to the formation of free radicals. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide and cerium dioxide can increase the antioxidant capacity of plants by stimulating oxidative stress. Material and methods In order to study the changes in the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Japanese barberry under the influence of abiotic elicitors, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse and laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Imam Khomeini International University in 2019. Treatments were included zinc oxide elicitors (0.1 g/L) and cerium dioxide nanoparticles (0.0002 g/L) and control (no elicitor). In this research, the amounts of protein, antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments in tissues of Japanese barberry were measured. Data analysis was done with SAS 9.1.3 statistical software. Comparison of means was done with Duncan's multiple range test and graphs were drawn using Excel software. Results and Discussion The results of the data analysis of variance showed that the effect of treatment with cerium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticle elicitors on the amount of leaf protein, antioxidant activity and also the amount of photosynthetic pigments was significant. Comparison of the means showed that these two elicitors increased the leaf protein content by 26.2% and 12.4%, respectively, compared to the control, but they did not have a significant effect on the root protein content. Cerium dioxide decreased the activity of guaiacol peroxidase enzyme by 77.1% in the root; But in leaves, the activity of this enzyme increased by 134.8% due to treatment with zinc oxide. The highest activity of leaf superoxide dismutase enzyme (25.2% increase compared to control) was related to zinc oxide treatment. The lowest content of catalase enzyme in leaves and roots was obtained with cerium dioxide and zinc oxide. Zinc oxide increased the activity of leaf ascorbate peroxidase enzyme by 111.8%; In the root, the highest and lowest activity levels of this enzyme were obtained in the control and cerium dioxide treatments, respectively. Both elicitors significantly increased the leaf peroxidase enzyme activity compared to the control (128.6% and 157.1%, respectively); However, only the treatment with zinc oxide caused a significant increase of 25.5% in the activity of this enzyme in the root. The highest activity of glutathione reductase enzyme in leaf and root was observed in zinc oxide treatment (23.3% and 12.5% increase compared to control). Nano zinc oxide increased the amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoid in the leaves compared to the control by 93.4 and 67.5%, respectively. Conclusion It was concluded that zinc oxide nanoparticles elicitor had the greatest effect in increasing the amount of photosynthetic pigments and enzyme activity. By using this elicitor in Japanese barberry culture, the amount of antioxidant enzymes can be increased and the extract can be used as a strong antioxidant in pharmaceutical products. .

Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

The effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine on essential oil yield and composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

Saeideh Alizadeh-salteh; Somayeh Najjarzadeh; jaber panahandeh; ghasem eghlima

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 147-160

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45206.2129

Abstract

Introduction Secondary metabolites have a complex structure which is produced by chemical bio-synthesis. Therefor, they are mostly extracted from wild or cultivated plants. The essences ... Read More Introduction Secondary metabolites have a complex structure which is produced by chemical bio-synthesis. Therefor, they are mostly extracted from wild or cultivated plants. The essences are natural, complex and volatile secondary metabolites which are mostly produced in medicinal and aromatic plants. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), a hybrid from M. aquatica and M. spicata, is an herbaceous and perennial plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. It is widely cultivated in temperate regions of Europe, Asia, America, India and Mediterranean countries due to its commercial value and unique odor. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the influence of putrescine treatment at three levels including 0, 0.1 and 1 mM, and salicylic acid treatment at three levels including 0, 0.1 and 1 mM, on the yield performance and essence components of peppermint, a field factorial experiment was performed based on complete blocks design with three replications at Research Station of Tabriz University during 2019. Peppermint seedling were prepared from Agricultural Jihad Organization of Bostan Abad and cultivated at a distance of 30×30 cm. Foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine was carried out twice during vegetative stage of plants (with one week interval). Harvesting and bio-chemical assessments were done at stage of 25 % flowering. The essential oil of peppermint was assessed to identify its main components. Results and Discussion The results of the current study showed that the average yield of essential oil in plants treated with 1 mM salicylic acid was significantly increased compared to the control. A total of 24 compounds were identified in the essential oil of peppermint aerial parts. The main components of the essential oil were included menthone, menthol, L-menthol and 1,8-cineole. Menthone and menthol constituted 26.14 and 23.21 % of essential oil, respectively. Different concentrations of salicylic acid and putrescine increased the production rate of menthone, menthol, l-menthol and methyl acetate compounds in the essential oil compared to the control. The concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid had the greatest effect on the production of essential oil compounds. The correlation results between essential oil compounds showed that menthone has a positive and significant correlation with methyl acetate. Similarly, foliar application of salicylic acid (10 mM) and indole-3-acetic acid (1.5 mg L-1) increased the content of main component of peppermint and lemon balm. In the other study, foliar application of lemon balm plants with salicylic acid and putrescine caused a considerable increase in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes content which was in line with obtained results of the present study. Conclusion The plant growth regulators used in this research increased the yield and composition of the essential oil of aerial parts of peppermint, which shows that both salicylic acid and putrescine have a high potential in increasing the potency and chemical composition of the essential oil in the peppermint plant and probably in other aromatic crops. Therefore, foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine during vegetative growth of peppermint could be introduced as influential technique to improve qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this aromatic and medicinal plant.

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Volume & Issue: Volume 47, Issue 1, June 2024, Pages 1-160

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Abstract