Plant Productions

Research Paper - Pomology

Evaluation of Salinity Tolerance of Cuttings in some Wild Genotypes, Local and Commercial Cultivars of Pomegranate in Greenhouse Conditions

Seyed Rasoul Ziatabar Ahmadi; Esmaeil Seifi; F. Varasteh; Vahid Akbarpour

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42780.2073

Abstract

IntroductionSalt stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth, development and the yield of plants that cause structural changes in important plant organs such as ... Read More IntroductionSalt stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth, development and the yield of plants that cause structural changes in important plant organs such as stems, roots, leaves and petioles. In salinity conditions, the pomegranate tree cannot produce an economic product. Therefore, identification and use of selected pomegranate cultivars tolerant to salinity stress are necessary for breeding programs, introducing better cultivars and developing the pomegranate industry. Morphological and physicochemical changes can be used as indicators for selecting tolerant cultivars.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted in 2019 in a factorial design based on a completely randomized block design in four replications in the laboratory of the department of horticultural sciences at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The first factor was pomegranate genotypes in 15 levels, including four wild genotypes (Vahshi Inchehbrun, Vahshi Aliabad and Vahshi Kordkoi from Golestan province, and Miankaleh from Mazandaran province), eight local genotypes (Qand and Torsh Galoogah, Shirin, Torsh, and Gol Anar Behshahr, Fereshteh qermez Sari, Shirin and Torsh Shivand of Khuzestan), two commercial export genotypes (Yosefkhani and Malas momtaz Saveh) and one foreign genotype (Wonderful) and the second factor was the salinity at three levels including control, 2.5 and 6.4 grams per liter of sodium chloride (EC 1.4, 4 and 8 dS/m, respectively). After rooting of the cuttings and growing the new pot plants, salinity stress was applied for 10 weeks. Then, the morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical traits were measured.ResultsThe results showed that after applying salinity stress in all genotypes and cultivars, morphological and physicochemical traits such as stem length, stem diameter, the number of branches, the total number of leaves, root length, root diameter, leaf surface and leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, the relative water content of leaf, chlorophyll, total phenol and anthocyanin decreased in comparison with the control. Some of the other physicochemical and phytochemical traits such as electrolyte leakage, the percentage of abscised leaves and the percentage of necrotic leaves, cell membrane damage, salinity damage index and proline increased in comparison with the control. Also, the responses of genotypes were different in terms of tolerance to salinity stress and growth traits. Some of the cultivars were introduced as tolerant cultivars, some as semi-tolerant and some others as sensitive. With increasing the salinity stress, the amount of morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical traits changed significantly in sensitive cultivars. Moreover, the results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of salinity on all measured traits was significant except the root dry weight.ConclusionBased on the obtained results, and after ranking and standardization, the Wonderful cultivar was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar. It was able to tolerate the salinity of 6.4 grams per liter of sodium chloride (8 dS/m) well; followed by Fereshteh qermez and Malas Saveh. Torsh Galoogah, Torsh Shivand, Vahshi Inchehbrun, Shirin Shivand, Qand Galoogah, and Vahshi Miankaleh were identified as semi-tolerant cultivars and Vahshi Aliabad, Torsh Behshahr, Gol Anar behshahr, Vahshi Kordkoy and Shirin Behshahr were identified as sensitive cultivars to salt stress.

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Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

Phytochemical changes of Denak (Oliveria decumbens) in response to salinity stress and application of salicylic acid hormone

Anahita Boveiri Dehsheikh; Mohammad Mahmoodi Sourestani; N. Enayatzamir; Mehdi Safdarian

