Plant Productions

Research Paper - Agroecology

The effect of Thiobacillus spp. and bentonite sulfur application on the seed yield and physiological characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under different irrigation regimes

Hamid Alahdadi; Alireza Yadavi; Mohsen Movahedi Dehnavi; Hamidreza Balouchi

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 1-19

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47066.2174

Abstract

IntroductionSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose crop with medicinal and oil-producing applications, primarily cultivated for edible oil and industrial dyes. Its adaptability ... Read More IntroductionSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose crop with medicinal and oil-producing applications, primarily cultivated for edible oil and industrial dyes. Its adaptability to arid and semi-arid climates makes it a valuable crop for regions facing water scarcity. Water scarcity and drought stress significantly impact its growth and yield, particularly in arid regions such as Iran. Sulfur, the fourth most consumed nutrient by plants, plays a crucial role in photosynthesis and cell membrane integrity. However, excessive application of chemical sulfur fertilizers can lead to soil salinity, making biofertilizers a sustainable alternative. Biofertilizers, such as Thiobacillus spp., not only provide essential nutrients but also improve soil health and reduce environmental pollution. Thiobacillus spp. bacteria enhance plant growth by supplying sulfate and improving soil properties.Materials and MethodsThis study investigated the effects of chemical and biological sulfur sources, including bentonite sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria, on the shoot nutrient content (N, P, K, S, Fe, and Zn), physiological characteristics, and seed yield of safflower under water stress. The experiment was conducted in the summer of 2023 at the research farm of Yasouj University, Faculty of Agriculture, located in Dashtrom. A split-factorial design based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used. Irrigation regimes at three levels (full irrigation, irrigation cutoff from flowering to maturity as severe drought stress, and irrigation cutoff from seed filling to maturity as moderate drought stress) were the main factor, while bentonite sulfur application at three levels (0, 150, and 300 kg ha-1) and Thiobacillus bacteria application (with and without) were the secondary factors.Results and DiscussionStatistical analysis showed that bentonite sulfur fertilizer and Thiobacillus bacteria significantly improved nutrient content in shoot, physiological traits, and grain yield under drought stress. The combined application of sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria enhanced the plant’s ability to withstand water deficit conditions by improving nutrient availability and stress-related enzymatic activities. Under severe drought stress (irrigation cutoff from flowering to maturity), the highest nitrogen (2.33%), sulfur (0.149%), iron (44 mg kg-1), and zinc (25.66 mg kg-1) levels were observed with the combined application of 300 kg ha-1 of bentonite sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria. The interaction between irrigation regime, bentonite sulfur, and Thiobacillus bacteria significantly influenced total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, total soluble carbohydrates, and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and peroxidase). The highest values for these traits in each irrigation regime were obtained with the application of 300 kg ha-1 of bentonite sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria. This demonstrates the potential of sulfur-based treatments to enhance stress tolerance mechanisms in safflower. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased under water deficit conditions (flowering and seed-filling stages), but decreased with bentonite sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria. Seed yield was significantly enhanced by the application of 300 kg ha-1 of bentonite sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria, with increases of 25.28% under full irrigation, and 45.54% under moderate drought stress. ConclusionThe findings suggest that drought stress, particularly irrigation cutoff from flowering to maturity, reduces physiological traits and seed yield in safflower. However, the application of 150 kg ha-1 of sulfur-bentonite combined with Thiobacillus bacteria not only mitigates the adverse effects of water stress but also enhances nutrient uptake, biofertilizer efficiency, and seed yield while reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. This study provides valuable insights into the role of sulfur and biofertilizers in improving safflower resilience under water-limited conditions, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices in arid regions.

Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Study of yield and yield components of camelina (Camelina sativa L.) under water deficit stress with the application of zeolite and wood vinegar

Amir Mohammad Abedi; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy; Ali Heidarzadeh

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 21-38

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46482.2155

Abstract

IntroductionThe agricultural sector plays a critical role in ensuring food security through while conserving natural resources. Oilseed crops require substantial water inputs, making ... Read More IntroductionThe agricultural sector plays a critical role in ensuring food security through while conserving natural resources. Oilseed crops require substantial water inputs, making it necessary to identify alternative crops with lower water and nutrient demands. Camelina sativa has emerged as a promising oilseed crop due to its adaptability to unfavorable environmental conditions. Promoting camelina cultivation could help diversify agricultural production and reduce dependence on traditional oilseed crops. Materials and MethodsThis study aimed to investigate the yield and yield components of camelina under water deficit stress with the application of zeolite and wood vinegar. The experiment was conducted in 2023 at the Agricultural Faculty Farm of Tarbiat Modares University as a split-plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was irrigation regimes at four levels: optimal irrigation, mild water deficit stress, moderate water deficit stress, and severe water deficit stress, corresponding to 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% depletion of available water capacity, respectively, followed by irrigation to field capacity. Sub-plots included two levels of zeolite application (0 and 8 tons ha-1) and four levels of wood vinegar foliar application (0, 5000, 10,000, 15,000 ppm) in a factorial arrangement. The Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) device was used to determine the irrigation timing and volume, as well as the amount of deep water infiltration. After performing the plowing operation, zeolite was evenly spread over the soil surface in the experimental area and mixed with the soil for the plots designated to have zeolite according to the experimental design. Additionally, foliar application of wood vinegar was carried out at four different stages of plant growth (10 days before flowering, inflorescence emergence, full flowering, and fruiting) to achieve optimal effectiveness. Results and DiscussionThe results indicate that zeolite application and wood vinegar foliar spraying significantly improved all measured traits under optimal irrigation conditions. The highest grain yield was obtained in the treatment with zeolite application and no wood vinegar application, which showed no statistically significant difference from the treatment with zeolite application and foliar spraying of wood vinegar at a concentration of 15,000 ppm (1,350 kg.ha-1). Under severe water deficit conditions, the highest grain yield (951 kg.ha-1) was recorded in the treatment without zeolite application and foliar spraying of wood vinegar at a concentration of 10,000 ppm. Other irrigation regimes did not show statistically significant differences. The highest harvest index (33.86%) was achieved under optimal irrigation in the treatment with zeolite application and no foliar spraying of wood vinegar. Under severe water deficit, the highest harvest index (30.31%) was recorded in the treatment without zeolite application and foliar spraying of wood vinegar at a concentration of 10,000 ppm. These beneficial effects were more pronounced under moderate and severe water stress. However, under severe drought stress, zeolite application did not yield significant improvements, whereas wood vinegar at 10,000 ppm significantly enhanced grain yield and harvest index. These findings suggest that zeolite and wood vinegar can serve as effective strategies to enhance plant performance, particularly in water-limited environments. ConclusionFor maximizing seed and biological yield, moderate water stress combined with zeolite application is recommended as the most cost-effective treatment. Under severe water stress, foliar application of wood vinegar foliar application at 10,000 ppm is recommended to enhance seed and biological yield..

Research Paper - Agronomy

The effect of plant density on agronomic and physiological traits of different corn lines in the northern of Khuzestan province

Gholamhosein Eslamnia; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; Seyyed Ataollah Siadat; Khalil Alamisaeid; Ali Akbar Saneinejad

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 39-52

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47210.2179

Abstract

IntroductionCommercial corn varieties for cultivation in different regions of the world for kernel and fodder production are hybrid type varieties that are offered annually by seed ... Read More IntroductionCommercial corn varieties for cultivation in different regions of the world for kernel and fodder production are hybrid type varieties that are offered annually by seed production companies for planting in farmers' fields. In recent years, the area under corn cultivation in Iran has increased, indicating the importance of this crop in the country's agricultural policies. Fodder corn varieties are classified into early- maturing (less than 85 days), medium maturing (85-135 days), and late-maturing (more than 135 days) types. Optimal planting density is a key factor in maximizing yield, as it must be adjusted based on regional climatic conditions and the cultivated varieties. Corn responds to plant density more significantly than other cereal crops due to its impact on yield components. Selecting high-yielding cultivars and applying appropriate planting densities also improve water-use efficiency. Additionally, determining the optimal planting density for maternal lines in seed production can enhance seed yield per unit area, ultimately increasing. Materials and MethodsThis study aimed to evaluate the eco-physiological responses of different corn lines to planting density in the northern of Khuzestan. The experiment was conducted during the summers of 2018 and 2019 at the Safi-Abad-Dezful Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Training Center. A factorial experiment was implemented using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main factor was planting density at three levels (60, 85 and 110 thousand plants per hectare), while the second factor was genotype, consisting of five experimental corn lines (SD-95-11, C3-95-5, C3-95-15, C4-95-2, C4-95-3) and the control line MO17).Results and DiscussionThe highest seed yield (2115 kg ha-1) was observed at a planting density of 110000 plants per hectare for line 103, whereas the lowest yield (1030 kg ha-1) was recorded at a density of 60000 plants per hectare for line 119. The results showed that the density of 110000 plants per hectare was optimal for most measured traits, making it the most suitable planting density for the tested lines. Additionally, line 103 was identified as the high potential genotype, suggesting its potential use in corn breeding programs for hot and dry regions. ConclusionPrevious studies indicate that optimal planting density for grain corn is approximately 80000 plants per hectare, while for fodder corn, it is around 100000 plants per hectare. However, since the experimental materials in this study were pure corn lines, which are generally smaller than hybrids, they required higher planting densities than commercial corn varieties. Determining the appropriate planting density for corn lines is particularly important for individuals and companies engaged in seed production, as pure maternal and paternal lines are used in this sector. Achieving the optimum plant density in corn lines farms can be very important for seed producer companies, because pure paternal and maternal lines are used in these farms. On the other hand, out of a total of 6 lines used, line number 103 was selected as the best line that can be used in corn breeding programs in hot and dry regions of the country.

Research Paper - Agronomy

Evaluation of seed yield and water productivity of a promising sesame line under different irrigation treatments in Borazjan region, Bushehr province

Majid Gholamhoseini; Davod Kiani; Mehrdad Norouzi; Farnaz Shariati; Gholam Reza Ghodrati

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 53-68

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47304.2185

Abstract

IntroductionSesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an oilseed crop widely cultivated in dry and semi-arid regions. It is also among the most healthy and quality edible oil sources worldwide. ... Read More IntroductionSesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an oilseed crop widely cultivated in dry and semi-arid regions. It is also among the most healthy and quality edible oil sources worldwide. With a short vegetation period, it has relatively high drought tolerance and potential for decreasing the present gap between consuming and producing the edible oil since it comprises 17–20% protein and 40–50% oil. With minimal input requirements, sesame is well-suited for crop rotation. However, research on optimal irrigation management, particularly the timing of irrigation cut-off, remains limited for existing cultivars and newly introduced lines in the Bushehr regions, a major sesame production hub. This study hypothesizes that optimizing water availability during non-critical growth stages can improve irrigation water productivity while maintaining seed and oil yields. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was carried out during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in Borazjan, Bushehr, Iran. The region has a hot and arid climate with an average annual precipitation of 250 mm, primarily occurring in autumn and winter. The study examined two irrigation regimes: full irrigation (80 mm evaporation) and low irrigation (160 mm evaporation), and three irrigation cut-off timing: at the beginning of flowering, the beginning of capsule formation, and mid-capsule formation, and two sesame genotypes. Dashtestan 2 cultivar and promising line 7, were evaluated for yield components, seed oil content, oil yield, and irrigation water productivity. A split-split-plot design was used, with irrigation regime as the main plot, irrigation cut-off timing as the sub-plot, and genotype as the sub-sub-plot, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. SAS software (version 9.4) was used to analyze variance on the data. Because Bartlett’s test showed homogeneity of variance in most of the studied traits, data were subjected to combined analysis of variance. Differences between the main effects of treatments were compared using the protected LSD at the 0.05 probability level when the F-test was significant. The slicing method was used to separate the significant interaction effects Results and DiscussionAs anticipated, reduced water availability under the low irrigation regime significantly decreased seed yield components in both genotypes. However, line 7 outperformed Dashtestan 2 in key yield traits, including the number of capsules per plant and seeds per capsule, particularly under full irrigation, while showing greater resilience to reduced irrigation and earlier irrigation termination. Conversely, Dashtestan 2 exhibited a higher thousand-seed weight. Line 7 showed higher average seed yield across irrigation treatments, and did not require irrigation beyond the early capsule formation to reach its maximum yield, enabling a water saving of at least 600 m 3ha-1 without significant yield reduction. While both genotypes exhibited similar maximum irrigation water productivity, Dashtestan 2’s efficiency gains resulted from lower water use, whereas line 7 combined water savings with a satisfactory yield (733 kg ha-1) when irrigation was cut-off at the capsule-formation stage. Although Dashtestan 2 exhibited a slightly higher seed oil content (up to 1.5%), line 7 produced up to 24% more oil yield. Conclusion Replacing older sesame cultivars with improved lines, combined with optimized irrigation management, can enhance water productivity, reduce water consumption, and minimize yield losses.

Research Paper - Olericulture

Optimization of greenhouse cucumber growth and fruit yield in response to foliar application of salicylic acid and boric acid

Amir Hossein Shahbazi; Seyyed Javad Mousavizadeh; Kambiz Mashayekhi; Ayoub Ghorbani Dehkordi

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 69-85

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47687.2193

Abstract

Introduction Cucumber is one of the most widely cultivated greenhouse vegetables in Iran. It is essential to properly nourish plants and use elements and compounds that increase yield ... Read More Introduction Cucumber is one of the most widely cultivated greenhouse vegetables in Iran. It is essential to properly nourish plants and use elements and compounds that increase yield while maintaining and improving quality. However, its production is often challenged by environmental stresses that reduce water and nutrient uptake, directly affecting yield and quality. Salicylic acid serves as a key plant regulator and stress mitigator, while boron plays a critical role in sugar transport, hormone regulation, and fruit and leaf formation. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of salicylic acid and boric acid on the growth and yield of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Gohar) under soil-based cultivation. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted using a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Treatments included foliar spraying of salicylic acid at three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and boric acid at three concentrations (0, 2 and 4 mM). Foliar applications were carried out four times at 10-day intervals, starting from the emergence of the second true leaf. Morphological traits such as plant height, number of leaves, individual leaf area, and petiole length were recorded. Biochemical parameters, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin were analyzed. Fruit quality attributes such as total sugar, sucrose, glucose and fructose as well as yield-related traits including the number of fruit and total yield were also measured. Results and DiscussionBoth salicylic acid and boric acid significantly influenced plant growth, biochemical composition, and fruit yield. The highest leaf count (47.33) was observed with 0.5 mM salicylic acid and 0 mM boric acid, while the largest leaf area (306 cm2) was recorded with 0 mM salicylic acid and 2 mM boric acid. The maximum total chlorophyll content (12.11 and 10.8 mgg-1FW) was achieved with in 0 and 1 mM salicylic acid, respectively, combined with 2 mM boric acid. The highest sucrose (226.28 mg g FW-1) and fructose (87.9 mg g FW-1) contents were found in 1 mM salicylic acid without boric acid, while the highest glucose content (368.71 mg g FW-1) was recorded in 1mM salicylic acid with 2 mM boric acid. The greatest number of fruits (86.33) and the highest total fruit yield (9.59 kg plant-1; 21.10 kg m-2) were obtained with 0.5 mM salicylic acid combined with 2 mM boric acid. The lowest number of fruits (44) and yield (3.39 kg plant-1) were recorded in the control treatment. The lowest plant height of 189.3 cm was associated with 1 mM salicylic acid and 4 mM boric acid. The results showed that the highest petiole length with 15.66 cm was related to 0 mM salicylic acid, and 0.5 and 1 mM salicylic acid caused a decrease in petiole length with 14.88 and 14.33 cm, respectively. ConclusionSalicylic acid had a stronger effect on plant growth and yield than boric acid. However, their combined application produced better results than either treatment alone. The most effective treatment for optimizing cucumber growth and fruit yield was o.5 mM salicylic acid combined with 2 mM boric acid.

Research Paper - Post Harvest Physiology

Investigating the effect of natural compounds before and post-harvest on the physicochemical characteristics of apple (Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicious) fruit

Fatemeh Eini Tari; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Hasan Mumivand; Mohamad Reza Raji

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 87-103

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47136.2177

Abstract

IntroductionThe global demand for a healthy lifestyle has increased significantly in recent years. This growing awareness has highlighted the need for better preservation and storage ... Read More IntroductionThe global demand for a healthy lifestyle has increased significantly in recent years. This growing awareness has highlighted the need for better preservation and storage of fresh produce, particularly fruits, due to their rich vitamin and mineral content. Additionally, the increase in post-harvest waste has underscored the importance of using natural, eco-friendly compounds to extend shelf life, minimize waste, and maintain high nutritional value without introducing harmful substances. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted as a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor included pre- and post-harvest foliar treatments, with control treatments (spraying with distilled water), chitosan (50 mg l-1), Nano-chitosan (50 and 100 mg l-1) and the post-harvest immersion (Calcium chloride solution (0 and 2 %)). The second factor was storage duration (0, 60, 90 and 120 days). The study was carried out on Golden Delicious apples grafted onto MM 111 (Malling Merton 111) rootstock. Pre-harvest foliar spraying was carried out in an 18-year-old apple orchard in Abestan region of Khorramabad, while post-harvest immersion treatments were carried out at Lorestan University. After harvesting, the apples were initially washed with distilled water, dried, and immersed in a calcium chloride solution at room temperature for 8 minutes. To remove excess surface moisture, the treated fruits were placed in plastic fruit boxes and stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C with 80-90% relative humidity until the evaluation period. The study examined physiological and biochemical characteristics such as weight loss, acidity, titratable acids, soluble solids, ripening index, vitamin C content, and malondialdehyde levels. Results and DiscussionThe results of this study indicated that the applied treatments significantly affected the physicochemical characteristics of Golden Delicious apples. Treated fruits exhibited lower weight loss compared to the control group. Biochemical analyses further confirmed the beneficial effects of all treatments on the evaluated parameters. The highest level of titratable acids, vitamin C, along with the lowest acidity and malondialdehyde content, were observed in apples subjected to the combined treatment of nano chitosan and calcium chloride. Additionally, the treatments led to a reduction in soluble solids content and the fruit ripening index. Coatings such as chitosan function as barriers with selective permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide, modifying the surrounding atmosphere by increasing carbon dioxide levels and reducing oxygen concentration. This altered gaseous composition helps slow the respiration rate and ethylene production, thereby delaying the aging process and extending the fruit’s shelf life. Calcium also helps strengthen and maintain the integrity of the cell wall, ultimately preventing membrane deterioration and the increase in malondialdehyde in the fruit. Also, using calcium chloride plays a key role in strengthening cell walls, preserving the structure and function of membranes, and increasing the ability of cells to retain water. ConclusionOverall, the findings suggest that pre-harvest application of 100 mg/L chitosan nanoparticle, combined with post-harvest immersion in a 2% calcium chloride solution, yielded the most favorable results across most measured parameters. This combined treatment effectively preserved fruit quality and extended storage life, making it a promising approach for reducing post-harvest losses in Golden Delicious apples.