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43201.2090

Abstract

Introduction: Salinity stress is one of the most important problems in the cultivation and production of agricultural products, including medicinal plants. The expansion of saline lands ... Read More Introduction: Salinity stress is one of the most important problems in the cultivation and production of agricultural products, including medicinal plants. The expansion of saline lands following continuous droughts in recent years increases the importance of the tolerance level of medicinal plants determination, their type of reaction, and the necessity of finding a solution to reduce the damage of mentioned stress on plants and increasing the productivity of the above lands.Materials and Methods: To study the effect of salinity stress and salicylic acid hormone on biochemical traits of Denak (Oliveria decumbens), a factorial pot experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2020-2021. The experiment factors included irrigation water salinity in four levels (1.1 (tap water), 2.5, 5, 7.5 dS/m) and foliar application of salicylic acid hormone in four levels (0, 100, 200, 500 mg/L-1). Biochemical traits included total soluble carbohydrates, proline, malondialdehyde, sodium and potassium elements, the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzymes were measured at flowering stage.Results and Discussion: The interaction effect of salinity stress and foliar application of salicylic acid hormone significantly changed all the traits of Denak. The foliar application of 200 mg/L-1 of this regulator in plants under 5 dS/m salinity stress increased the amount of total soluble carbohydrates, proline, the activity of superoxide desmutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase enzymes compared to the control treatment. The highest level of activity of ascorbate peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase enzymes was also obtained in the foliar spraying of plants under 5 dS/m salinity stress by the concentration of 500 mg/L-1 of salicylic acid hormone, but no significant difference was observed between this concentration and the application of 200 mg/L-1 of this hormone. The maximum concentration of potassium element and the minimum amount of malondialdehyde and sodium element of Denak leaf were also recorded in the treatment of plants under 2.5 dS/m salinity stress by the concentration of 200 mg/L-1 of salicylic acid hormone. The salicylic acid regulator as a very important messenger in the plant's defense system through increasing the stimulation of antioxidant enzymes in Denak reduced the negative effects of free radicals, membrane destruction and the production of malondialdehyde compound in a 2.5 dS/m salinity stress. On the other hand, the application of this hormone reduced the damage caused by the secondary stress of dehydration by increasing the ability of the plant to produce osmotic pressure regulating compounds including soluble carbohydrates and proline.Conclusion: Due to its ability to increase the production of osmolyte compounds including soluble carbohydrates and proline, activation of antioxidant enzymes and maintaining the stability of cell membranes, Denak is able to withstand salinity stress up to the level of 5 dS/m. The application of 200 mg/L-1 of salicylic acid hormone is beneficial and recommended due to its positive effect on antioxidant capacity and increasing the production of osmotic protective compounds in the plant as a solution to increase the resistance of Denak against the salinity stress.

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Research Paper - Crops Physiology

Effect of Amino Acids Combination on the Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.)

Ali Heidarzadeh; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42775.2071

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesGarlic is one of the most widely employed condiments in cooking. It has been found to possess important biological properties with high therapeutic potential, ... Read More Background and ObjectivesGarlic is one of the most widely employed condiments in cooking. It has been found to possess important biological properties with high therapeutic potential, which is influenced by the mode of its utilization, preparation, and extraction. It has been attributed with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capacities. Garlic, in particular its organosulfur compounds, can maintain immune system homeostasis through positive effects on immune cells, especially by regulating cytokine proliferation and expression. Amino Acids are the building units of proteins. There are about 300 amino acids occur in nature. Only 20 of them enter in proteins synthesis. Amino acids are essential nutrients for plant growth. Due to the characteristics of amino acids, they have a unique promotion effect on plant growth, especially on photosynthesis. Amino acids are good organic nitrogen sources in plant. They can be directly absorbed and utilized by cells, promote protein synthesis, and have a good effect on the growth. Spraying or irrigating amino acid nutrient liquid fertilizer can increase the element of various nutrients required in the plant, aggravate the accumulation of dry matter and the speed and quantity of the operation from the root or leaf to other parts, and adjust the proportion and balance of macroelement, trace element and other nutrients. Thus, the normal growth of the plant will be regulated. Many studies proved that amino acids play a positive role in enhancing the plant yield and quality when they are sprayed at different growth stages. This research was done to study effect of different amino acids compound on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of garlic.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was performed at three replications in a completely randomized blocks design in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2018-19 growing season. The experimental treatments included: 1) Arginine + Aspartic acid 2) Arginine + Valine 3) Arginine + Tyrosine 4) Arginine + Leucine 5) Aspartic acid + Valine 6) Aspartic acid + Tyrosine 7) Aspartic acid + Leucine 8) Valine + Tyrosine 9) Valine + Leucine 10) Tyrosine + Leucine 11) Trade amino acid 12) Distilled water 13) No amino acid (control).ResultsThe results showed that the maximum bulb fresh weight (13.054 t ha-1) and photosynthetic rate (10.58 µmol m-2s-1) was obtained from the aspartic acid + leucine. Also, the highest catalase activity was observed in the use of arginine with aspartic acid (9064 U mgFW-1), while the peroxidase activity was higher in the aspartic acid + valine (517 U mgFW-1), arginine + and tyrosine (511 U mgFW-1) and arginine + leucine (496 U mgFW-1) treatments.DiscussionIn general, it seems that foliar spraying of amino acids increases the plant's energy efficiency (plant energy storage for the production of amino acids) and also increases the photosynthesis rate and thus helps the plant to increase the yield of the plant. Among the investigation of different combinations of amino acids, the combination of aspartic acid and leucine increased the performance more than other combinations and is introduced as the best treatment.