Research Paper - Crops Physiology

Effect of humic acid and seaweed extract application on some biochemical traits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under irrigation cut-off in two locations of Kermanshah province

Ghobad Mohamadpoor; Salim Farzaneh; Saeed khomari; Seyedeh Yalda Raeisi Sadati; Raouf Seyed Sharifi; Behrooz Esmaielpour; kianoosh Azarshab

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 105-123

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46890.2168

Abstract

IntroductionQuinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a highly nutritious crop with a well-balanced amino acid profile, including lysine and tryptophan, making it a suitable alternative ... Read More IntroductionQuinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a highly nutritious crop with a well-balanced amino acid profile, including lysine and tryptophan, making it a suitable alternative to rice. Given its nutritional value, expanding quinoa cultivation is crucial. However, since Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region with high evaporation rates exceeding annual rainfall, crops frequently experience drought stress, particularly at the end of the growing season. The application of natural fertilizers such as seaweed extract and humic acid may help mitigate the effects of drought stress.Materials and MethodsThis study aimed to assess the impact of irrigation cut-off on biochemical traits of quinoa in two contrasting climates: Qasr-e-Shirin (hot) and Dalaho (cold) in Kermanshah province. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) during the 2018-2018 cropping season. The main plots included three irrigation treatments (full irrigation, irrigation cut-off at the beginning of flowering, and irrigation cut-off at the beginning of seed formation). The sub-plots consisted of five foliar spray treatments: seaweed extract at two concentrations (2.5 g l-1 and 3.57 g l-1), humic acid at two concentrations (3.75 g l-1 and 5 g l-1), and a control treatment (pure water spray). The quinoa seed used in this study was the Titicaca variety. The first foliar spray was applied when the plant height was about 20 cm, and the second foliar spray was applied 10 days later. Irrigation of plants in the control and irrigation cut-off treatments was carried out after 50% of the usable soil moisture was drained before irrigation cut-off was applied. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that irrigation cut-off significantly reduced the concentration of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid), protein content, and relative water content in quinoa leaves compared to full irrigation. Under drought stress, proline accumulation, electrolyte leakage from cell membranes, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) increased. The results showed that the application of seaweed extract and humic acid alleviated the negative effects of irrigation cut-off. The highest levels of chlorophyll a (1.760 mg g-1), chlorophyll b (0.989 mg g-1), carotenoid (0.291 mg g-1), protein content (1.40 mg g-1), and relative water content were observed with the foliar application of 3.75 g l-1 seaweed extract. The adverse effects of drought stress were more pronounced in Qasr-e-Shirin (hot climate), particularly when irrigation was interrupted at the flowering stage. ConclusionsThe results showed that the effects of foliar application of seaweed extract and humic acid in modulating drought stress were much greater in plants that faced irrigation interruption at the beginning of the flowering period. However, foliar application of seaweed extract reduced the negative effects of drought stress more than humic acid. Overall, these findings suggest that foliar application of seaweed extract and humic acid is an effective and environmentally friendly strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of irrigation cut-off on quinoa. Quinoa production efficiency in the temperate region of Dalahu was much better than in the Qasr-e-Shirin region..

Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

Evaluation and comparison of seed oil percentage and yield in different populations of the Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica Fisch. et Mey) in the northwestern of Iran

Jalil Shafagh-Kolvanagh; Adel Dabbagh Mohammadi-Nasab; Yaegoob Raee; Payvand Samimifar; Mina Amani

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 125-139

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46229.2148

Abstract

IntroductionDragon's head (Lallemantia iberica) is well-suited for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions due to its low water requirements and short growth cycle (approximately ... Read More IntroductionDragon's head (Lallemantia iberica) is well-suited for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions due to its low water requirements and short growth cycle (approximately 80-95 days). These characteristics make it particularly valuable for the climatic conditions of Iran, especially in Azerbaijan. Given the diversity in growth and yield characteristics among different ecotypes, evaluating various quantitative and qualitative traits using statistical methods can help identify and introduce the most suitable and adaptable ecotypes for the region. This study aimed to assess the seed oil percentage and yield of 49 ecotypes of Dragon’s head to determine the most promising ecotypes for potential use in breeding programs. Materials and MethodsTo evaluate oil-related traits in 49 ecotypes of Dragon's head collected from different regions of Iran, a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was implemented in 2015 and 2016 at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. The study measured key agronomic and qualitative traits, including fertile branch length, seed yield per unit area, seed count in the main and lateral branches, oil percentage, and oil yield. Data normality was assessed using SPSS software, and statistical analyses were conducted based on RCBD using MSTAT-C and SPSS. Mean comparisons were performed using Tukey's test at a 1% probability level. To classify the ecotypes, cluster analysis was conducted using Ward's method, and the optimal cut-off point for the resulting dendrogram was determined using discriminant function analysis. Figures were generated using Excel software. Results and DiscussionThe results revealed significant differences among ecotypes in studied traits. Regression analysis showed that seed yield per unit area had the highest regression coefficient (1.098) for oil yield. Based on mean comparisons, ecotype No. 37 (Alwar village, Bostanabad) had the highest grain yield (116.3 gr m-2), followed by ecotype No. 23 (Tabriz 4, 107.7 gr m-2), and ecotype No. 24 (Kalvanaq, 14, 101.7 gr m-2) . The variance analysis of ecotype effect on seed oil percentage showed significant differences. Ecotype No. 8 (Kalvanaq 7) had the highest oil percentage (44.3 %), followed by ecotype No. 27 (Param 1, Harris village). Ecotype No. 37 (Alwar village, Bostanabad) had the highest oil yield per unit area with an average of 44.4 gr m-2. Conclusion Based on the findings, ecotypes No. 37 (from Alwar village, Bostanabad), No. 23 (known as Tabriz 4), and No. 24 (designated Kolvanagh 14) have been identified as the most suitable and compatible ecotypes for the Tabriz region, particularly in terms of seed and oil yield. These ecotypes demonstrated superior performance in various agronomic traits, suggesting their adaptability to the local environmental conditions and agricultural practices. Given their promising results, these ecotypes are strongly recommended for further cultivation efforts, as well as for inclusion in potential breeding programs aimed at enhancing productivity in this region. By focusing on these ecotypes, farmers and agricultural researchers can work towards improving not only the quantity but also the quality of the agricultural outputs, thereby contributing to the economic sustainability of the area. Additionally, the adoption of these ecotypes could lead to increased resilience against local pests and diseases, further supporting the agricultural ecosystem in Tabriz.

Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

The effect of sodium nitroprusside and triacontanol on the morphological and phytochemical characteristics of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in the full bloom stage

Saeideh Alizadeh Salteh; Samaneh Khalaf Khani; Parinaz Ferdowsi Qebchaq

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 141-155

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44445.2116

Abstract

IntroductionSodium nitroprusside (SNP) and triacontanol (Tria), as plant growth regulators, enhance plant growth and development and influence the production of secondary metabolites. ... Read More IntroductionSodium nitroprusside (SNP) and triacontanol (Tria), as plant growth regulators, enhance plant growth and development and influence the production of secondary metabolites. Triacontanol specifically plays a key role in regulating various biochemical and physiological processes, including photosynthesis. This leads to increased growth, yield, and product quality, as well as improvement in active compounds in medicinal and aromatic plants under normal or stressful conditions. Triacontanol can exert this effect alone or in interaction with other hormones and plant growth regulators. Sodium nitroprusside is recognized as a plant growth regulator, acting as a mediator to perform its regulatory role. It is commonly used as a nitric oxide-releasing compound in plants, which, in solution, is light-sensitive, and its decomposition is accelerated by oxygen and high temperatures. Nitric oxide itself is considered a reactive nitrogen species that can act as a signaling molecule, mediating adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Furthermore, it functions as an antioxidant, scavenging free radicals and eliminating them. Dracocephalum moldavica L., commonly known as Moldavian balm, is an annual, aromatic herb from the mint family (Lamiaceae). Native to Central Asia and domesticated in Central and Eastern Europe, it holds significant economic and medicinal value. This study investigates the effects of SNP and Tria on the morphological changes, as well as, quantitative and qualitative performance of secondary metabolites, especially the essential oil yield of D. moldavica. Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted as a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University. The experimental factors included foliar application of three concentrations each of sodium nitroprusside (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and tricanthanol (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) during the flowering stage. The evaluated traits included growth parameters (leaf area and number of lateral branches), shoot yield (fresh and dry weight), essential oil yield and percentage, biochemical characteristics (soluble solids, protein, flavonoid and total phenol content) and nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodium) at the full bloom stage.Results and DiscussionThe results demonstrated significant effects of SNP and Tria interactions on leaf area and the number of lateral branches. SNP at 1 mM notably increased shoot fresh and dry weight. Different concentrations of Tria significantly influenced total soluble solids. Foliar applications of SNP and Tria significantly improved leaf tissue nutrient content, with the highest increases observed at 1 mM. Additionally, treatments with SNP and Tria, individually and in combination, significantly increased phenol, flavonoid and total soluble protein contents. The combination of 1mM SNP and 1mM Tria led to increases of 62.93 %, 51.24 %, and 34.92% in phenol, flavonoid, and protein content, respectively, compared to the control. The same treatment also increased the essential oil yield by 207% compared to the control treatment.ConclusionThe study underscore the significant impact of appropriate concentrations of sodium nitroprusside and triacantanol on the growth and yield of Moldavian Balm. Among all treatments, 1mM triacantanol combined with 1mM sodium nitroprusside was identified as the optimal treatment, offering substantial improvements in growth parameters, phytochemical content, and essential oil yield.

Research Paper - Ornamental Plants

Evaluation of seed germination, visual quality, and morpho-physiological characteristics of several turfgrasses native to Iran

Sahar Mirzaei; Somayeh Esmaeili

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 157-171

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47889.2202

Abstract

IntroductionNative turfgrasses are valuable due to their higher tolerance to environmental stresses, lower maintenance requirements, and reduced irrigation and fertilization needs compared ... Read More IntroductionNative turfgrasses are valuable due to their higher tolerance to environmental stresses, lower maintenance requirements, and reduced irrigation and fertilization needs compared to imported species. Turfgrass species with low-input adaptability while maintaining acceptable quality are gaining attention among lawn managers, as they help reduce maintenance costs, particularly those associated with mowing and environmental impact. This study aims to assess eight native turfgrass genotypes based on seed germination performance, visual quality, morpho-physiological traits, and wear tolerance. The ultimate goal is to identify high-performing genotypes that align with breeding objectives, facilitating the development of improved turfgrass cultivars that can replace foreign varieties. These optimized cultivars will serve as acclimated alternatives for urban green space managers and suburban planners.Materials and MethodsEight native turfgrass species were collected from various regions of Iran, including Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinaceae, F. ovina, F. rubra, Agropyron cristatum, A. intermedium, Poa pratensis, and P. trivialis. The study evaluated seed germination indices, establishment speed, visual quality, growth characteristics and chlorophyll content. For germination, seeds were germinated in Petri dishes for 15 days under controlled conditions (25 ± 2 OC, 513 µmol m-2 s-1, 12 h light/12 h dark photoperiod, and 60% relative humidity). Germination percentage and rate were determined following Maguire (1968). As for growth and morphology, grass height was measured using a ruler, while tiller number per plant was counted. The appearance (color, density, uniformity) was assessed on a 1-9 scale, where 1= worst and 9=best (Morris and Sheerman, 2000). A wearing stress simulator was used to simulate injuries equivalent to three football matches per week (Canaway, 1976). Fresh and dry weight were measured using a digital scale, while chlorophyll content (mg g-1 FW) was determined based on Maxwell and Johnson (2000).Results and DiscussionResults showed that L. perenne exhibited the highest seed germination percentage and rate among all genotypes. It also ranked highest in visual quality, plant height, tillering, shoot fresh and dry weight and chlorophyll content. However, it showed no significant difference in most traits compared to F. arundinacea, suggesting both genotypes have strong potential for turf applications. Additionally, our analysis aligned with the report by Głąb et al. (2024), confirming that L. perenne and F. arundinacea genotypes exhibit exceptional wear tolerance. This suggests that incorporating these genotypes into multi-objective breeding programs can significantly improve turf performance in high-wear areas such as football fields, golf courses and other green spaces. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (r ≥ 0.94) between seed germination rate and all measured traits, highlighting the importance of both quantitative and qualitative seed traits in determining establishment success, visual quality, chlorophyll content, and overall growth in turfgrasses. ConclusionThe findings suggest that native genotypes of L. perenne and F. arundinaceae are suitable replacements for foreign turfgrasses in urban green spaces and sport fields. Additionally, species from the Agropyron spp. are recommended for suburban spaces and low-maintenance landscapes. Overall, this study underscores Iran’s potential to enhance turfgrass germplasm resources, develop breeding programs, and cultivate climate-adapted varieties by leveraging promising native turfgrass genotypes.

The Most Suitable Method and Time of Ber Tree (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) Budding in Ahvaz

Volume 34, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 81-86

Abstract

Ber (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) is one of the tropical and subtropical fruit trees that grow in different countries in Europe, America, Africa, Australia, and Asia including Iran. Ber ... Read More

Effects of harvest time and packing method on fruit quality and Cold-Storage duration of "Gorban Maragheh" apricot cultivar

Volume 36, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 1-11

Abstract

Apricot because of its high respiration rate and rapid ripening process has short storage life and so should be marketed immediately after harvest. Harvesting of apricot in suitable ... Read More

Induction of Transgenic Hairy Roots in Medicinal Plant Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) by Agrobacterium Rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.12057

Abstract

Background and Objectives Opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the oldest known medicinal plants. Since the potential of medicinal components production in medicinal ... Read More Background and Objectives Opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the oldest known medicinal plants. Since the potential of medicinal components production in medicinal plants is very limited in natural conditions, plant tissue culture, as a new technology, has an important role in industrial production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Among different tissue culture systems, hairy root is very stable in hormone-free culture conditions and these roots stably produce secondary metabolites over a long period due to their inherent genetic and biochemical stability. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of some different parameters on optimization of hairy production in P. somniferum. Materials and methods In the present research, for the optimization of hairy root in papaver, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The factors included different Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (ATCC15834, A4 and GMI9534), medium (MS and ½ MS medium), two temperatures (17 and 25 °C) at co-cultivation period, and two different explants (excised shoot and hypocotyl). Different traits were evaluated including percentage of induced hairy roots, number of lateral branches/1cm, number of hairy root per explants and days after inoculation (DAI). Results Hairy roots were induced at the wound site of explants after weeks of culture. Analysis of the results showed that strain ATCC15834, ½ MS medium, temperature 25 °C and excised shoot explant were the best treatment combination for hairy roots induction in the poppy plant. Transformed hairy roots were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using rolB gene specific primers. Discussion All of the A. rhizogenes strains led to hairy root induction, but there were no hairy roots formed from control explants. Differences in virulence, morphology and growth rate can be partially explained by the variety of plasmids harbored by the A. rhizogenesis strains. In the present study, excised shoot explants were highly and significantly susceptible to infection by each strain of A. rhizogenes and hypocotyl explants showed low rate of hairy root induction.

Effect of Different Ploidy Levels on Pollen Grain Fertility, Seed Germination and Seedling Transplanting Ability of Eggplant

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.18116.1350

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important crop with a wide range of fruit shapes and colors. Breeding programs in eggplant focus ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important crop with a wide range of fruit shapes and colors. Breeding programs in eggplant focus mainly on fruit quality. Production of commercial triploid cultivars and emission of seeds in fruits may increase acceptability by consumer and increase fruit quality. Induced tetraploidy and cross between di and tetraploid parental line is a conventional method used in different fruits and vegetables like watermelon. The current study aim to find how may induced tetraploidy affect pollen grain quality, its fertility, seed and transplant vigor in different eggplant cultivars. Materials and Methods Aiming to investigate autotetraploidy in four qultivars of Solanum melongena L., Keshtzar, Yalda, Chahboland and Passargad on fertility, number of days till fruit-set, germination rate and percentage and successful transplanting percentage, a survey was done in a completely randomized design. Tetraploid plants were derived from seed maceration/shoot tip treatment (0.5, 1 and 2 percent of colchicine). To ensure ploidy level, chromosome counting of root tips and flow-cytometry was done during the experiment. To quantify germination percentage and rate, 15 seeds of each cultivar in each ploidy level were placed in petri-dishes in three replications. The seeds of each ploidy form were sown in seedling trays and after seedling period, plugs were transplanted in field for evaluation of characteristics in different ploidy levels. Growth and development rate of plant in seedling stage observed since seeds were cultivated. As soon as hypocotyl appeared on the surface, they were counted. Then seedling emergence and rate were calculated. To test viability of pollen grains, they were stained using acetocarmen. In order to find best parental lines, 18 plants from each cultivar and in each ploidy level were cultivated in the greenhouse condition in three replications. Then all plants were crossed competley (direct and reciprocal). Di and tetraploid plants were tested to find out which one would be better as which parent. Results Number of days till fruit-set, characteristics of seed and seedling and growth rate in seedling stage were significantly (P≤5%) influenced by changes on levels of poloidy. Pollen grain staining with acetocarmine for evaluation of fertility percentage in pollen grains showed that with an increase in ploidy level, fertility may significantly increase (P≤5%). In an effort to triploid plant production, none of the crosses between di and tetraploid plant could bear fruit. Discussion With the overall results, despite slower growth, can be tetraploid plant, due to improved germination and seedling emergence, survival and reproductive capabilities, higher transplanting success in this category of plants, induced increase in the number of chromosomal bundles can be considered as a good way to create genetic variation and prepare parental lines with desirable traits for use in the breeding programs.

The Effect of Planting Date on Phonological Stages and Quantity Traits of Four Winter Rapeseed Cultivars in Yasouj

Volume 35, Issue 2 , September 2012, , Pages 99-113

Abstract

In order to study the effect of planting date on phonological stages and quantity traits of four cultivars of winter rapeseed, an experiment was carried out in 2008-2009 at the research ... Read More

Research Paper - Breeding of Fruit Trees Crops

Effect of rootstock and magnetized water on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of apple sapling (Malus domestica) under salinity stress

Zahra esmaillou; Mohammadreza Asghari; Fariborz Zaare-Nahandi; Ebrahim Sepehr

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46457.2154

Abstract

Salinity poses a significant challenge to plant growth and can lead to adverse physiological and metabolic alterations. The selection of tolerant rootstocks offers a promising solution ... Read More Salinity poses a significant challenge to plant growth and can lead to adverse physiological and metabolic alterations. The selection of tolerant rootstocks offers a promising solution to mitigate this issue. Magnetized water technology has emerged as an innovative approach to alleviate the negative impact of salinity on water quality. In this greenhouse study, we aimed to explore the synergistic effects of rootstock selection and magnetized water treatment under salinity stress conditions on the growth of apple saplings. By examining these combined factors, we seek to understand their potential in enhancing plant resilience to salinity-induced stress. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to develop sustainable strategies for managing salinity stress in agricultural settings, with implications for improving crop productivity and resilience in saline environments.Materials and MethodsThe factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replications from 2019 to 2020 at the University of Urmia, Iran. The factors examined included two rootstocks (M7 and MM106), three levels of magnetized water (0, 0.1, and 0.2 Tesla), and three levels of salinity stress (0, 40, and 80 mM). To evaluate the investigated factors, leaf thickness, leaf temperature, leaf area, internode length, rootstock diameter, branch growth, greenness index (SPAD), relative water content (RWC), total phenol, antioxidant capacity and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme were measured. Statistical analysis was done with SAS software (version 9.4). GLM procedure was used for the analysis of variance. Means were compared with the least significant difference (LSD) test.ResultsThe three-way interactions of rootstock × magnetized water × salinity stress significantly influenced total phenol and PAL enzyme activity. Additionally, the main effects of rootstock, magnetized water and salinity stress on leaf thickness, root diameter, RWC and, SPAD were significant. Increasing salinity levels reduced rootstock diameter, shoot growth, leaf water content, SPAD, and leaf area. However, salinity treatment increased leaf thickness, leaf temperature, phenolic compound concentration, antioxidant capacity, and PAL activity compared to control. The highest internode (17.58 cm) and rootstock diameter (2.18 mm) were obtained with 0.1 Tesla magnetized water treatment. Conversely, increasing salinity stress reduced internode length in both M7 and MM106 rootstocks, and the maximum internode length was produced in M7 under non-saline conditions (19.35 cm). Also, the highest rootstock diameter (19.83 mm) was observed in MM106 under non-saline conditions. Moreover, leaf RWC was higher in M7 (82.70%) compared to MM106. The highest PAL enzyme activity (62.77 nmol g-1F.W.-1) was recorded under 80 mM salinity, 1.0 Tesla magnetic water, and M7 rootstock.ConclusionThe utilization of magnetized water resulted in enhancements across various parameters including rootstock diameter, shoot growth, leaf water content, surface area, phenolic compounds, and PAL enzyme activity, surpassing the control group. Combining magnetic water treatment with M7 rootstock demonstrated significant mitigation of salinity-induced effects on apple saplings. Thus, the joint application of M7 rootstock and magnetic water is advocated for both saline and non-saline environments. This research underscores the importance of employing sustainable approaches to combat salinity stress in apple orchards, offering insights into effective management strategies for enhancing crop resilience in challenging agricultural conditions.

Research Paper

The effect of foliar application of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of strawberry cv. Camarosa

Naeimeh Soukht Saraei; Feryal Varasteh; Hamid Reza Sadeghipour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47877.2199

Abstract

IntroductionStrawberry is one of the most popular fruits, accordingly, its maintenance and increased quality without using harmful chemical compounds is of great concern. Gamma-aminobutyric ... Read More IntroductionStrawberry is one of the most popular fruits, accordingly, its maintenance and increased quality without using harmful chemical compounds is of great concern. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid that affects plant growth activities, tricarboxylic acid cycle, production of primary and secondary metabolites, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Growth hormones, especially those growth regulators that increase photosynthesis and plant function, have good potential for agricultural development. The plant hormone cytokinin plays an effective role in controlling many vital processes, including plant growth and flowering. Cytokinins cause an increase in cell division, and therefore, if they are used in the initial stage of the sigmoid curve of fruit growth, when cell division is underway, they may increase the number of cells in each fruit.Materials and MethodsThe well-developed and consistent strawberry plantlets of the Camarosa cultivar were planted during October 2022 in Ramian County, Golestan province, Iran (UTM: 318446, 4092385). The foliar application of GABA solutions at 10 and 20 mM as well as control (water) was carried out at the flowering stage and 10 days later and the foliar application of forchlorfenuron )CPPU( solutions at 5 and 10 mg/L was carried out at the flowering stage. This research was conducted in the form of a complete randomized blocks design in three replications. Fruits were collected when they reached a consistent ripening stage, as characterized by change of fruit's surface color to red by more than 75% and were promptly transported to the laboratory for analysis. Root volume and weight, total sugar and leaf photosynthetic pigments, length, diameter and shape of fruit, percentage of malformed fruit, fruit firmness, total sugar, fruit color, total weight of harvested fruit and fruit cytokinin were assessed. Data analysis was done using SAS version 9.1 software and comparison of means was done through Duncan's multiple range test at the 1% probability level.Results and DiscussionThe analysis of variance of the data showed that the effect of GABA treatment at the probability level of 1% on root volume and weight, carotenoid and chlorophyll b of leaf, fruit firmness and the total weight of the harvested fruit at the probability level of 1% and on the total chlorophyll of leaf and percentage of malformed fruit at the probability level of 5% was significant. Leaf area, chlorophyll a, total leaf sugar, fruit length, diameter and length-to-diameter ratio were not affected by GABA spraying. Also, the effect of CPPU treatment was significant at 1% probability level on root volume and weight, leaf area, leaf carotenoid, fruit length and firmness, and percentage of malformed fruits, and at 5% probability level on chlorophyll a and total, fruit length to diameter ratio. Total sugar and chlorophyll b of leaf, fruit diameter and total weight of harvested fruit were not affected by CPPU solution. GABA treatment (20 mM) could increase the total weight of the harvested fruits from each experimental unit by 17%. Plants sprayed with CPPU had more leaf area compared to the control non-sprayed plants. The total chlorophyll amount of leaf increased with increasing GABA and CPPU concentration, and the highest leaf total chlorophyll was found in 20 mM GABA (1.384 mg/g) and 10 mg/L CPPU (1.430 mg/g). 10 mg/L CPPU treatment caused 107 and 59% increase in root volume and weight compared to the control, respectively. The highest fruit length (65.51 mm) and fruit length to diameter ratio (1.69) were obtained in plants sprayed with 10 mg/L CPPU. The highest firmness of the fruit tissue (1.96 N/cm2) was observed in plants sprayed with 20 mM GABA. Accordingly, GABA and CPPU treatments could significantly reduce the malformed fruit and the lowest was observed in CPPU treatment at a concentration of 10 mg/L. Also, both GABA and CPPU treatments had a significant effect on fruit color brightness index and total fruit sugar.ConclusionGABA and CPPU can act as a regulatory factor for plant growth and development. In general, the fruits obtained from plants sprayed with GABA and CPPU were of higher quality. Finally, according to the results, foliar spraying of Camarosa strawberry plants with 20 mM GABA and 10 mg/L CPPU is recommended in order to produce high-quality and long-lasting fruit.

Research Paper - Plant Physiology

The Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside on some Morphological and Physiological Traits of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) under Salt Stress

Saeideh Alizadeh-salteh; Aysan Nourizad Ahmedabad; Sahebali Bolandnazar; Mina Amani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47316.2186

Abstract

Introduction: Salinity is one of the environmental stresses that has a negative effect on the growth and development process and causes oxidative stress in plants. By creating harmful ... Read More Introduction: Salinity is one of the environmental stresses that has a negative effect on the growth and development process and causes oxidative stress in plants. By creating harmful changes in the balance of ions, water status, nutrients, stomatal function and photosynthesis efficiency, salinity causes a decrease in plant growth and development processes such as germination, seedling growth, and finally, a decrease in the amount of crop production in the plant. Sodium nitroprusside is a relatively stable gas radical that prevents the production of reactive oxygen radicals in low concentrations. It has been reported that sodium nitroprusside as a signal conducting molecule in various physiological processes such as seed germination, leaf senescence, ethylene production, stomatal closure and various defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and UV-B radiation is involved. Also, sodium nitroprusside plays a role in regulating various developmental processes and plant growth, including root growth, respiration, flowering, and cell death. Considering the positive effects of sodium nitroprusside on plants and the importance of evening primrose, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside on improving the morphological and physiological properties of evening primrose medicinal plant in adjusting salinity stress in greenhouse cultivation.Materials and methods: In the present experiment, the effect of salinity stress caused by sodium chloride at four levels (0, 4, 8, 12 dS/m) and its modification by sodium nitroprusside as foliar spraying at four concentrations of zero (control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mM as sodium nitroprusside releasing compound in evening primrose was carried out factorially based on a completely randomized design in three replications in the greenhouse of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. Salt treatment (NaCl) was applied after planting in pots and two times in the form of a solution in water and injected into the plant roots, and nitroprusside treatment was applied at four levels and with an interval of two weeks until flowering (mid-spring). It was done to the leaf. To facilitate sodium nitroprusside foliar spraying and also to increase accuracy, a sprayer was used so that foliar spraying is done uniformly on the aerial part of the plant. At first, the test of normality of the data and the uniformity of intra-treatment variances was performed and confirmed. Analysis of the variance of the data was done factorially in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications. The mean comparison of the treatments was done by Duncan's test at the probability level of 1%. SAS software (Ver. 9.3) was used for data analysis and Excel software was used for drawing graphs.Results and Discussion: In total, the results of the present experiment showed that the application of salinity treatment caused a significant decrease in fresh and dry weight of leaves, the amount of leaf area and leaf chlorophyll index, while it caused a significant increase in the percentage of ionic electrolyte leakage. The decrease in leaf area due to salt stress is either as a result of a decrease in the number of leaves due to a decrease in photosynthesis or a decrease in leaf size due to a decrease in turgor pressure. So that the highest number (47/08) was obtained in the 4 decisimons treatment and per meter and leaf area (247/95) in the control treatment. Also, the highest percentage of ionic electrolyte leakage (27.5%) was observed at a concentration of 12 deci-siemens/m, but the effect of different concentrations of salinity on the amount of antioxidant activity was not significant. The results showed that sodium nitroprusside treatment caused a significant decrease in leaf dry weight, ion electrolyte leakage percentage. On the other hand, it has caused a significant increase in dry matter percentage, leaf surface, chlorophyll index and antioxidant activity. So that the maximum amount of leaf area, chlorophyll index and antioxidant activity was obtained in the concentration of 0.15 mM sodium nitroprusside. Conclusion: Sodium nitroprusside has a useful and effective role in improving the growth characteristics and function of aerial organs and the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of evening primrose. So that the concentration of 0.15 mM was considered as the optimal concentration for improving the morphological and physiological traits.

Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

Effects of different levels of humic acid and limitation in irrigation on the growth and functional characteristics of the medicinal plant Lallemantia iberica L.

Masoud Fattahi; Akbar Saljoghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47380.2190

Abstract

IntroductionHumic acid is a principal component of humic substances, which increasing cell membrane permeability, increasing photosynthesis and respiration rates, enhancing mineral ... Read More IntroductionHumic acid is a principal component of humic substances, which increasing cell membrane permeability, increasing photosynthesis and respiration rates, enhancing mineral uptake and enhancing protein synthesis. The effects of Humic acid on the physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of plants under drought stress have been, including the growth parameters, osmotic regulation, antioxidase activity (such as the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) and photosynthesis parameters. Also, drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that adversely influences the growth and production of crops and disturbs plant water relationships, reducing leaf size, root growth and root multiplication. Plants exhibit various physiological and biochemical responses to drought stress at cellular and whole organism levels. The results of some study indicated that the appropriate concentration of humic acid could effectively alleviate the damage of drought stress on plants.Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of drought stress on germination characteristics, as well as the effect of different levels of humic acid and water deficit on some characteristics of the medicinal plant of lallemantia, two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the characteristics of germination of lallemantia under the influence of five levels of drought stress including 0 potential, -0.4, -0.8, -1.2 and -1.6 MPa in the form of a completely randomized design with 4 replications in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture Shahrekord University was evaluated. In the second experiment, in order to investigate the different levels of humic acid and water deficit stress on some characteristics of the lallemantia, a field experiment was conducted in the form of a split plot in the form of a completely randomized block design in three replications. The treatments included four irrigation levels of 50, 70, 90 and 110 mm evaporation, from the evaporation pan surface as the main factor and four humic acid levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15 liters per hectare as secondary factors.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the percentage and speed of germination and fresh weight of lallemantia seedlings decreased due to drought stress levels and the root length increased. Also, in the results of the field experiment, it was observed that the number of flowers, inflorescences, seeds per plant, seed yield, and the amount of biomass were affected by the simple effects of drought stress and humic acid treatments, and drought stress decreased them, while the use of humic acid increased them. As a result of drought stress, the percentage of mucilage increased and the yield of essential oil decreased. Also, the use of humic acid increased the yield of essential oil compared to the control. In general, the use of humic acid, especially at a concentration of 15 liters per hectare, increased the seed yield and the medicinal properties of the lallemantia plant. In general, the use of humic acid, especially at a concentration of 15 liters per hectare, increased the seed yield and the medicinal properties of the lallemantia plant.Conclusionhumic acid is an alicyclic ring, and a hydrophilic group, such as a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, or a carbonyl group is bonded to enhance the water retention of the plant. Humic acid can be used directly on plants at low concentrations to enhance plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake, thus constituting a popular category of plant biostimulants. Our findings further illustrated that humic acid can relieve the damage of drought stress because humic acid also has the effect of stabilizing the plasma membrane system by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and participating in cell osmotic regulation. Our findings may help to elucidate of the effects of humic acid on lallemantia plant under drought stress and provide substantial guidance for the use of humic acid in agricultural production.

Research Paper - Horticulture

The effect of foliar application of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and nicotinic acid on the growth, yield, and morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

Sepideh Dalvand; Hasan Mumivand; Bahman Zahedi; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47919.2204

Abstract

IntroductionBiostimulants, such as amino acids and nitrogen-containing compounds, play a vital role in the biochemical and physiological processes of plants. These molecules serve as ... Read More IntroductionBiostimulants, such as amino acids and nitrogen-containing compounds, play a vital role in the biochemical and physiological processes of plants. These molecules serve as precursors and raw materials for the production of other essential compounds and are crucial for the regulation and control of cellular activities and various biological systems. Amino acids and nitrogen-containing compounds are essential for optimal plant growth and development, and improving nitrogen nutrition and amino acid management can enhance plant growth, yield, and resilience to environmental stresses. Foliar application of amino acids and nitrogen-containing biostimulants helps plants channel more of their stored energy into growth, development, and overall quality.Materials and MethodsThis study aimed to investigate the effects of amino acid and nitrogen-containing biostimulants on the growth, performance, and morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of fenugreek at Lorestan University. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and three replications. The treatments included a control (spraying with distilled water) and foliar applications of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and nicotinic acid, each at three levels (75, 150, and 300 mg/L). The first foliar application was performed during the 4 to 6 leaf stage, with subsequent applications every 14 days (for a total of 4 applications).Results and DiscussionThe results indicated that applying nicotinic acid and aspartic acid at a concentration of 300 mg/L significantly increased plant height. Foliar application of all three biostimulants at concentrations of 150 and 300 mg/L resulted in a significant increase in leaf area and fresh weight of root. The application of nicotinic acid and aspartic acid also led to a significant increase in the fresh weight of the plant. However, the positive effect of nicotinic acid on plant fresh weight was greater than that of aspartic acid. Nicotinic acid treatment at all three levels increased the dry weight of plant. Foliar application of glutamic acid and aspartic acid at concentrations of 150 and 300 mg/L also increased the dry weight of plant. However, root dry weight increased only with concentrations of 150 and 300 mg/L of nicotinic acid and aspartic acid, and 300 mg/L of glutamic acid. Foliar application of all three compounds—glutamic acid, nicotinic acid, and aspartic acid—resulted in significant increases in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll. The most positive effect on chlorophyll was observed with aspartic acid application. Carotenoid levels were also significantly increased with the application of nicotinic acid and aspartic acid compared to the control, while glutamic acid only increased carotenoids at the highest concentration. Photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, CO2 concentration under the stomatal chamber, and total nitrogen were significantly increased with the foliar application of all three compounds—glutamic acid, nicotinic acid, and aspartic acid.ConclusionThe results of the present study showed that the application of biostimulants such as nicotinic acid, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid generally led to improvements in the studied characteristics. Overall, it can be concluded that the use of biostimulants, particularly nicotinic acid and aspartic acid (especially at a concentration of 300 mg/L), is recommended for improving the growth, performance, and morpho-physiological traits of fenugreek.

Research Paper - Organic Agriculture

Feasibility and capacity assessment of nano-organo-silica production from rice husk and its characterization

Fatemeh nickkhoo shaldehi; Reza Ebrahimi Gaskarei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47929.2205

Abstract

Background and purpose: Gilan and Mazandaran produce about 84% of the country's rice. Gilan province has 1805 active rice mills that convert about 700,000 tons of paddy produced from ... Read More Background and purpose: Gilan and Mazandaran produce about 84% of the country's rice. Gilan province has 1805 active rice mills that convert about 700,000 tons of paddy produced from 230,000 hectares of paddy fields into white rice every year. In this process, about 20% of the dry weight of paddy, i.e. 140,000 tons of the outer husk of rice remains as waste in the rice milling factories -about 20% of the dry weight of this husk is silica, so from a theoretical point of view, it is possibil to extract 28,000 tons silica from this waste.In the north of the country, the inner husk of rice paddy (soft husk) is used as livestock and poultry feed, but the outer husk of rice paddy (rough husk) contains 70% lignocellulose and 20% amorphous silica and has no nutritional value in livestock and poultry feed. For every ton of rice paddy, 0.2 ton of the outer shell of paddy is left in the rice mills factories. The outer shell of rice husk is the waste of rice mills and about twenty percent of its dry weight is silica in the form of SiO2, which can be extracted and returned to the production cycle espetially in paddy soils. In other words, the annual waste of rice mills can be used to extract silica. The necessity of this research is related to the insufficiency of silicon in the soil of some rice paddy fields in the north of Iran, returning silicon to the rice field and solving the problem of rice milling factory waste. The production of this element from organic waste is a demand-oriented, innovative and technological idea in line with sustainable agriculture. Due to the high price of imported silicon fertilizer and currency and vice versa, the cheap and annual availability of the outer shell of husk, as well as the many uses of silicon in agriculture, industry, medicine and pharmaceuticals, the production of granulated nano-organosilica from this waste with economic and environmental aspects is one of the goals of this applied research. Materials and methods: This research was done in the soil chemistry laboratory in University of Guilan. First, the outer shell of rice husk was obtained as a waste of rice mills from a rice mill factory in rural district of Jiredeh, Shaft city in Guilan and after boiling with hydrochloric acid, it was heated in an electric furnace at a temperature of 700 degrees Celsius so that amorphous nanosilica remains. From the interaction of amorphous nanosilica with potassium nitrate, semi-crystalline nanosilica was obtained. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyzes were used to identify amorphous nanosilica and semi-crystalline nanosilica. In addition, the production capacity of the outer shell of rice husk from the waste of rice mills in active mills was randomly estimated using a questionnaire.Result: Firstly it has been approved that the silica particles produced from rice husk are nanoparticles secondly the results showed that about 100 grams of nano-organosilica can be produced from every 1000 grams of outer shell of rice husk. Based on this result; the amount of silica that can be produced from rice husk in the country is estimated to be about 90 thousand tons. Conclusion: In line with sustainable agriculture, by extracting silica from the waste of rice mills, the soil silica needed of the rice fields in the north of the country can be supplied.