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Research Paper - Agroecology

Investigating the spatial variations of water use efficiency, and fertilizer sources for irrigated and rainfed wheat systems in different regions of Iran

Mostafa Torkaman; Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam; Mehdi Nassiri-Mahallati

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42802.2074

Abstract

IntroductionChemical fertilizers have played a significant role in increasing the yield of agricultural products, especially since the 1950s, but the excessive application of these ... Read More IntroductionChemical fertilizers have played a significant role in increasing the yield of agricultural products, especially since the 1950s, but the excessive application of these fertilizers in recent years has led to environmental pollution and a drop in agricultural productivity, food security, ecosystem and human health, and economic prosperity. Researchers believed that the best and most accessible approach to solve these problems is the improvement of the efficiency indicators of inputs. So, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the use efficiency indicators for nitrogen and phosphorus and water in wheat-irrigated and dryland systems of Iran.Material and MethodsIn this research, provinces with more than 80% production in irrigated and rainfed systems of Iran were determined and, in each province, cities with more than 80% production of this crop were selected. The required data were collected by using face-to-face interviews and recorded statistics. Afterward, the consumption productivity of inputs was determined, and then the Pearson correlation coefficient between the productivity of different sources was computed. Also, multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between yield with climatic variables and fertilizers and water. For this purpose, the two-year average for total precipitation for irrigated and rainfed systems in each region were extracted.Results and DiscussionThe results revealed that in the main areas of wheat production, the average productivity of nitrogen consumption for irrigated was calculated as 16.69 kg of grains per kg of nitrogen compared to 17.27 kg of grains per kg of nitrogen for rainfed conditions. Contrary to nitrogen, the efficiency of phosphorus consumption in rainfed agriculture was lower than in the irrigated wheat system. Also, the highest correlation between nitrogen and phosphorus productivity for the irrigated system was computed with r=0.506 and the coefficient between nitrogen and water productivity was calculated with r=0.309 for rainfed conditions. The results for regression analysis between yield and climatic and agronomic parameters showed that increases in temperature had a positive effect on grain yield in rainfed conditions. On the other hand, increasing in other parameters such as precipitation, nitrogen, phosphorus, and irrigation in the irrigated and rainfed systems had a direct relationship with grain yield.ConclusionExcess use of nitrogen fertilizers in irrigated wheat systems led to lower nitrogen use efficiency. Although, the grain yield in irrigated conditions was higher than in dryland conditions, due to the sensitivity of using nitrogen by farmers and the adverse effects of excessive use in rainfed wheat, the consumption of nitrogen has been used with more precision and sensitivity. This ultimately led to an increase in the efficiency of nitrogen consumption in rainfed compared to irrigated systems. Unlike nitrogen, the phosphorus use efficiency was lower in rainfed compared to the irrigated system due to the direct effect of soil moisture on the release of phosphorus in the soil. According to these results, nitrogen and water were the most important factors affecting the yield in irrigated and rainfed systems. Also, the regression analysis of the relationship between wheat yield and climatic and agronomic parameters showed that in irrigated systems, nitrogen and irrigation and in rainfed conditions, nitrogen and precipitation had the most impact on grain yield.