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Research Paper

Effect of different intensities of continuous red and blue LED light on yield and secondary metabolites synthesis of basil microgreens

Afsaneh Abbasi; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Mohammadreza Fayezizadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.48202.2220

Abstract

IntroductionBasil microgreen (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a valuable plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which is known as a superfood in the 21st century due to its high antioxidant ... Read More IntroductionBasil microgreen (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a valuable plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which is known as a superfood in the 21st century due to its high antioxidant index, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and carotenoids. In addition to their antioxidant and nutritional properties, microgreens are introduced as one of the strategic products that can be produced in vegetable production factories due to their short growth period, compatibility with soilless cultivation systems, ability to be cultivated in layered cultivation systems and high profitability. However, there are several challenges facing vegetable producers that hinder the development of microgreen cultivation. One of the most important production parameters is light intensity, the results of which are limited on the performance and synthesis of basil microgreen secondary metabolites in past research. Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted in the Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, in February 2024. This experiment aims to investigate the effect of different intensities of red+blue continuous LED light with a ratio (1:1) including 18 (82.8 µmol m-2 s-1), 36 (165.6 µmol m-2 s-1), 54 (248.4 µmol m-2 s-1) and 72 (331.2 µmol m-2 s-1) Wm-2s-1 on the yield and synthesis of secondary metabolites of three cultivars (Kapoor, Red Rubin, Violetta) and one genotype (Abloq) of basil microgreen were investigated using a split-plot approach based on a randomized complete block design in a floating system with four replications.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the simple effect of light intensity on all studied traits had a significant difference at the 1% level. Also, the simple effect of cultivar and the interaction between light intensity and cultivar on all studied traits created a significant difference. The highest and lowest yield were obtained in Red Rubin cultivar (4.1 kg m-2) with light intensity of 331.2 µmol m-2 s-1 and in Violetta cultivar (0.5 kg m-2) with light intensity of 82.8 µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The highest antioxidant capacity (78.31%), anthocyanin (31.0 mg 100 g-1 of fresh weight), vitamin C (306.1 mg 100 g-1 of fresh weight) and phenolic compounds (2039.6 mg 100 g-1 of fresh weight) were measured in Ablaq genotype under light intensity of 331.2 µmol m-2 s-1. The highest amount of proline was measured in Red Rubin cultivar (3.61 mg g-1 fresh weight) grown under a light intensity of 331.2 µmol m-2 s-1 and the lowest amount of proline was measured in Ablaq genotype (1.55 mg g-1 fresh weight) under light intensity of 82.8 µmol m-2 s-1. The highest amount of flavonoids was measured in Violetta cultivar (8.42 mg g-1 fresh weight) under light intensity of 331.2 µmol m-2 s-1 and the lowest amount of flavonoids was measured in Red Rubin cultivar (3.45 mg g-1 fresh weight) under light intensity of 82.8 µmol m-2 s-1. Basil microgreen performance with antioxidant capacity, anthocyanin, carbohydrate, proline, vitamin C, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids had a positive and significant correlation at the 1% level.ConclusionThe light intensity of red+blue LED lamps affected the synthesis of secondary metabolites and the yield of basil microgreens. Based on the results of the Ablaq genotype under the light intensity of 331.2 µmol m-2 s-1, it can be used as a suitable method for growing basil microgreens in the floating system.

Research Paper - Agroecology

Evaluation of benefits of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) intercropping

Ramin Gholparast; Ali Ebadi; Fatemeh Ahmadnia; Mohammad Hasanzadeh; Sodabeh Jahanbakhsh Godehkahriz

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47094.2175

Abstract

Introduction: Agricultural systems are moving towards reducing the use of chemical inputs and modifying management methods to minimize the harmful effects on the environment caused ... Read More Introduction: Agricultural systems are moving towards reducing the use of chemical inputs and modifying management methods to minimize the harmful effects on the environment caused by excessive chemical use. This includes weed control, maintaining soil fertility, and addressing the increasing production costs by revising and implementing new management methods for product production. Soybeans are highly nutritious. It is important to pay attention to their production methods while maintaining food security, in line with sustainable agriculture. The use of allelopathic plants such as marigolds in intercropping with soybeans can be one of the ways to benefit from the benefits of intercropping. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the impact of intercropping of soybeans and marigold weeding on soybean (Glycine max L.) and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) yield.Material and Methods: An experiment was conducted in Pars-Abad, Ardabil, in 2022. The study employed a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor consisted of varying ratios of soybean and marigold in intercropping (0-100, 75-25, 50-50, 25-75, and 0-100). The second-factor involved hand-weeding, categorized into complete hand-weeding and non-hand weeding. Marigold seeds were sourced from the Ardabil Municipality Green Space Research Center. To prepare the seedlings, a planting mixture was created on March 30, 2022, using 20% rotten animal manure, 20% sand, and 60% fertile soil in planting trays. The spacing between and within the rows of marigolds in the experimental field was set at 40 × 40 cm. The dimensions of the experimental plots measured 8 × 4 meters. Additionally, L17 soybean seeds were obtained from the Moghan Agriculture and Industry Research Center. The seeding rate for soybeans was established at 40 kg/h, with planting intervals of 40 × 5 cm between rows.Results and Discussion: The experiment's findings concluded that the intercropping consisting of 75-25 (soybean – marigold) is the most desirable option when considering ecological indicators such as land equality ratio (LER), and relative value total (RVT). Additionally, the lowest biomass of weeds was recorded during the Vegetative growth stage in the 75-25 (soybean-marigold) and hand-weeded monoculture of soybeans. In the Soybean flowering stage, the lowest biomass was noted in both the monoculture of soybeans and marigolds without hand-weeding. During the Soybean podding stage, the lowest biomass occurred in the monoculture of soybeans and marigolds, as well as in the 25-75 (marigold -soybeans) under hand-weeding. Finally, at the soybean yield stage, the lowest biomass was observed in the monoculture of soybeans and marigolds with hand-weeding. The most desirable soybean yield and yield components, such as, the number of pods per plant, the total number of seeds per plant, the average weight of pods with seeds per plant, the seed weight per pod, and the one hundred soybean seeds weight, were achieved from the 75 -25 (soybean – marigold) intercropping. Moreover, the most desirable yield and yield components of marigold, such as the number of flowers per plant, were obtained from marigold monoculture and the 25-75 (soybean – marigold) intercropping.Conclusion: Soybeans emerged as the dominant species in intercropping with marigolds, gaining the most from this intercropping. In contrast, marigold flowers showed limited competitive ability in unweeded conditions, even though they are typically planted in high-density rows in monoculture. The results revealed that hand-weeding significantly improved the yields of both species compared to non-hand-weeding. This study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate plant species for intercropping with soybeans to maximize the benefits for both plants.

Research Paper - Modeling

Evaluation of withholding irrigation on different canola cultivars under autumn cultivation conditions: a simulation study

Mozhgan Sadeghi; Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; Esmaeil Mohammadi-Ahmadmahmoudi; Khosro Azizi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47907.2203

Abstract

Introduction: Canola is a crucial industrial crops in the country's oil production in order to produce high-quality edible oil. However, the challenges related to water allocation to ... Read More Introduction: Canola is a crucial industrial crops in the country's oil production in order to produce high-quality edible oil. However, the challenges related to water allocation to the spring crops at the end of the autumn canola growth period have become one of the obstacles to achieving optimal production levels for this crop. Addressing this challenge is essential for enhancing the productivity and sustainability of rapeseed farming in the country.Materials and Methods: This research aimed to evaluation the effect of withholding irrigation treatments on different growth stages of autumn canola production. It also seeks to identify the suitable canola cultivar and the optimal growth stage for implementing withholding irrigation through a long-term simulation experiment using the APSIM-canola simulation model. It was carried out in four counties of Lorestan province including Khorramabad, Pol-e Dokhtar, Kuhdasht and Aleshtar in Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University. For this purpose, in the first step, the model was evaluated using two independent data sets. The cultivars included Hyola308, Hyola401 and RGS003 (early, mid and late maturity cultivars, respectively), and the irrigation treatments of the study included full irrigation, withholding irrigation at the flowering stage, withholding irrigation at the pod initiation stage, and withholding irrigation at the grain filling stage.Results and Discussion: The evaluation of the APSIM-canola simulation model demonstrated that this model has a good capability to accurately predict autumn canola grain yield evidenced by an estimation error (nRMSE) of 18%. The results showed that the variability of the autumn canola grain yield across all of the studied locations, different treatments of withholding irrigation and cultivars was significant. Notably, the highest yield was recorded at 4.49 t ha-1 in Khorramabad, while the lowest was 1.96 t ha-1 in Aleshtar. Furthermore, the analysis of dry matter production indicated a considerable variability across different locations and treatments in a way that the highest and lowest amount of dry matter between location belonged to Khorramabad and Aleshtar (17.80 and 8.89 t ha-1, respectively). The research findings highlighted the crucial role of climatic conditions, particularly air temperature, in informing management practices such as cultivar selection and irrigation strategies. Based on this, the use of Hyola401 mid maturity cultivar in Pol-e Dokhtar, Khorramabad and Kuhdasht counties along with full irrigation throughout the growing season resulted in the highest grain yields of 5.38, 5.36, and 4.49 t ha-1, respectively. It was while in Aleshtar (with cooler temperature condition compared to other locations) employing the early maturity cultivar of Hyola308 coupled with withholding of irrigation before the end of the growing season led to the highest amount of grain yield (2.64 t ha-1) in this region.Conclusion: The findings of this research indicate that in the cultivation of autumn canola, it is crucial to consider climatic factors, particularly air temperature, as well as the accessibility of water resources when selecting the appropriate cultivar. Specifically, under conditions where water availability is restricted, opting for early-maturing and mid-maturing cultivars can serve as an effective strategy. This approach not only mitigates the adverse impacts of water scarcity but also contributes to the sustainable production of canola in various regions. By aligning cultivar selection with the specific climatic and water conditions of an area, farmers can enhance crop resilience and ensure a more stable yield, ultimately supporting the agricultural sustainability of their communities.

Research Paper

Evaluation of Hamedani alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield response to planting row spacing and harvesting time of the second cutting fodder

Mehdi Kakaei; Hojatolah Mazahery Laghab; Saiedeh Salavati

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47966.2206

Abstract

Hamedan is considered a suitable area for harvesting alfalfa seeds, because, in arid conditions, the seeds typically ripen uniformly, resulting in the harvesting of high-quality seeds ... Read More Hamedan is considered a suitable area for harvesting alfalfa seeds, because, in arid conditions, the seeds typically ripen uniformly, resulting in the harvesting of high-quality seeds at the optimal time. Harvesting of alfalfa seeds is done in the fields of Hamedan province from the second harvest onwards, but special cultivation is not allocated specifically for seed production. In some years and harvests, the same crops cultivated for fodder production are dedicated to seed production. Since in fodder harvesting, the field must have reached 10% flowering and in seed harvesting, at least two-thirds to three-fourths of the pods of a plant should be dark brown, arrangements for harvesting fodder and seeds are made in the second and third harvest of this experiment, respectively. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of planting density and the harvest time of fodder in the second harvest, aiming to achieve a balanced density and an appropriate harvest time to maximize seed yield.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was carried out using strip plots with four replications in a randomized complete block design during two cropping years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 at Bu-Ali Sina University. In this research, the effect of planting density treatment at three different levels (40, 50, and 60 cm row spacing) in vertical plots and the fodder harvest time treatment in the second harvest in horizontal plots at four phenological stages: (1. the appearance of flower buds, 2. the appearance of flowers 30 days after the first harvest, 3. 10% flowering 45 days after the second harvest, and 4. 50% flowering 60 days after the second harvest) on the traits such as the number of pods per plant, plant height, seed yield, thousand seed weight, seed weight per plant, germination rate of production seeds and germination percentage of production seeds were studied.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the germination rate of produced seeds, the weight of 1000 seeds, the weight of seeds per plant, and the yield of seeds were affected by the investigated treatments. The highest germination rate of the produced seeds was observed with a row spacing of 50 cm and harvesting fodder at the stage of flower bud emergence. The highest weight of 1000 seeds were obtained with a row spacing of 60 cm and harvesting at the stage of flower bud emergence, so that it increased by 66% and 42.8%, respectively, compared to harvesting at the stages of 10% and 50% flowering in the same distance of the row. Increasing the row spacing to 50 and 60 cm and harvesting fodder at the stages of flower bud emergence and flower emergence led to a significant increase in seed weight per plant. The highest seed weight per plant was observed with a row spacing of 60 cm and harvesting fodder at the stage of flower emergence. The highest seed yield was obtained with a planting density of 50 cm row spacing and fodder harvesting at the stage of flower bud emergence.ConclusionCultivation density and fodder harvesting time had a significant effect on seed yield through their impact on yield components in this experiment. It seems that the increase in seed yield is related to the lengthening period from forage harvest to seed ripening and enough time for maximum use of natural resources, physiological ripening of seeds, more transfer of nutrients to seeds, and the opportunity to store dietary materials in seeds. Thus, based on the obtained results, it is recommended to cultivate with lower density and fodder harvesting at the beginning of the flowering period in the second harvest to achieve the maximum yield of alfalfa seed yield in subsequent harvests.

Research Paper

Association mapping and gene ontology related to germination traits under normal conditions and salt stress in some bread wheat cultivars

Ronak Talebi Qormik; Hadi Alipour; Reza Darvishzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47977.2208

Abstract

Introduction: Association mapping is used for many plants, including crop plants, with the aim of identifying the locus of quantitative traits. Abiotic stress including salinity stress ... Read More Introduction: Association mapping is used for many plants, including crop plants, with the aim of identifying the locus of quantitative traits. Abiotic stress including salinity stress is one of the main challenges facing agriculture, which can affect the final yield of the product, especially in the critical stages of growth, including the germination stage. Stress can affect the growth rate in different stages of growth and in more severe cases it can destroy the plant. Therefore, introducing and creating stress-tolerant plants, especially salinity stress, along with the use of other methods, can be somewhat helpful in dealing with the reduction of agricultural products.Materials and Methods: In the current research, 64 varieties of bread wheat have been investigated in three different conditions including normal, 60 mM salt stress and 120 mM salt stress, with two repetitions in the form of a simple lattice design in the crop year 2021, in the Genetics laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture of Urmia University and sodium chloride(NaCl) was used to create salinity. In this study, the traits of seedling length, shoot length, root length, ratio of shoot length to root length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, germination percentage, germination index, germination speed, average germination speed, average germination time, germination energy, seed vigor, relative germination index, relative germination speed and relative germination energy were studied. Also, 36361 SNP markers were used to identify gene locations controlling germination traits. TASSEL 5.0 software was used to association mapping of studied traits. For this purpose, the mixed linear model (MLM) method using PCA and Kinship matrices was used. Manhattan plots and LD plots were drawn using R studio 4.1.1 software.Results and Discussion: In the present study, 330, 153, and 116 MTAs were identified for normal conditions, 60 mM salinity stress conditions, and 120 mM salinity stress conditions, respectively. Meanwhile, in normal conditions, 43 important markers in chromosomes 1B and 7B were related to germination indices. In the condition of 60 mM salinity stress, the number of 32 important markers in chromosomes 1 B, 2 B, 6 A, 5 A and 6 B and in the condition of 120 mM salinity stress, the number of 14 important markers in chromosomes 1 B, 3 A and 3 B were related to the control of plant traits. The sequence of all the significant markers in Ensembl plant database was checked. Examination of the sequences showed that MTAs are involved in important biological and molecular processes such as signal transduction, signaling pathways of kinase presentation, defense response, response to biological stimuli, hydrolase metabolism, polysaccharide binding, etc. In the condition of 60 mM salinity stress, an important pathway including the metabolism of proline, arginine, beta-alanine, and in the condition of 120 mM salinity stress, the ABC transporter pathway was identified.Conclusion: The MTAs and known pathways based on the results of this study are very important, and after confirming the results in biparental populations and performing additional tests, these findings can be used in marker-assisted breeding and selection programs for wheat plants.

Research Paper - Organic Agriculture

Investigating the effects of organic and biological fertilizers on absorption of nutrients, phytochemical, antioxidant activities and flower yeild of European borage (Borago officinalis L)

Kiamars Azadinejad; Alireza Yadavi; Amin Salehi; Hooshang Farajee; Pravin Rostampour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48204.2219

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: Introduction: In recent years, to promote sustainable agriculture and enhance crop yield by optimizing the use of chemical fertilizers in the country, application ... Read More Abstract Introduction: Introduction: In recent years, to promote sustainable agriculture and enhance crop yield by optimizing the use of chemical fertilizers in the country, application of organic materials and biofertilizers has been recommended. Because the use of chemical fertilizers with destructive environmental effects, as well as their high reliance on non-renewable energy sources, is not in accordance with the concepts of agricultural sustainability. Ecological cultivation of medicinal plants guarantees their quality and reduces the possibility of negative effects on medicinal quality and their performance. Healthy nutrition of plants with organic and biological fertilizers improves the quality of agricultural soils and increases the yield of various plants and it has the most compatibility with the purpose of producing medicinal plants. European borage with the English name Borage is from the Boraginaceae family with the scientific name Borago officinlis L. This plant has been used since ancient times in Iranian traditional medicine as a sedative, restorer of mucous tissues, expectorant, heart rate reducer, body strengthener and anti-cold. Also, borage flower extract has anti-inflammatory and anti-depressant properties. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of ecological nutritional inputs on some caracteristics of Borago officinalis, a factorial experiment was conducted in form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2018-2019 in Fahlian, Noorabad, Fars province. The first factor includes compost fertilizer (rice straw + sheep manure) at three levels (zero, 5 and 10 ton.ha-1) and the second factor includes biological fertilizers at four levels (control, mycorrhizal fungus (Funneliformis moseae), Bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and mycorrhiza fungus+Bacillus bacteria). The studied traits included nutritional elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc), phytochemical traits (phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity), and finally flower yield. Results and Discussion: The effect of compost and biological fertilizers under investigation was significant on all studied traits. The interaction of these factors on amount of iron and zinc, phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity was not significant, but it was significant on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, anthocyanin and flower yield. The obtained results showed a significant increase in iron, zinc, phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity with increasing levels of compost from 0 to 10 ton.ha-1. Among the levels of biofertilizers, the highest amount of these traits was obtained from combined treatment of mycorrhizal and bacterial.The highest amount of nitrogen (1/54 %), phosphorus (0/46 %), potassium (2/48 %), anthocyanin (0/49 mg/g flower DW) and Key trait of flower yield (65/60 gr.m2) was obtained during the application of 10 ton.ha-1 of compost and the integrated application of mycorrhizal fungi and Bacillus subtilis bacteria, And the lowest amount was obtained from the control treatment without the use of compost and biofertilizers. Conclusion:According to results, although nutritional resources in European borage production led to the improvement of the studied traits, but the combined use of compost and biological fertilizers (10 ton.ha-1of compost and combination of two biofertilizers mycorrhizal and bacterial), had a greater effect and efficiency in increasing these traits especially the key trait of flower yeild. Due to the damaging effects of chemical fertilizers and the favorable effects observed for biological and organic fertilizers, the use of biological and organic fertilizers is recommended in order to cultivate European Borage.

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Research Paper - Horticulture

Combined effects of silicon aminochelate and phosphorus on photosynthetic indices and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. Paros) in greenhouse soil culture

edris shabani; Shohreh Zivdar; Afrasiyab Rahnama Ghahfarokhi; Abbas Danaeifar; Mehran Davoudi Arshad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48281.2225

Abstract

IntroductionMost of Iran's soils are calcareous soils. In these types of soils, the amount of phosphorus absorption decreases with the increase of soil pH. Phosphorus absorption from ... Read More IntroductionMost of Iran's soils are calcareous soils. In these types of soils, the amount of phosphorus absorption decreases with the increase of soil pH. Phosphorus absorption from the root surface happens quickly, and as a result, the area of 0.2-1 mm around the root becomes empty of phosphorus. An effective strategy to deal with phosphorus deficiency stress is the secretion of organic acid anions by plant roots. Current evidence shows that the application of silicon greatly increases the secretion of organic acids by the roots. According to the findings of the researchers, there is a positive correlation between the availability of silicon and the mobility of phosphorus in the plant. In addition, the external use of silicon also helps to increase the activation of phosphorus from mineral surfaces. Considering the lack of phosphorus resources in the world, the low mobility of phosphorus in the soil, the increase in its price and its excessive use, conducting studies related to phosphorus fertilizers in order to increase the absorption of phosphorus and fruit quality of greenhouse crops seems to be completely necessary.Materials and methodsThe experiment was conducted in the form of a split plot design and in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The treatments of this experiment included different levels of phosphorus fertilizer (0, 7.5, 15 and 30 kg/ha, in the main plots) and three levels of silicon aminochelate spraying (0, 2 and 4 ml/L, in the secondary plots). The measurement of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll was done using a spectrophotometer in mature leaves developed according to the method suggested by Arnon (1967). Phosphorus was also measured by colorimetric method. During the experiment, strawberry fruits from different treatments were harvested and counted. The weight of a single fruit was measured by a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g. The total weight of the fruit in each plant was calculated and recorded from the sum of the weight of the harvested fruits during the growth period. The dry matter percentage of the fruit was calculated by dividing the dry weight of the sample by the fresh weight of the sample multiplied by 100 (Tabatabaei, 2013). During the experiment, fruits from different treatments were harvested and their length and diameter were measured by calipers and reported in centimeters. The firmness of the fruit tissue was measured by a firmness meter, and the pH and EC of the fruit extract were measured by a pH meter and an EC meter, respectively. Also, the percentage of TSS was measured by a refractometer.Result and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that the application of 15 kg/ha of phosphorus with a concentration of 2 ml/L of silicon aminochelate (P3Si2) had the highest amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. The highest phosphorus concentration of the whole plant (0.98%) was obtained at the level of 15 kg/ha of phosphorus and the concentration of 2 ml/L of silicon aminochelate. Based on the results of average comparisons, the highest amount of total fruit weight (599.93 g) was observed in the treatment of 15 kg/ha of phosphorus and the level of 4 ml/L of silicon aminochelate (P3Si3), which had no significant difference with the P3Si2 treatment. P3Si2 and P3Si3 treatments compared to the control treatment (P1Si1) caused an increase of 67.62 and 68.33 percent of the total weight of strawberry fruits, respectively. The highest percentage of fruit dry matter (7.38%) was observed in the P3Si2 treatment, which had no significant difference with the P3Si3 treatment (6.97%). In many studies, an increase in chlorophyll and yield was observed after the application of foliar spraying with silicon. The use of silicon strongly increases the secretion of malate and citrate by the roots, and in this way, it helps to mobilize and absorb more phosphorus in conditions of its deficiency (Hu et al., 2021). ConclusionAccording to the results, it is recommended to use a concentration of 2 ml/L in silicon aminochelate and a level of 15 kg/ha of monopotassium phosphate to achieve maximum growth, yield and quality of strawberry fruits.

Research Paper - Agroecology

The effect of sources of phosphorus fertilizer on the improvement of nutrient absorption and phosphorus use efficiency in soybean (Glycine max L.)

Saeb Jalalpour; Alireza Yadavi; Mohsen Movahhedi Dehnavi; Razieh Karami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48406.2231

Abstract

AbstractIntroduction: After cereals, oilseeds are the second most important source of energy for human societies. Since a large part of the oil used in the country is imported from ... Read More AbstractIntroduction: After cereals, oilseeds are the second most important source of energy for human societies. Since a large part of the oil used in the country is imported from abroad, the cultivation of oilseeds, including soybeans, and their proper management in order to increase yield, is very important. Phosphorus is considered the second limiting element for plant growth after nitrogen, and every year, large amounts of phosphorus in chemical fertilizers become insoluble after entering the soil and are removed from the plant's reach. One of the practical ways to use phosphorus accumulated in the land is the use of biological phosphorus fertilizers. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus, inoculation of phosphate biofertilizer on growth and consumption of phosphorus chemical fertilizer in Parsa soybean in 2019 at the research farm of Yasouj University located in Dashtrom. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus, inoculation of phosphate biofertilizer on growth and consumption of phosphorus chemical fertilizer in Parsa soybean in 2019 at the research farm of Yasouj University located in Dashtrom. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Test treatments include phosphorus chemical fertilizer (triple superphosphate) at 4 levels: zero, 60 kg.ha-1, 120 kg.ha-1 and 180 kg.ha-1 and biological phosphorus fertilizer at 4 control levels, phosphate bio-fertilizer including Pseudomonas bacteria, mycorrhiza fungus (Glomus mosseae L.) and the combined use of phosphate biofertilizer and mycorrhizal fungus. Results and Discussion:The results showed that the interaction effect of the applied treatments on the leaf area index was significant and the consumption of 180 kg.ha-1 of chemical fertilizer along with inoculation with phosphate biofertilizer + mycorrhizal fungus increased the leaf area index by 112.61% compared to the control. Inoculation with phosphorus biofertilizer had a significant increasing effect on the concentration of nutrients in shoot and seed. The highest increase in the concentration of nutrients in shoot and seed was related to inoculation with phosphate biofertilizer + mycorrhizal fungus and the lowest was related to the control. The interaction of phosphorus chemical fertilizer and biological phosphorus fertilizer on grain yield was significant. The highest seed yield (2085 kg.ha-1) was obtained with the consumption of 180 kg.ha-1 of triple superphosphate and inoculation with phosphate biofertilizer + mycorrhizal fungus, and the lowest seed yield (971.67 kg.ha-1) was obtained at zero level of chemical fertilizer and and biological fertilizer control treatment. The results showed that with the increase in the use of chemical fertilizers, the phosphorus use efficiency decreases. At the level of 60 kg of superphosphate fertilizer used, the application of phosphate biofertilizer + mycorrhiza could create a significant increase in this attribute compared to other levels of biofertilizer and it had a 38.17% increase compared to the control.Conclusion:Therefore, in this research, the incorporation of phosphorus biofertilizers, including phosphate dissolving bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, increased vegetative growth and improved seed yield and plant oil yield, and improved phosphorus utilization efficiency in soybeans. While with the increase in the consumption levels of phosphorus chemical fertilizers, the efficiency of the use of biological fertilizers decreased significantly.

Research Paper

Evaluation of morphological variability of bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) accessions in Khuzestan province

Zahra Sadat Mousavi; Fatemeh Nasernakhaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48468.2235

Abstract

IntroductionBird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L., in Persian: Yonjeh pa’kalaghi), is a salinity-tolerant forage legume belonging to the Fabaceae family. This plant ... Read More IntroductionBird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L., in Persian: Yonjeh pa’kalaghi), is a salinity-tolerant forage legume belonging to the Fabaceae family. This plant exhibits a wide range of morphological variability and has been reported to have an extensive ecological distribution, contributing to its polymorphism. The highest genetic diversity of bird’s-foot trefoil is found in the Mediterranean region. However, there are currently no reports on the morphological variability of this plant from its natural habitats in Iran. This study was conducted in Khuzestan province to address this gap.Materials and MethodsThe morphological variability of this plant was the subject of our investigation in this study. Collection of totals of 126 genotypes belonging to 9 accessions (including Ahvaz, Sheyban, Mollasani, Hamidiyeh, Susangerd, Karun, Minoo Island, Hendijan, and Shavoor) was done from natural habitats in Khuzestan province from March 2023 to January 2024. The 14 qualitative traits and 4 quantitative traits according to the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) and literature reviews were selected, coded, and evaluated. The qualitative characteristics included growth habit, vegetative form, size of the three leaflets relative to each other, leaflets shape, leaflets indumentum, leaflets thickness, leaflets apex, stem firmness, cross-sectional shape of stem, stem color, stem indumentum, corolla color, calyx teeth shape, and calyx indumentum. The quantitative traits measured included the calyx teeth/calyx tube length, the central leaflet's length, width, and plant height. The accession grouping was done through cluster analysis with the Ward method and the Euclidean coefficient. The grouping was then confirmed using the discriminant function analysis with SPSS software. Principal components analysis was also performed with R software. Results and DiscussionObservations of vegetative form in the studied accessions showed that 88.10% of the genotypes were herbaceous and 11.90% were woody. The genotypes exhibited different growth habits: 65.87% decumbent, 22.22% erect or ascending, and 11.90% procumbent or prostrate. Qualitative traits showed that the Minoo Island accession differs from others based on vegetative form (woody) and growth habit (like procumbent or prostrate). Considerable variation in leaflet size (three leaflets per leaf, same or different sizes), leaflet apex, leaflet shape, and corolla color was observed within the accessions, demonstrating high diversity even on a single plant. However, the rest of the traits showed no diversity. ANOVA variance analysis showed that all three quantitative traits (central leaflet length, central leaflet width, and plant height) were significant at 5%. Also, Duncan's test identified homogeneous accessions well and showed which accessions were similar or different from each other in terms of the traits under study. Minoo Island’s unique woody vegetative form and procumbent or prostrate growth habit resulted in its classification as a distinct group in the cluster and principal components analysis. The accuracy of the grouping performed in cluster analysis was confirmed by discriminant function analysis. The results also revealed that some accessions were grouped, despite their geographical distance, which could indicate ecological conditions' impact on their morphology. Environmental influences can be removed using the same cultivation conditions when evaluating accessions.ConclusionThe existence of diversity causes plant genetic resources to adapt to different weather conditions. This can be effective in managing germplasm conservation of the Minoo Island accession.

Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and sugarcane residue compost on soil physicochemical properties and wheat grain yield under terminal heat stress in Ahwaz

Masoumeh Makvandi; Abdulmahdi Bakhshandeh; Ali Moshatati; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; aydin khodaei joghan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48005.2209

Abstract

AbstractIntroduction: In recent decades, excessive use of chemical fertilizers to increase the yield of agricultural products has caused many problems from economic and environmental ... Read More AbstractIntroduction: In recent decades, excessive use of chemical fertilizers to increase the yield of agricultural products has caused many problems from economic and environmental aspects. One of the ways to achieve sustainable agriculture is the use of organic fertilizers as the most effective method of plant nutrition in order to increase yield and harmonize with the environment. Applying organic fertilizer to the soil is a way to improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and improve the availability of nutrients. On the other hand, organic fertilizers have a lower rate of release of nutrients, which can cause disruption in plant growth. Therefore, in order to create suitable and ideal conditions for plant growth, the combined use of organic and chemical fertilizers is recommended.Materials and Methods: This experiment was carried out in the form of two split plots in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop year of 2021-2022 in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. The experimental factors include three planting dates: November 21st, December 10th, and December 30th in the main plots; Six levels of combined use of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer and sugarcane residue compost include control (without nitrogen and organic fertilizer), 100% nitrogen fertilizer, 75% nitrogen fertilizer+ 25% compost fertilizer, 50% nitrogen fertilizer+ 50% compost fertilizer, 25% Nitrogen fertilizer+ 75% compost fertilizer and 100% compost fertilizer in sub-plots and two levels of application and non-application of growth-stimulating bacteria in sub-plots. After harvesting, soil physicochemical properties and grain yield were measured.Results and Discussion: Variance analysis showed that planting date was significant on all traits including EC, pH and soil specific gravity. The combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer and compost fertilizer as well as growth stimulating bacteria on all traits was significant at the percentage level. The interaction of planting date and combined use of nitrogen fertilizer with compost fertilizer was significant on soil organic matter traits, soil temperature, soil porosity, number of seeds per square meter, 1000 seed weight and seed yield. The interaction of planting date in growth promoting bacteria on soil organic carbon and grain yield was significant. The interaction of the combined use of nitrogen fertilizer and compost fertilizer in growth-promoting rhizobacteria on organic carbon, pH and specific gravity of the soil was significant, and the interaction of planting date in the combined use of nitrogen fertilizer and compost fertilizer with growth-stimulating bacteria on soil organic carbon properties and yield the seed was significant. Comparison of the average data showed that the highest soil porosity (0.49), EC (4.56 dS/m) and organic carbon (1.12 percent) were obtained from the soil treated with 100% compost. In general, the delay in planting and the occurrence of heat stress at the end of the season caused a decrease in grain yield, but in different planting dates, the combined use of 50% nitrogen fertilizer+ 50% organic fertilizer compared to the treatment of 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer increased wheat grain yield.Conclusion: The results of the experiment showed that the combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and sugarcane compost with growth-promoting bacteria had a significant effect on seed yield, so that the highest seed yield was obtained from the combination of 50% nitrogen fertilizer+ 50% compost. The use of sugarcane compost increased soil organic matter, porosity and EC.

Research Paper

Investigating the balance of sugarcane nutrients using the DRIS model in the fields of North Khuzestan

Adel Neisi; mostafa chorom; heidar ghafari; jafar alekasir

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48524.2241

Abstract

IntroductionPlant nutrition, as a very effective factor in plant yield, is a function of the interaction effects of nutrients. Fertilization management based on soil test results has ... Read More IntroductionPlant nutrition, as a very effective factor in plant yield, is a function of the interaction effects of nutrients. Fertilization management based on soil test results has not led to optimal crop yield in many cases in plant cultivation because it does not show the synergistic and antagonistic effects of nutrients in the soil and their absorption by the plant. By using leaf analysis, examining the status of its nutrients and interpreting the results correctly and accurately, very good information about the nutritional status of the plant is obtained. Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System Method: A bivariate method is proposed as a diagnostic tool to express the concept of nutritional balance and to minimize limitations in interpreting the nutritional status of plants. Sugarcane, scientifically known as Saccharum officinarum, is a perennial plant from the cereal family and is an important agricultural crop that is cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Recently, many studies have been conducted in the country on the management of nutrients in various agricultural and horticultural plants using the DRIS method. However, no research has been conducted in the country so far on the status of nutritional balance of sugarcane using this method. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the status of nutritional balance and determine the priority of nutrient needs in Ratoon sugarcane farms in the Shuaibieh region of northern Khuzestan province, in order to identify and eliminate critical levels or critical ranges of nutrients that limit sugarcane yield. Therefore, this study can help in identifying nutritional disorders, prioritizing nutrient needs, determining their optimal range in the plant, and improving fertilization management.Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted in the north of Khuzestan province, in the Shoaibieh region, in the sugarcane farms of Imam Khomeini Agricultural and Industrial Company located at 31°39' to 31°55' North and 48°39' to 48°48' East. In order to investigate the nutritional balance of sugarcane using the Integrated Diagnosis and Recommendation System (DRIS) method, a database was prepared using sampling and chemical analysis of sugarcane leaves and farm performance. In this research, 25 Ratoon (regrowth) sugarcane farms of the CP69-1062 variety with an area of 550 hectares were selected and leaf-soil tissue sampling was carried out. Thus, a composite sample of plant leaves including 10 fully visible and developed leaf samples (third leaf from the top) from each of the ten designated locations in each field and soil samples from a depth of 0-30 cm, totaling 750 samples, was collected. Including three replicate composite samples of 10 samples for each field.Results and DiscussionFarm classification based on Sharma method, considering the yield of 112 tons. ha-1 as the median yield, out of 25 studied ratoon sugarcane farms, 5 farms were in the high-yield group and 20 farms were in the low-yield group. The average sugarcane yield in the high-yield group and in the low-yield group was 117.05 and 94.18 tons. ha-1, respectively. According to the results of DRIS nutritional indices, it was determined that in the low-yield sugarcane farms studied, potassium was the most negative among the high-yield elements and zinc was the most negative among the low-yield elements. The relative distribution of sugarcane nutritional status based on nutrient indices showed that 65 percent of the farms in the low-yield group had |IK |>NBIa and IK <0. This indicates a severe deficiency of ratoon sugarcane farms. Prioritization of nutritional needs in the studied farms was determined into two high-yield and low-yield categories as follows: K>Ca>P>N>Mg and Zn>Mn>Fe>Cu.ConclusionUsing the DRIS method, it was found that the nitrogen index in 30% of the studied farms was positive and higher than the average value of the nutrient balance index |I_N |>NBI_a and I_N>0, which indicates the high consumption of fertilizers containing this element and should be considered. The DRIS index for the nutrient element potassium was the most negative index among the most consumed elements, which indicates the low absorbable form in the soil and the lack of application of potassium fertilizer at the time of first cultivation, and the sugarcane plant's need for this element should be met from potash fertilizer sources in subsequent years (Ratoon).

Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

Improvement of morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil percentage of Iranian Borage (Echium amoenum Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) under salinity stress with foliar application of salicylic acid

Mina Amani; Mohsen Sabzi-Nojadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47735.2195

Abstract

Introduction: Medicinal plants are essential components of both traditional remedies and modern pharmaceuticals, with their raw and processed forms widely utilized in various medical ... Read More Introduction: Medicinal plants are essential components of both traditional remedies and modern pharmaceuticals, with their raw and processed forms widely utilized in various medical practices today. Iran, endowed with significant natural and geographical advantages, has the potential to be a leading producer, consumer, and exporter of medicinal plants. Among these, Echium amoenum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. is cultivated to maximize the production of its bioactive compounds. However, the growth and yield of such plants are significantly affected by environmental factors, particularly salinity stress, which is prevalent in Iran arid and semi-arid climate. This stress presents a considerable challenge to the production of medicinal plants. Salicylic acid, a plant hormone, offers a promising solution by mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress through the modulation of physiological and biochemical responses, including the upregulation of osmolytes. Furthermore, it enhances the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which are critical for plant adaptation to environmental stressors. This study aims to assess the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid on the morphophysiological traits and essential oil yield of Iranian Borage under salt stress conditions. Materials and Methods: To investigate the effects of salicylic acid foliar spraying on the vegetative and physiological traits, as well as the essential oil yield of the Iranian Borage, under conditions of salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. The study examined the influence of salicylic acid concentrations (0, 180 and 360 µM) and varying salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 75 mM NaCl) on Iranian Borage. Prior to conducting a factorial ANOVA, the data were assessed for normality and homogeneity of variance. Results and Discussion: Salinity stress adversely affected all measured parameters of the Iranian Borage, while the application of salicylic acid enhanced their resilience under these conditions. The optimal growth, indicated by the highest fresh and dry weights, increased plant height, and essential oil yield, was achieved with a concentration of 360 µM salicylic acid in the absence of salinity stress. Additionally, the highest levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds were recorded with 180 µM salicylic acid at a salinity level of 25 mM. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the beneficial effects of salicylic acid on the growth and biochemical properties of Borage, particularly under varying salinity conditions. Specifically, the application of salicylic acid at a concentration of 360 µM in the absence of salinity stress has been shown to promote optimal plant growth and enhance the production of essential oils. This finding highlights the potential of salicylic acid as a plant growth regulator that can be utilized to improve the quality and yield of medicinal plants. Moreover, under conditions of mild salinity stress, the treatment with 180 µM salicylic acid significantly increases the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. These compounds are known for their antioxidant properties and play a crucial role in the plant’s defense mechanisms. The enhancement of these biochemical attributes indicates that salicylic acid not only supports growth but also boosts the plant’s ability to cope with stress, thereby improving its nutritional and medicinal value. Despite the negative impacts of salt stress on plant growth and overall biochemical attributes, the findings of this study underscore the effectiveness of salicylic acid at a concentration of 360 µM in alleviating these adverse effects. The treatment not only promotes plant development but also enhances vital biochemical properties that contribute to the plant’s resilience and adaptability in saline environments. In light of these results, the foliar application of salicylic acid emerges as a cost-effective and practical strategy for farmers and agricultural practitioners aiming to enhance the growth and antioxidant levels of medicinal plants such as Borage. This approach could provide significant benefits in sustainable agriculture, particularly in regions affected by soil salinity, ultimately contributing to improved crop yields and quality.

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Research Paper - Sustainable food and Farming

Increase in height, number of nodes, diameter and silica amount in rice stem due to addition of silica to paddy soil

sahar hoseynpour; Reza Ebrahimi Gaskarei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48044.2213

Abstract

Introduction: Silicon dissolved in the soil in the form of H4SiO4 is absorbed by rice roots. A paddy field absorbs about 300 kg of silicon from the soil with 5 tons of paddy per hectare. ... Read More Introduction: Silicon dissolved in the soil in the form of H4SiO4 is absorbed by rice roots. A paddy field absorbs about 300 kg of silicon from the soil with 5 tons of paddy per hectare. Critical limit of silicon in the tillering and ripening stages of rice, in the stem and flag leaf, respectively, is 5% of dry weight. Sufficient silicon in the stem reduces the probability of rice falling which increases the cost of harvesting. Materials and methods: This research was carried out in University of Guilan in the form of a completely randomized design with 13 treatments and 3 replications with aim of investigating effect of adding silica levels from four sources to paddy soil on height, diameter, number of nodes and silica amount in stem. Silica extracted from paddy husk, husk ash, husk powder and siliceous fertilizer of Behsan company were used. The experiment was carried out in 39 pots containing paddy soil, the implementation and effectiveness of four substances containing silica on the height, stem diameter, number of nodes and the amount of silica in the stem and leaves were investigated. Findings: In the first measurement, there was no significant difference between the 13 treatments in terms of stem height. It seems that silicon needs a longer time to affect the height of the stem in rice. By increasing the duration of applying silica levels to the soil, the height of the stem in the S3 treatment reached from 15 to 83 cm.During growth, the average number of nodes in the S3 treatment increased from 3.66 to 7.33 and in the C3 treatment from 3.33 to 6.66, which statistically shows a significant difference between the S3 treatment and all treatments. At the end of the vegetative growth, the diameter of the stem in control and S3 and C3 treatments was 2.63, 4.98 and 4.97 mm, respectively, which have a significant difference. The amount of silicon absorbed and transferred to the stem was the best in the S3 and C3 treatments, and there is a significant difference between the treatments in the stem. In July, the amount of silicon in the stem in the plant treated with silica synthesized from paddy husk (S3) was 7.06%, in the treatment with commercial siliceous fertilizer (C3) it was 6.04% and in the control treatment (B) it was 1.94%. In August, there was a significant difference in the amount of silicon in 13 treatments.The highest value in the stem in treatment (S3) is equal to 10.79%, in treatment C3, 8.03% and in control (B), it is 3.69%. In September, the amount of silicon in the stem decreased.The highest amount of silicon in September in the stem (2.1%) was related to treatment S3, which is statistically significant with treatments C1 and B, but is in the same range as the rest of the treatments. The next treatment, i.e. the highest level of commercial silica (C3) with 2.06 percent of silicon after synthesized silicon, which is statistically significantly different only from treatment (C1, B). All treatments except treatment (C1) have significant differences only with the control (B). The optimal amount of silicon in rice stem is 8-10% and if it is less than 5%, rice is deficient in silicon.S3 and C3 treatments were identified as the best treatments in terms of plant height, stem diameter, number of internodes, and internodes length.Conclusion: According to the amount of silicon in the stem and leaf in three stages of growth, it seems that with the increase in age and size of the plant, the amount of silicon in these two organs decreases and this decrease is more in the leaf than in the stem. It can be said that with the beginning of reproductive growth, silicon is transferred from stem and leaf to rice husk. According to the results, adding 0.24 grams of extracted silicon to 3 kg of soil was the best treatment, followed by commercial siliceous fertilizer, which had the most positive effect. Between the treatment of paddy husk ash and rice husk powder, ash can be introduced as more suitable because for most of the characteristics studied in this experiment, ash was more effective compared to powder.

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Research Paper

Selection of bread wheat genotypes based on multi-trait selection index (MGIDI and SIIG)

Mahnaz Rahmati; Rahmatollah karimizadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48230.2221

Abstract

Introduction Crop development and breeding are critical for guaranteeing food security, improving nutritional quality, and mitigating the impact of changing climate. On the other hand, ... Read More Introduction Crop development and breeding are critical for guaranteeing food security, improving nutritional quality, and mitigating the impact of changing climate. On the other hand, Crop development and breeding are complicated and difficult processes that need the evaluation and selection of genotypes based on various characteristics. The Multi-trait Genotype Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) and Selection Index of Ideal Genotype (SIIG) are strong and adaptable techniques for choosing superior genotypes of diverse crops based on numerous attributes. These are multivariate selection indicators that incorporates different characteristic information into a single value and ranks genotypes based on their distance from an ideal genotype. The aim of this study was to select promising wheat lines based on yield and other agronomic traits using selection index of MGIDI and SIIG. Material and Methods In this study, 14 promising line selected from the wheat breeding program of the rainfed agriculture research institute and sent from the ICARDA international research center along two checks were evaluated in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Sarab-Chengaei research station during 2021-2023 cropping season. Experimental plots were composed of eight 6m long cropping rows spaced at 15 cm, with a seed density of 350 seeds per m2. Fertilization was carried out according to the chemical analysis of the soil. All experimental plots were harvested with an experimental grain harvester. Results and Discussion Genotypes of G15, G14, G2, G10, and G8 had the highest grain yield with an average yield 4169, 3911, 3907, 3870 and 3809 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the MGIDI index, lines G2 and G15 were selected as desirable lines. The results of the SIIG index indicated that G2, G15 and G9 genotypes with the high value of SIIG (0.68, 0.64 and 0.63, respectively) were superior genotypes. The positive and significant correlation was showed between grain yield with number of grain/m2, grain filling rate and peduncle length. It is suggested that these traits are important in yield enhancement of genotypes. Cluster analysis classified genotypes into three primary classes. Class 1 consisted of early maturity genotypes with low yield, class 2 consisted of maturity date genotypes with low yield, class 3 consisted of early maturity genotypes with high yield. Conclusion The line G15 and Qaboos cultivar with the lowest MGIDI value and higher yield than average yield of other genotypes was selected as the ideotype using the MGIDI index. Based on SIIG index, lines G15 and G9, and Qaboos control cultivar were the best genotypes. In this way, line G15 are suggested for future breeding program or as a promising line for the cultivar introduction program. The high yield of Qaboos control cultivar show the advantage of planting this cultivar in areas with similar climate in experimental site. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -

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Research Paper - Ornamental Plants

Influence of mineral and organic substrates on improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cut lily flowers in soilless cultivation systems

Ali Atharjo; Abdolrahman Rahimian Boogar; Mehdi Aran; Nasim Forghani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48265.2223

Abstract

Introduction Lilies are fragrant ornamental bulbous plants known for their stunning cut flowers and valuable potted plants. They beautifully enhance parks, gardens, and landscapes, ... Read More Introduction Lilies are fragrant ornamental bulbous plants known for their stunning cut flowers and valuable potted plants. They beautifully enhance parks, gardens, and landscapes, making them a great choice for enhancing bouquets and perfuming the outdoor or indoor spaces. Substrates play vital roles in providing access to water, nutrients, and improving drainage, which are essential for plant stability and growth in soilless cultivation. In recent decades, the growth of hydroponic culture has significantly increased the demand for substrate materials. This rising interest underscores the urgent need for comprehensive research to identify the optimal substrates that align with specific plant characteristics, ultimately enhancing production and sustainability in hydroponics. The aim of current study was to detect the role of inorganic and organic substrates blend on the growth and quality of lily cut flowers. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, in 2022. The hydroponic substrate treatments included the following: perlite (control), perlite combined with cocopeat (1:1), perlite combined with peat moss (1:1), perlite combined with zeolite (1:1), a mixture of perlite, cocopeat, and peat moss (1:1:1), a mixture of perlite, cocopeat, and zeolite (1:1:1), and a combination of perlite, cocopeat, peat moss, and zeolite (1:1:1:1). Results and Discussion The results indicated a significant difference in the effects of the substrate mixtures on the evaluated characteristics of lily cut flowers. The highest fresh and dry weight of the flowering stem and flower diameter were observed in the mixture of perlite, cocopeat, and peat moss. The highest root volume, bulb diameter, and both fresh and dry weights of the root were achieved in a perlite and cocopit mixture, while the highest number of bulbs was obtained in a mixture of perlite, cocopit, and zeolite. The combination of perlite, cocopeat, and zeolite resulted in increased leaf area, petal weight, number of bulbs per plant, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. The highest percentage and yield of essential oil were obtained using a perlite and peat moss mixture. Overall, it can be concluded that different substrate mixtures can vary based on production purposes. The combination of zeolite with perlite and cocopeat (coconut fiber) improved the formation, color, and size of lily flowers. In contrast, using peat moss along with perlite and cocopeat resulted in larger stems. Conclusion To achieve the best growth of lily flowers, it’s crucial to combine both mineral and organic substrates effectively. Utilizing perlite and zeolite for their excellent physical properties, alongside cocopeat and peat moss for superior water, can make a significant difference in growth. For cut lily producers aiming for exceptional quality, incorporating a mix of perlite and zeolite with organic substrates of peat moss or cocopeat is an essential strategy. To ensure optimal vegetative characteristics, it's crucial to limit zeolite to no more than one-third of the total volume of the culture medium. Exceeding this proportion can lead to negative effects, primarily due to increased salinity from the element release in the medium.

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Research Paper - Agronomy

Response of super sweet corn cultivars to planting date for traits related to the yields of grain and ear and industrial processing

Mehdi Mehdi; Alireza Yazdanpanah

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48288.2226

Abstract

Introduction The super sweet corn produced of Hamedan province is one of the most suitable super sweet corn in Iran for industrial processing (canning or freezing of grain). This ... Read More Introduction The super sweet corn produced of Hamedan province is one of the most suitable super sweet corn in Iran for industrial processing (canning or freezing of grain). This is because the favorable temperature conditions in the province during summer (warm days and moderate nights) which causes the high percentage of grain extraction of green ear. The planting date of super sweet corn effects all the plant's phenological stages and changes the final yields of the grain and green ear by affecting the grain yield components. The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of planting dates of super sweet corn cultivars on phenological and agricultural traits, the yields of grain and green ear and the product processing for food industries. Materials and Methods A two-year experiment (2020-2021 and 2021-2022) was conducted at Ekbatan station of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in Hamedan province, Iran. The statistical design of experiment was a split plot, where planting dates (9 May, 4 and 30 June) were used as the main plot, and the cultivars (Basin, Messenger, Sheba, Passion and Shaker) as the subplots. In harvesting time (milky grain stage), the yield of green ear in area was determined. After separating the grain from the cob, the grain yield (canned grain) and the ratio of grain weight to green ear weight (percentage of grain extraction of ear) was determined. Also, the percentage of Total Soluble Solids (TSS) of grain was determined by refractometer. After the compound variance analysis, the effects of planting date and cultivar on the mean of each trait were compared with the LSD test at 5 % probability level. Results and Discussion According to the results, the highest values of Growth Degree Day (GDD) to pollination among the studied cultivars were belonged to Shaker, Messenger and Basin with 713.4, 698.2 and 688.7 Celsius, respectively; also, the planting date of 9 May with 708.5 Celsius, showed the highest value among the planting dates. However, the highest values of GDD to ear harvest were observed on the planting date of 4 June and Messenger, Shakar and Basin cultivars with 1212, 1195 and 1162.4 Celsius were superior to other cultivars in the second time of planting. In terms of the number rows of ear, the second time of planting with 15.17 units showed significant superiority to other times of planting and Messenger, Shakar and Basin cultivares with 14.95, 14.74 and 14.59 units, respectively, were superior to other cultivares. In terms of the number of grains per row, all cultivars showes the highest values in the second time of planting, and the Basin cultivar with 44.58 units, was significantly superior to other cultivars . The High values of the number rows of ear and the number of grains per row (as the components of grain yield) caused Basin cultivar acquired the highest yields of green ear and grain (with 38854 and 15922 kg/ha, respectively) among different cultivares in the second time of planting. Also, the highest TSS with 23.11% was observed in the third time of planting, which showed a non-significant advantage compared to the second time of planting (22.32%). The Messenger, Sheba and Basin with 24.37, 22.38 and 22.17%, respectively, showed a significant superiority over other cultivars in terms of the TSS parameter. Conclusion According to the results, the most suitable planting date for super sweet corn in Hamedan province is the first decade of June and delaying planting to the third decade of June is not recommended due to a significant decrease in the yields of green ear and grain. Also, because of the high yields of green ear and grain (along with the acceptable values of TSS content) of the Basin cultivar, its cultivation is recommended in Hamedan and areas with similar climate.

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Research Paper - Weed Sciences

The role of rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L) and seed rates in integrated weed management under direct-seeded rice conditions in Khuzestan province

amir ali kavand; ahmad zare; amin lotfi jalal- abadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48523.2240

Abstract

Abstract Introduction A significant portion of rice cultivation methods worldwide is conducted through direct seeded rice (DSR) due to labor shortages and the need to conserve water ... Read More Abstract Introduction A significant portion of rice cultivation methods worldwide is conducted through direct seeded rice (DSR) due to labor shortages and the need to conserve water or lack of sufficient water access. One of the disadvantages of direct seeded rice method is severe weed infestation, which, if not controlled, can lead to a significant reduction in yield. Therefore, the use of various methods, especially cultural methods alongside chemical methods, can be effective in integrated weed management. Materials and methods An experiment was conducted based on a factorial design within a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2022 growing season in the Mianab region Shush, Iran. The first factor included four seed rates (90, 120, 150, and 180 kg ha-1), the second factor included three rice cultivars (Anbarboo, Shiroodi, and Zeighami), and the herbicide treatment (application of bispyribac-sodium herbicide and no herbicide application). Dry weight of jungle-rice (Echinochloa colona (L.) Link) and Bearded Sprangletop Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth), the number of grains per panicle, the percentage of empty grains and grain yield were calculated and analyzed. Result and Discussion: The results of the mean comparison of the interaction effects of seed rates and different rice cultivars indicated that the highest dry weight of jungle-rice (78.5 g•m⁻²) was related to the 90 kg ha-1 seed rate treatment in the Anbarboo cultivar and the lowest (12.26 g•m⁻²) was related to the Zeighami cultivar under the 180 kg ha-1 seed rate conditions. The percentage reduction in dry weight of jungle-rice in the Anbarboo, Shiroodi, and Zeighami cultivars, when treated with a seed rate of 180 kg ha-1 compared to a seed rate of 90 kg ha-1, was 60%, 65%, and 82%, respectively. Additionally, the interaction effects of seed rates and herbicide treatments revealed that under both herbicide application and non-application conditions, the highest dry weight of jungle-rice (22 and 124 g•m⁻²) was observed at the 90 kg ha-1 seed rate and the lowest (3 and 41 g•m⁻²) at 180 kg ha-1 respectively. The results showed that bispyribac-sodium herbicide was not successful in controlling Bearded Sprangletop, and the dry weight of this weed significantly decreased with increasing seed rate. The number of grains per panicle in the Shiroodi and Zeighami cultivars was higher in the 120 and 150 kg ha-1 seed rate treatments compared to the 180 kg ha-1 treatment. The interaction effects of cultivars and herbicide treatments also showed that the highest number of grains per panicle was related to the Shiroodi cultivar under herbicide application conditions (80 grains per panicle). At lower seed rates (90 kg ha-1), due to increased weed competition, and at the seed rate of 180 kg/ha, due to increased intraspecific competition, the percentage of empty grain increased compared to seed rates of 120 and 150 kg ha-1. The percentage reduction in empty grain at the seed rate of 150 kg ha-1 in the Anbarboo and Zeighami cultivars compared to the seed rate of 90 kg ha-1 was 38% and 27%, respectively. The results of the interaction between seed rate and different rice cultivars showed that the highest grain yield (4194 and 4119 kg ha-1) was related to the Shiroodi cultivar at seed rates of 150 and 180 kg ha-1, respectively. In contrast, the lowest grain yield (1468 kg ha-1) was observed in the Zeighami cultivar at a seed rate of 90 kg ha-1. Conclusion Therefore, based on the results, the optimal treatment was the application of the Shiroodi cultivar with a seed rate of 120 to 150 kg ha-1 under herbicide application conditions.

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Research Paper - Agronomy

Different levels of vermicompost and gamma-aminobutyric acid under drought stress can possitively affect quinoa growth parameters, malondialdehyde content, and amino acids

Mehdi Jamshideyni; Mohammad Ali Behdani; Soheil Parsa; Surur Khoramdel

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47985.2207

Abstract

Introduction: Environmental stresses are the most important factors limiting the growth and production of crops in the world. Among the environmental stresses, drought or water shortage ... Read More Introduction: Environmental stresses are the most important factors limiting the growth and production of crops in the world. Among the environmental stresses, drought or water shortage is considered as the strongest and most sophisticated reducing factor for crop and food security threatening which is solely responsible for 45% of the reduction in crop yield in different parts of the globe. Drought stress and nutrient limitation, especially in arid and semi-arid conditions, have severe consequences on crop yield. Therefore, finding new solutions to increase the resistance of plants is essential. Quinoa is highly resistant to drought and salt stress and can grow well in soils with lack of nutrient. The high tolerance of this plant to abiotic stresses has made this plant highly adaptable to different climatic conditions. Therefore, quinoa can be used as a suitable plant for nutrition (i.e., food security) and achieving sustainable agriculture. Material and Methods: The current study was performed in two experimental stations in Birjand and Mashhad, Iran, in 2019. Experiments were similarly conducted as the factorial split with four replicates. Irrigation regimes at 3 levels (50, 75, and 100% of water requirement) was the main plot and vermicompost (0 and 5 t. ha-1) × GABA (0, 5, and 10 mg L-1) were the subplot. Growth indices were measured in six stages and then the content of malondialdehyde, grain yield and amino acids were measured in full flowering stage and physiological ripening stage respectively.Results and Discussion: According to the results of data analysis, increasing drought stress levels caused a decreased effect on plant height, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Crop Growth Rate (CGR), and Relative Growth Ra (RGR). For example, in the fourth stage (flowering stage) in Mashhad, after applying 5 t. ha-1 of vermicompost compared to control, CGR increased by 26.8%. The same results were recorded for isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, and tryptophan. A positive response regarding growth characteristics and amino acids in quinoa seeds was recorded following the application of vermicompost. Under severe drought stress, the application of GABA had a significant effect in reducing malondialdehyde content (15.6%), which is used as a marker to determine the amount of oxidative damage to lipids and the membrane damage. Based on the combined application of vermicomposting and GABA, the highest concentrations of isoleucine (5.25 mg L-1), lysine (6.20 mg L-1), methionine (2.19 mg L-1), and phenylalanine (3.21 mg L-1) were obtained when 5 t. ha-1 vermicompost + 10 mg L-1 GABA were tested. Conclusion: In general, the use of GABA alone or in combination with vermicompost effectively decreased the adverse effects of drought stress on lipid metabolism and amino acid accumulation. According to the results, it is recommended the applying 5 t. ha-1 vermicompost + 10 mg L-1 GABA to improve quinoa resistance to water stress, especially under arid and semi-arid areas. Having this in mind, the widespread use of organic fertilizers can be considered as one of the essential areas in applied scientific research on sustainable agriculture development. Drought stress is also related to the plant nutrition, and a reduction in availability and various nutrients uptake for the plant is considered as one of the most important negative effects of drought stress. Therefore, using of natural fertilizers with biological origin has great importance in maintaining the structure, biological activity, exchange and water holding capacity and finally, in modifying the physical and chemical structure of soil.

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Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

The effect of foliar application of humic acid, nano-Fe chelate and nano-Zn chelate on the morpho-physiological characteristics of Periwinkle

Parisa Sheikhzadeh; mitra rostami hir; Morteza Barmaki; Nasser Zare; Rasoul asghari zakaria; farzad fard

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48169.2218

Abstract

IntroductionThe use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine has a long and rich history, deeply rooted in various cultures around the world. Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus ... Read More IntroductionThe use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine has a long and rich history, deeply rooted in various cultures around the world. Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) is a prominent medicinal plant belonging to the Apocynaceae family, recognized for its rich alkaloid content, which is distributed throughout all parts of the plant. This plant has been traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes, including the treatment of several diseases. Effective management of environmental conditions is crucial in the production of medicinal plants. By utilizing nutritional sources such as humic acid, nano-zinc chelate, and nano-iron chelate, both the quantitative and qualitative yields of these plants can be maximized, thereby enhancing their medicinal properties. Materials and MethodsTo assess the effects of humic acid, nano-iron chelate, and nano-zinc chelate on the characteristics of Madagascar periwinkle, a factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications at the municipal flower and plant production farm in Ardabil, located in the village of Soumea during the 2016 growing season. The experimental factors included three levels of humic acid (0, 100, and 300 mg L-1), three levels of nano-iron chelate (0, 2.5, and 3%), and three levels of nano-zinc chelate (0, 1.5, and 3%). For seedling preparation, seven seeds were planted in each pot measuring 10 cm in height and 12 cm in diameter on March 13, 2016. The soil mixture consisted of two parts soil and one part sand to ensure proper drainage and nutrient availability. The seedlings were transferred to the main field upon reaching the 10-leaf stage on June 9, 2016. Treatments were applied through foliar spraying in two stages: first during the vegetative growth stage (12 leaves) on July 6, 2016, and second during the reproductive growth stage (early flowering) on August 17, 2016. Distilled water served as the control treatment. Key traits evaluated included chlorophyll index, relative water content, stomatal conductance, plant height, number of branches per plant, pods per plant, number of seed per pod, thousand-seed weight, seed yield, and biological yield. Results and DiscussionThe results indicated that foliar application of each substance significantly increased all measured traits compared to the control treatment. This enhancement is attributed to their positive effects on nutrient absorption efficiency, osmotic regulation improvement, increased chlorophyll synthesis, and enhanced photosynthesis processes. Notably, simultaneous application of humic acid, nano-iron chelate, and nano-zinc chelate demonstrated a greater impact than individual applications and showed significant effects on all traits except for the number of seeds per pod. The highest values for chlorophyll index, number of lateral branches per plant, number of pods per plant, and biological yield were achieved with the simultaneous application treatment comprising 300 mg/L humic acid + 3% nano-iron chelate + 3% nano-zinc chelate. ConclusionGiven that the highest biological yield resulted from the simultaneous foliar application of 300 mg/L humic acid along with both 3% nano-iron chelate and nano-zinc chelate, it is recommended to utilize this combination to enhance vegetative growth as well as yield and yield components in Madagascar periwinkle cultivation.

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Research Paper - Agronomy

The effect of chickpea pre-sowing and nitrogen fertilizer on weed species diversity in millet

Ashraf Dabir; Bahareh Parsamotlagh; Aman Allah Soleimani; Mahdyeh Amirinejad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48279.2224

Abstract

The first and most important step in weed management is to know the structure of communities, flora and their geographical distribution. In fact, by knowing the biodiversity, density ... Read More The first and most important step in weed management is to know the structure of communities, flora and their geographical distribution. In fact, by knowing the biodiversity, density and dominance of weeds in each region, we can manage weeds and prevent the growth of noxious weed species in different region. In order to study the effects of chickpea pre sowing and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on weed biodiversity indicators, relative abundance, density and biomass of weeds in three genus of millet, an split factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in the research field in University of Jiroft during 2018-2019. The treatments included two levels of chickpeas pre sowing and no pre sowing with chickpea, three levels of nitrogen fertilizer 200, 300, 400 kg.ha-1 from the source of urea and three genus of millet, Pearl (Pennisetum glaucum), Foxtail (Setaria italica) and common millet (Panicum miliaceum). In generally, ten weed species were observed in the experimental plots in different treatments which maximum frequency in three sampling stages were Cyperus rotendus L., Poa nemoralis L. and Cichorium intybus L., The highest (3.03) and lowest (0.24) relative abundance belonged to Cyperus rotendus L. and Cichorium intybus L., respectively. The highest stability coefficient of weed species and the treatment of no fertilizer and nano nitrogen fertilizer had the lowest this index. Shannon diversity index was higher in all three sampling stages in chickpea pre-sowing treatments (1.14, 0.72 and 0.63) and 400 kg.ha-1 urea fertilizer (1.29, 0.86 and 0.76). The highest Margalef index (1.08, 2.11) was assigned to the third level of nitrogen fertilizer treatment in the first sampling stage (20 days after millet sowing) and chickpea pre-sowing treatment, respectively. In all treatments and in three stages of weed sampling, the trend of Simpson index changes was variable. The lowest dry weight of weeds belonged to common millet; in the second stage of sampling, it decreased by 14 percent and 21 percent compared to pearl millet and foxtail millet, respectively, and in the third stage, it decreased by 13.5 and 20.8 percent. The lowest and highest populations of weed species were observed in the first and third sampling, respectively. According to the results of this study, which chickpea pre-sowing treatments, different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and millet species are effective on weed populations and biodiversity indices, it is suggested that in order to prevent weed invasion and competition with the target plant, In order to prevent weed invasion and competition with the target plant, by selecting the right plants before and after planting the target plant in monoculture systems and properly managing the nutritional elements required by plants, the abundance of weeds and their contribution to the absorption of nutrients in the soil, as well as the use of chemical herbicides as environmental pollutants, can be reduced and the application of macro nutrients can be based on the needs of the plant and the application of macro nutrients specially nitrogen fertilizers should be based on the plant's needs.

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Research Paper

Assessment of drought resistance in various ecotypes of peppermint (Mentha piperita) through morphological and biochemical traits

ghader rostami; Leila Samiei; Sadrollah Ramezani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48374.2229

Abstract

IntroductionPeppermint (Mentha piperita) is an important medicinal plant in the Lamiacea family and its essential oil is used in food, medicine, cosmetics, baking, gum making, soft ... Read More IntroductionPeppermint (Mentha piperita) is an important medicinal plant in the Lamiacea family and its essential oil is used in food, medicine, cosmetics, baking, gum making, soft drinks, and additive industries. This plant faces abiotic stresses including drought during the growth period. Considering that ecotypes have developed a series of adaptions against harsh environments, peppermint is one of the important genetic resources for developing products in regions with water shortage, Therefore because of the dominance of arid and semi-arid conditions in most parts of Iran, this study was conducted to evaluate effects of drought stress on growth and biochemical characteristics and select the best ecotypes of peppermint. Materials and MethodsTo evaluate the drought resistance of various ecotypes of peppermint, a pot experiment as a factorial based on a completely random design with three replicates was conducted in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the 2022 growing season. The first factor was drought stress in two levels including 70 (moderate stress) and 50 (severe stress) field capacity, and the second factor was six peppermint ecotypes (Mazandaran, Mahan (Kerman), Tabas, Sarakhs, Khash, and Qazvin) collected from different regions of Iran. Plants identification was done at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Research Institute of Plant Sciences.The drought was posed for two months and morphological and biochemical factors were measured in the flowering stage. The studied traits include the number of branches, length and width of leaves, diameter of stem, length of inflorescence, number of inflorescences, dry weight of leaf and stem, contents of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid), total phenol, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity, relative water content (RWC) and ion leakage. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the interaction effect of drought and ecotype was significant on all traits. With increasing drought stress, plant height, the number of branches, length and width of leaves, the number of influences, length of influence, diameter of the stem, dry weight of leaf and stem, the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and total) and relative water content of leaves were decreased in different ecotypes, so that the highest values for these parameters were in moderate stress (70% FC), and the lowest were in severe stress (50% FC). It is possible that the severe decrease in soil moisture in 50% of the field capacity has caused a decrease in the availability of water and minerals for the peppermint ecotypes and ultimately caused a decrease in growth indicators. With increasing drought stress (50% of field capacity), antioxidant activity (94.46%, 94%), carotenoid content (2.83, 2.80 mg/g FW), total phenolic content (8.55, 10.58 mg/g FW), and total flavonoid content (13.17, 12.27 mg/g FW) increased in the Mazandaran and Sarakhs ecotypes, respectively. Compared to mild stress (70% FC), antioxidant activity increased by 32% and 39.67% in the Mazandaran and Sarakhs ecotypes, respectively; carotenoid content increased by 138% and 131%; total phenolic content rose by 30.53% and 29.65%; and total flavonoid content grew by 38.34% and 33.36%. Meanwhile, cluster analysis and biplot grouped the resistance ecotypes (Sarakhs and Mazandaran) in the same cluster and the remaining ecotypes (Mazandaran, Mahan (Kerman), Tabas, Sarakhs, Khash, and Qazvin) in another cluster as sensitive ecotypes. It is believed that Fern and Mazandaran ecotypes have activated the non-enzymatic pathway to accumulate compounds such as total phenol, total flavonoid and increase antioxidant capacity to moderate the destructive effects of oxidative stress and increase the tolerance of this plant to drought stress. Also, the grouping of different peppermint ecotypes did not fully correspond to their geographical distribution, which indicates that apart from the climatic factor related to the geographical origin, there are other reasons such as the exchange of genetic materials, importing genetic materials and Genetic erosion is effective in existing diversity.ConclusionThe result of drought stress on peppermint ecotypes in two moderate (70% FC) and severe (50% FC) stresses indicated that Sarakhs and Mazandaran ecotypes have the highest adaptability under drought stress through increasing phenolic compounds, keeping humidity and the lowest damage from ion leakage compared to other ecotypes. Therefore, Sarakhs and Mazandaran ecotypes could be recommended as drought-resistance ecotypes compared to other ecotypes and proposed for further study.

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Research Paper - Industrial Crops

Study of quantitative and qualitative traits and resistance to bolting and Cercospora disease of new sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars in autumn cultivation

Ahmad nooshkam; Said sadeghzadeh hemayati; Said Yarahmadi; Mohamad Said Hasanvandi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48501.2238

Abstract

IntroductionAutumn cultivation has been proposed as a strategy to capitalize on seasonal rainfall and reduce water consumption. However, this approach has faced challenges with Cercospora ... Read More IntroductionAutumn cultivation has been proposed as a strategy to capitalize on seasonal rainfall and reduce water consumption. However, this approach has faced challenges with Cercospora disease and bolting across various regions. Materials and MethodsTherefore, Considering the occurrence of bolting phenomenon and Cercospora leaf spot disease which have an adverse effect on the quantitative and qualitative yield of autumn sugar beet, this study was done in order to investigate the number of 16 sugar beet cultivars in terms of resistant to bolting and Cercospora leaf spot and higher quantitative and qualitative yield in a randomized complete block design with four replications in Khuzestan province (Dezful region) and Golestan province (Gonbad-e Kavus region) in the 2022-2023 crop year. The bolting percentage was zero in the Dezful region, and for this reason, this trait was not included in the analysis of variance.Results and DiscussionAnalysis of variance in Dezful region showed that the cultivars have significant differences in terms of all the traits except the amount of bolting and sugar content.The Mean comparison of cultivars showed that the highest yield of white sugar was found in Vanilla cultivars (10.60 t. ha-1) and Volga (9.49 t. ha-1), the highest root yield (83.10 t. ha-1) was observed in Vanilla and Sibelius varieties (79.81 t. ha-1), the highest White sugar content in Volga (13.77 %), Flixter (13.36 %) and Algar varieties (13.26 %) was observed in Dezful region. regarding impurities in the roots, the varieties Volga (1.83 meq.100 g-1 pulp) and Balzan (1.89 meq.100 g-1 pulp) had the lowest sodium, while Volga (2.55 meq.100 g-1 pulp), Alegra (2.56 meq.100 g-1 pulp) cultivars hade the lowest potassium levels. The lowest amino nitrogen levels were found in Allegra (2.94 meq.100 g-1 pulp), Algar (3.43 meq.100 g-1 pulp), Pegaz (3.35 meq.100 g-1 pulp) and Contenta (3.09 meq.100 g-1 pulp). As for sugar extraction efficiency, Volga (86.46%), Balzan (83.36%), and Lodata (83.33%) had the highest efficiencies. Among the varieties, only one (Casablanca) exhibited a semi-resistant reaction (a score of 3.88 out of 9) to Cercospora disease, while the others showed reactions ranging from semi-sensitive to sensitive (scores above 4). In Dezful, no bolting was observed in any of the cultivars, while the sensitive control exhibited 36.84% bolting. Therefore, it can be concluded that while conditions were somewhat favorable for bolting, the varieties demonstrated resistance due to the climatic conditions during the growing season.In the Gonbade- Kavus region, the analysis of variance showed that the effects of cultivar on all traits was significant except root yield and sodium content. The mean comparison of varieties indicated that the highest white sugar yield was found in the varieties Volga (10.26 t. ha-1) and Algar (9.21 t. ha-1), while the highest sugar content was in Volga (17.33%), Contenta (17.28%), Sy_muse (17.24%), Vanilla (17.13%), and Flickster (17.11%). The highest white sugar content was found in Volga (14.87%), Sy_muse (14.27%), Vanilla (13.96%), and Contenta (13.94%). Regarding root impurities, Volga (4.73 meq.100 g-1 pulp) had the lowest potassium, and other varieties had higher potassium levels (above 5 meq.100 g-1 pulp). Except for the varieties Oxalide (2.03 meq.100 g-1 pulp), Laudata (1.72 meq.100 g-1 pulp), and Balzan (1.77 meq.100 g-1 pulp), which had high amino nitrogen levels, the rest of the varieties had low amino nitrogen (below 1.5, 100 g-1 pulp). The highest sugar extraction efficiency was observed in Volga (85.56%). In terms of resistance to Cercospora disease, most varieties exhibited resistance to semi-resistance, with two varieties, Balzan and Vanilla, showing complete resistance. The lowest bolting percentages were observed in Balzan (3.32%), Oxalide (3.62%), Sibelius (3.96%), and Cardamone (4.14%), while the sensitive control showed a bolting percentage of 93.415%.ConclusionThus, it appears that Dezful's environmental conditions are more conducive to the development and establishment of Cercospora disease than those of Gonbad-e Kavus. In Gonbade Kavus region, the environmental conditions for bolting have been more favorable than in Dezful region. In order to study the bolting and Cercospora disease in autumn sugar beet, while choosing a suitable cultivar resistant to bolting and Cercospora disease, the environmental conditions of the region are also very important.

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Research Paper - Plant Breeding

Evaluation of grain yield and days to heading relationship in North of Khuzestan province

Seyed Mahmoud Tabib Ghaffary; esmaeilzadeh mohsen

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47888.2200

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum spp.) is one of the most important staple foods for the human diet worldwide. In 2022, wheat has been cultivated in 219.2 million ha worldwide with a total production ... Read More Wheat (Triticum spp.) is one of the most important staple foods for the human diet worldwide. In 2022, wheat has been cultivated in 219.2 million ha worldwide with a total production of over 808.4 million tons. This makes it the third most important crop in terms of global production. Wheat is cultivated across a wide range of latitudes, from 67° North to 45° South including highly diverse environmental conditions. Wheat is a staple commodity for human feeding including Iranian society and that is why it located as the first priority in Iran’s agricultural development program. Self-sufficiency on wheat production in a few last decades has become a national goal in Iran and resulted successful outcomes. Breeders should determine biotic and abiotic stresses in target environment and minimize their negative effects on yield using different breeding approaches. Temperature is an important environmental factor that its irregular variation consequently effect on terminal yield. Heading date is still an important phonologic criterion in wheat breeding and genotypes comparison. Materials and methods Average of minimum and maximum temperature in two periods, from sowing to heading as well as Heading to physiological maturity, in six growing season from 2012-2013 to 2017-2018 were recorded and calculated to evaluate their effect on grain yield. In this study, the data of 14 international treasury and 12 national experiments of the warm southern climate (a total of 1226 genotypes) have been used between the crop years 1391-92 to 1396-97.. two stages before and after the appearance of the spike and The influence of thermal factors in each stage and their relationship with grain yield have been investigated. Considering that the date of physiological treatment was recorded for the first repetition, the data related to the first repetition of each vault and experiment were used in the evaluation phase after the appearance of the spike to calculate the correlation coefficients. The META-R software, which was designed in 2015 at the International Maize and Wheat Breeding Center (CIMMYT), was used to analyze the variance and calculate the genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients of the data of each experiment. Results and Discussion Thermal amplitude (T Max- T Min) is an environmental index to evaluate thermal effect on phonologic stages, growth and development and yield. Variation in minimum and maximum average of temperature from sowing to heading were 7.61 -18.96 0C in earliest and 7.62-21.46 0C in latest genotypes, respectively. From heading to Physiological maturity minimum and maximum average were between 11.1-15.74 and 24.51-31.39 0C, respectively. The correlation coefficients between grain filling period and thermal factors did not follow a stable trend. Correlation between yield and days to heading, average of minimum and maximum of temperature from sowing to heading period were not constantly significant, while significant correlation between yield and thermal amplitude in pre-heading stage was detected. Moreover, not stable correlation were found between yield and other variables in reproductive phase. In this study, the relationship between the yield and the length of the spike emergence period to the physiological maturity did not follow a constant and stable trend. Therefore, it is suggested to evaluate in a separate study the relationship between yield, grain filling speed and grain filling period with environmental factors and other biotic and abiotic stresses.

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Research Paper - Tropical and Subtropical Fruits

Effect of foliar application of Bacillus subtlis, Saccharose, Ethanol and Silicon on the tolerance of three olive cultivars to freezing stress

Shima Amirdehi; Hossein Sadeghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47275.2182

Abstract

Introduction: Cold stress is one of the most important environmental factors limiting the production and growth and development of crop plants. Freezing, or the reduction of air temperature ... Read More Introduction: Cold stress is one of the most important environmental factors limiting the production and growth and development of crop plants. Freezing, or the reduction of air temperature below freezing point, is a phenomenon that causes damage and injury to plant organs and agricultural products in some temperate regions during the cold season. Damage caused by freezing occurs in olives at temperatures below -7 degrees Celsius and reduces crop production. There are several methods to increase plant resistance to freezing stress. Foliar spraying with biotic and abiotic compounds that can protect trees before cold stress occurs, are preferred for immediate interventions. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in autumn and winter of 2017 and spring of 2018 in the refrigerator of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources on potted olive seedlings of Amigdalolia, Conservolea and Muharram cultivars. This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The applied temperature was -10 degrees Celsius. The foliar treatments included Bacillus subtilis, sucrose, ethanol and silicon. Results and Discussion: The results of the experiments showed that the interaction of foliar spraying and cultivar on all measured traits was significant at the probability level of 1 %. The highest amount of ion leakage was observed in the treatment with potassium silicate in the cultivar Conservolea (75.93 %), followed by the treatment with ethanol in the cultivar Conservolea (74.54 %). While the lowest percentage of ion leakage in Amigdalolia cultivar was observed in potassium silicate (28.92 %) and ethanol (32.39 %) treatments, respectively. The highest amount of total chlorophyll in sucrose treatment was observed in Conservolea cultivar (7.41 mg/g fresh weight). The lowest percentage of total chlorophyll in Amigdalolia cultivar was observed in control treatments (1.42 mg/g fresh weight) and bacteria with a concentration of 0.001 (1.6 mg/g fresh weight), respectively. The highest concentration of proline in ethanol treatment was observed in Muharram cultivar (0.062 mg/g fresh weight). The lowest concentration of proline in the control treatment (0.015 mg/g fresh weight) and bacteria with a concentration of 0.002 (0.022 mg/g fresh weight) in Muharram cultivar and ethanol treatment (0.022 mg/g fresh weight) in Conservolea cultivar was observed. The highest amount of total soluble sugars in the sucrose treatment (300.66 μg/g of fresh weight) was observed in Muharram cultivar seedlings. The lowest amount of total soluble sugars was observed in the control treatment of Amygdal cultivar (181.67 μg/g fresh weight). The percentage of leaf abscission was affected by the interaction of effect of cultivar and foliar spraying, so that the highest percentage of leaf abscission in Conservolea cultivar (100 %) while using sucrose, ethanol, potassium silicate and bacteria treatments with a concentration of 0.001 and the lowest percentage of leaf abscission in Amigdalolia cultivar (12.82 %) was observed due to the use of ethanol. The highest percentage of dry branches in Amigdalolia seedlings (100 %) as a result of the use of bacteria with a concentration of 0.002 and in Conservolea cultivar as a result of the use of sucrose, ethanol, potassium silicate, bacteria with a concentration of 0.001 was observed with 100 % drying of the branches. with the control treatment (100 %) did not. Conclusion: The experimental treatments in this research didn’t have the same effects on olive cultivars and preservation of seedlings. In such a way that the use of antifreeze bacteria in the Muharram cultivar reduced the leaf abscission and the drying of the branches, but it had a negative effect on the seedlings of the Conservolea and Amigdalolia cultivars. On the other hand, the application of sucrose, ethanol and potassium silicate compounds in Amygdal variety reduced the percentage of leaf fall and drying of the main branches, and in Moharram and Conservolea cultivars, it didn’t affect the percentage of leaf abscission and drying of the main branches. In general, foliar spraying of olive cultivars in cold stress conditions did not have similar results and depending on the variety, it had different responses.

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Research Paper - Breeding and Biotechnology

Assessment of Pheno-morphological and pomological traits of 48 native apple cultivars for registration, genetic improvement and food security

Nader Moghaddam; Hassan Hajnajari; Saeed Piri; Eissa Zarifi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47738.2196

Abstract

The selection of local chance seedling of apple and autochthonous genotypes propagated by cuttings or grafting (True to Type) goes back to 1560 BC in China. The gene flow from Kyrgyzstan, ... Read More The selection of local chance seedling of apple and autochthonous genotypes propagated by cuttings or grafting (True to Type) goes back to 1560 BC in China. The gene flow from Kyrgyzstan, the main habitat of apples, passing through Iran on the way of Silk Road, has led to the creation of different centers of apple diversity. Native genotypes as the result of natural selection carry resistance genes to the ruling a/biotic adversities in the region. May the native old genotypes of apple still cultivated a stain have small fruit and low productivity compared to new commercial cultivars but they surely present higher sustainability in front of pest, diseases and uneven climate adversities in diverse microclima. The collection of old indigenous varieties, as valuable genetic resources is assumed the bankroll of food security at the national level. Evaluation of genetic diversity through phenotyping based on systematic botany is still a fundamental method in identifying species and varieties. These research activities are aimed at preventing germplasm extinction and preservation in the collections, registration in the National Office of Cultivars and use in breeding programs. In absence of such plant material the fruit breeding researches would lose significance. Rich germplasm collection hides itself those resistance genes when and where climate change causes the unexpected advent of pest and fungal or bacterial diseases. That is why the more breeders have frequently studied the wild apple habitat in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan confined with China to collect the desired genotypes (Tian et al., 2022) since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Materials and Methods Pheno-morphological and pomological traits, fruit physical characteristics, flesh firmness, weight and biochemical tests, plus russet disorder, harvested from 14-year-old trees spindle form onto MM111 of 48 local apple varieties were assessed plus 2 imported cultivars, all located in Kamalshahr Horticultural Research Station in 2020-2021Karaj-Iran. The quantitative and qualitative traits of the fruit were measured using the international apple descriptor (UPOV) according to the national guidelines for differentiation, uniformity and stability (D.U.S) of apple. Descriptive surveys of traits, multivariate analyzes including factor analysis, cluster analysis and drawing biplots were performed. Results and Discussion Based on the ANOVA and mean comparisons results, the assessed traits significant differences were found between cultivars and genotypes in terms of quantitative traits. Significant differences were also registered between the old native cultivars and the studied promising genotypes for the external fruit traits as the color, the morpho-botanical characteristics, especially the physical attributes of fruit weight and flesh firmness, as well as significant correlations between some traits. The studied qualitative traits showed high diversity in terms of the Shannon index. Cluster analysis shows the varietal genetic relationship. In the factor analysis, four main and independent factors of fruit size, flesh firmness, length/diameter and external traits explained 67% of the difference between the data, so the native apples and the studied genotypes were divided into three main groups, using the analysis of the diagnostic performance, this classification was confirmed with 100% accuracy. Conclusion The obtained information may be applied for scientific identification, differentiation and registration of the native varieties and promising genotypes impeding in Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute (SPCRI), impeding erosion of the native apple germplasm. The clear results of the gene expression level of the studied traits facilitate the necessary platform for a group of different goals in breeding programs.

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Research Paper

Studying the effect of foliar application of some nano and organic fertilizers on improving peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed and oil yield

Jahan Shirzad Ajirlu; salim farzaneh; Ahmad Tobeh; Fatemeh Ahmadnia; Raouf Seyed sharif; Mohsen Noori

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.46840.2164

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a high-nutrient plant used in human and animal feed. The peanut plant's nutritional value highlights the need for maximum ... Read More Abstract Introduction: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a high-nutrient plant used in human and animal feed. The peanut plant's nutritional value highlights the need for maximum production. An experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of nano fertilizers nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium chelates, humic acid, and seaweed extract on the quality and quantity of peanut yield. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in the crop year 2020-2021 in Parsabad city, Ardabil province, using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental treatments were conducted by foliar spraying of nitrogen nano fertilizers at a rate of 10 liters per hectare. Additionally, phosphorus was sprayed at a rate of three kilograms per hectare, potassium chelates at a rate of five kilograms per hectare, humic acid at a rate of three kilograms per hectare, and seaweed extract at a rate of three kilograms per hectare. These treatments were compared to a control. Peanut seeds of the Atlas variety were obtained from the research center. Foliar spraying of nano fertilizers and growth stimulants was done in three stages: 20 days after planting, flowering, and podding. Weed control during the experimental period was done through hand weeding twice. Simultaneously controlling weeds, soiling was done at the foot of the bush. Also, irrigation was done immediately after planting. Furthermore, spraying with the fungicide Dithan M45 WP%80 at the rate of 1 kg per hectare was done to control the leaf spot disease. At the end of the growth period, 15 plants were selected from the middle rows of each experimental plot, and the marginal effects were removed before sampling the peanuts. Results and Discussion: The results indicated a significant increase in peanut yield and yield components due to applying foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium chelate, humic acid, and seaweed extract. The peanut seed yield ranged from 2412.00 to 3637.00 kg/ha with a significant difference between the humic acid treatments and the control. After analyzing the percentage increase of foliar spraying in comparison to the control treatment, it was observed that plant height increased by 16.84% and 13.55%, leaf area increased by 40.00% and 35.28%, the number of branches increased by 14.25% and 23.78%, and the dry weight of aerial parts increased by 37.46% and 33.42% due to foliar application of nitrogen fertilizer and humic acid. The application of phosphorus nano fertilizer and humic acid through foliar spraying resulted in a 19.31% and 20.73% increase in the oil percentage of peanut seeds, respectively, in comparison to the control treatment. Furthermore, after foliar spraying with nitrogen, phosphorus, and seaweed extract, the protein percentage increased by 20.02%, 5.07%, and 6.30% respectively, compared to the control treatment. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the results that despite the significant effect of all investigated treatments on yield and yield components of peanuts, the most effective foliar spraying treatment was the application of nitrogen nano fertilizer and humic acid. The results of this research can aid researchers and farmers in selecting appropriate nano fertilizers and growth stimulants to enhance peanut yield.

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Research Paper

Selection of drought-tolerant oilseed sunflower genotypes using the multi-trait genotype-ideotype index (MGIDI)

Nasrin Akbari; Reza Darvishzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48429.2233

Abstract

IntroductionGiven the multigenic nature of drought tolerance and its susceptibility to environmental factors, successful germplasm selection and identification of superior genotypes ... Read More IntroductionGiven the multigenic nature of drought tolerance and its susceptibility to environmental factors, successful germplasm selection and identification of superior genotypes are major challenges in drought tolerance breeding programs. Evaluation of drought tolerance is performed indirectly through multiple traits evaluated simultaneously in multiple environments. Materials and MethodsIn this study, 100 oilseed sunflower genotypes were evaluated for 13 traits under two normal and limited irrigations (drought stress) conditions in a simple 10×10 lattice design during 2013 and 2014 in the village of Qezeljeh, Salmas. To apply drought stress at the 8-leaf stage, a class A evaporation pan was used. Irrigation was performed under normal conditions after 90 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan and under drought stress conditions after 180 ml of evaporation. After flowering, plant height (cm), leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), petiole length (cm), stem diameter (cm), head diameter (cm), number of leaves, greenness index (SPAD), days to flowering (days), days to maturity (days), relative water content (percent), seed oil content (percent) and seed yield (gr-plant) in each one of field plots was measured. In order to benefit from the multiple selection method, the multi-traits selection index based on the distance from the ideal genotype was used. metan package in R software was used to analyze the data.Results and DiscussionBased on the results of multivariate analysis of variance, the main effects of environment and genotype as well as the interaction effects of environment × genotype were significant in both normal and drought stress conditions, indicating a wide variation among genotypes. In the main effects component analysis under normal and drought stress conditions, five and four factors had eigenvalues greater than one, respectively, and explained 75% and 69.1% of the total traits variation, respectively. Under normal conditions, in the first factor with an eigenvalue of 4.8, the traits including leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, stem diameter, head diameter and seed yield had the most effect. In the second factor with an eigenvalue of 1.73, the traits including relative water content, days to flowering and days to maturity, in the third factor with an eigenvalue of 1.11, the greenness index, in the fourth factor with an eigenvalue of 1.07, the traits including leaf number and plant height, and in the fifth factor with an eigenvalue of 1.03, the oil content had the most effect. Under drought stress conditions, in the first factor with an eigenvalue of 4.45, the traits including leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, stem diameter, head diameter and seed yield had the most effect. In the second factor with an eigenvalue of 2.24, the traits including relative water content, days to flowering and days to maturity, in the third factor with an eigenvalue of 1.23, the traits including leaf number, plant height, seed oil content and in the fourth factor with an eigenvalue of 1.06, the traits including greenness index and oil content had the most effect. In principal component analysis for interaction effects, three and four factors had eigenvalues greater than one under normal and drought stress conditions, respectively, and these factors explained 62.3 and 71.4% of the total traits variation, respectively. Under normal conditions, the eigenvalues of the first three factors were 1.81, 1.07, and 1.03, respectively, and under drought stress conditions, the eigenvalues of the first four factors were 4.5, 2.24, 1.23, and 1.06, respectively. Based on the results of the multivariate index, five genotypes, (254-ENSAT), (AS3232), (ENSAT699), (HA304), and (SDB1), were evaluated as desirable genotypes under both normal and drought stress conditions.ConclusionMGIDI multivariate analysis is a comprehensive method for grouping genotypes according to all traits, which determines the contribution of each trait to variation. In this research, two genotypes 8 (ENSAT-254) and 17 (PAC2) had the highest genetic distance under both normal and drought stress conditions. Superior genotypes with the greatest genetic distance can be used to develop drought tolerant hybrid varieties in order to benefiting from the phenomenon of heterosis.

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Research Paper - Crops Physiology

Effects of irrigation cut-off in different phonological stages on growth and yield traits ‎of indehiscent sesame cultivars ‎

Foroogh Motallebiyan &lrm;; Payman Hassibi; Mohammad reza Siahpoosh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47397.2227

Abstract

Introduction Oilseed plants hold a significant position among crops by providing the energy and calories required by humans and animals. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), a member of the ... Read More Introduction Oilseed plants hold a significant position among crops by providing the energy and calories required by humans and animals. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), a member of the Pedaliaceae family, stands as one of the oldest cultivated oil plants globally, particularly thriving in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Sesame seeds boast the highest oil content among oil plants, holding special significance due to their diverse applications in food, medicine, and industry. Effective irrigation management is indispensable for summer crops in most regions of Iran, especially during summer. The susceptibility of crops to water scarcity varies across different phenological stages. Materials and Methods This research aimed to investigate the impact of irrigation cut-off at various phenological stages on some growth and yield traits of indehiscent sesame cultivars. The study was conducted using a split-plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with four replications during the 2021-2022 cropping season in the southern regions of Khuzestan province. The primary factor consisted of three levels of irrigation limitations: irrigation cut-off from the middle to the end of the flowering stage, irrigation cut-off from the end of the flowering stage to physiological maturity, irrigation cut-off from physiological maturity to full maturity, and a control without any irrigation cut-off. The secondary factor involved three new commercial cultivars of indehiscent sesame: Mohajer, Barekat, and Chamran. Results and Discussion In the treatment where irrigation was cut off from physiological maturity until full maturity, the Barekat cultivar exhibited the tallest plant height at 87 cm and the highest number of capsules per plant at 58. Conversely, the Chamran cultivar showed the lowest number of capsules per plant at 27 when irrigation was cut off from the end of the flowering stage until physiological maturity. The average seed weight per capsule ranged from 0.12g in the treatment with irrigation cut-off from the middle to the end of the flowering stage to 0.30g in the control treatment. Remarkably, the maximum grain yield of 1362 Kg.ha-1 was achieved in the Chamran cultivar with irrigation cut-off from physiological maturity until full maturity, while the Barekat cultivar yielded the lowest at 510 Kg.ha-1 with irrigation cut-off from the end of the flowering stage until physiological maturity. Furthermore, the highest harvest index (HI) of 28% was recorded in the Chamran cultivar with irrigation cut-off from the end of flowering to physiological maturity, while the lowest HI of 10% was observed in the Barekat cultivar with irrigation cut-off from the end of flowering to physiological maturity. The highest percentage of sesame seed oil was also obtained in the Chamran cultivar of the control treatment (53%). Conclusion The findings suggest that under water-limited conditions, irrigation management through cut-off at specific phenological stages of sesame may not lead to a significant reduction in seed yield. This implies that strategic irrigation practices can be implemented to optimize water usage without compromising yield potential. Given the climatic conditions of the southern regions of Khuzestan province, it is recommended to consider cultivating the indehiscent Chamran cultivar. This cultivar has shown promising results in terms of growth, yield traits, and oil content under the specified irrigation conditions, making it a suitable choice for cultivation in this region. Keywords: Number of capsules, Number of seeds, Oil percent, Resistance to seed shuttering

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Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

The effects of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis on antioxidant enzyme activity during water stress in hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.)

Parvin Bagherifar; Seyed Mohammad Waez-Mousavi; Mohammad Hossein Arzanesh; Masoud Tohidfar; Hojjatollah Rabbani Nasab

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 May 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48348.2228

Abstract

Introduction Water stress is a global challenge that adversely affects society, the economy, and the environment. The presence of ectomycorrhizal fungi can increase the ability of plants ... Read More Introduction Water stress is a global challenge that adversely affects society, the economy, and the environment. The presence of ectomycorrhizal fungi can increase the ability of plants to deal with these stresses through physiological and biochemical mechanisms. However, the activities of antioxidant enzymes in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, especially truffle fungi, are not fully understood. This study investigated the effect of the ectomycorrhizal fungus of black summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase) in the leaves of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and ginkgo (Corylus avellana L.) plants under water stress conditions. Materials and Methods This study was conducted from 2020 to 2022 at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources using a completely randomized design. The powdered inoculation material was suspended with distilled water. One gram of this material with 108 spores was added to the soil around the seedlings in three stages. Coexistence evaluation was done using visual methods and the intersection of grid lines. Water stress was applied by stopping irrigation until the inoculated seedlings reached the wilting point, while the control group was fully irrigated during the experiment. After applying water stress, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was measured using a spectrophotometer to investigate mushroom inoculation's effect on water stress resistance. Results and Discussion The results indicated that ginkgo seedlings could tolerate water stress for 14 days, while hazelnut seedlings managed to withstand these conditions for only 13 days. Visual evaluations estimated the symbiosis percentage to be 69% for hazelnuts and 63% for ginkgo. The grid line crossing method calculated these percentages as 58% for hazelnuts and 55% for ginkgo. Additionally, there was a significant difference at the 99% confidence level in the activities of catalase and peroxidase enzymes between the inoculated and control seedlings for both hazelnut and ginkgo species. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into how hazelnut and ginkgo plants respond to water stress when inoculated with T. aestivum. This information can enhance these plants' resistance to challenging conditions and improve management strategies for their cultivation. The results provide a foundation for future research to optimize plant growth and development under environmental stress. Furthermore, hazelnuts and ginkgo trees are promising host plants for cultivating truffle mushrooms under Iran's field and greenhouse conditions. Previous studies have established hazelnuts as a versatile species supporting truffle growth. In contrast, the Ginkgo species requires extensive research and a more extended evaluation before being recommended as potential truffle hosts. These findings pave the way for future research in truffle cultivation and optimizing plant resource use, contributing to the development of innovative solutions in this field. Conclusion The increased activity of antioxidant enzymes stimulated by the ectomycorrhizal fungus T. aestivum suggests that this fungus could be an effective biological tool for challenging environments, including those with limited water availability. These findings demonstrate the plants' capability to withstand water stress, indicating that the fungus-induced changes can lead to positive outcomes under stressful conditions. This study provides a strong foundation for understanding how T. aestivum reacts to water stress. Furthermore, additional research is urgently needed to verify these findings on a larger scale, mainly using molecular biology techniques such as enzyme profiling.

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