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Research Paper - Agronomy

Evaluation of Yield Performance of a Shattering Tolerant Sesame Genotype under Different Planting Arrangements in the Darab and Dezful Regions

Majid Gholamhoseini; Gholamreza Ghodrati; Abolghasem Alhani; Saadolah Mansori; Farnaz Shariati

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43685.2100

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSesame is a low-expected and low-input crop among oilseed crops, which holds economic significance not only in subsistence agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSesame is a low-expected and low-input crop among oilseed crops, which holds economic significance not only in subsistence agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran but also in terms of its agronomical characteristics. Shattering tolerant sesame genotypes are crucial for developing sesame cultivation in countries such as Iran. There is a lack of comprehensive information on crop management, including the optimal planting arrangement for imported shattering tolerant sesame genotypes. Therefore, this research was planned and executed to answer the questions regarding the proper planting arrangement of this genotype in two crucial sesame producing provinces, Khuzestan and Fars. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in the Khuzestan (Dezful) and Fars (Darab) Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center fields during 2019 and 2020. A split-block randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented at each location to investigate the effects of 30, 45, and 60 cm row spacing and 5, 8, 11, and 14 cm plant spacing on yield and yield components of shattering tolerant sesame genotypes. The collected data were analyzed using SAS software (version 9.4), and Bartlett's test confirmed homogeneity in the variance of all studied traits. The mean values for both years were presented since the data were consistent. It is important to note that the data from each region were analyzed separately due to inconsistent variances between regions. Statistical significance was determined using an F-test, and protected LSD was used to separate the main effects when necessary. Furthermore, significant interaction effects were separated using the slicing method. Results and DiscussionThe experiment results indicate that reducing the distance between rows and plants increased plant height in both locations. In Darab, increasing the row distance from 30 to 45 cm increased grain yield by 6%, while a further increase in distance to 60 cm decreased grain yield. The highest seed yield of 659 kg per hectare was obtained in Darab using a planting arrangement of 45x5 cm, and the lowest yield was observed with a 21% decrease in yield for the planting arrangement of 60x14 cm. In Dezful, the maximum seed yield of 684 kg per hectare was obtained with a planting arrangement of 45x11 cm. The study results showed that in both locations, the highest grain yields were achieved with a row distance of 45 cm, and the commonly used row distance of 60 cm did not produce the highest yield in either location. Additionally, in Darab, increasing planting density by up to 42 plants per square meter increased seed yield. In Dezful, the maximum seed yield was obtained at a density of 38 plants per square meter. Conclusion This research suggests that reducing the row distance while maintaining appropriate plant spacing can be a practical approach to achieving high sesame yields. Moreover, increasing plant density can lead to a certain extent of increase in grain yield. However, beyond a certain threshold, as the density further increases, yield decreases due to increased competition among plants. Thus, optimizing planting arrangements, including row and plant spacing, is essential to achieve maximum yields in sesame cultivation.

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Research Paper - Agroecology

The study of nitrogen application on some qualitative and quantitative traits of barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.) in mixed cropping with vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

hossein neyestani; Hamid Abbasdokht; Ahmad Gholami

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42974.2080

Abstract

In order to study the production potential and competitive power of barley and vetch plants in the mixedcropping pattern under the influence of different planting patterns and the use ... Read More In order to study the production potential and competitive power of barley and vetch plants in the mixedcropping pattern under the influence of different planting patterns and the use of nitrogen fertilizer, an experiment was carried out in the 2017-2018 in two research stations of Sisab and Shirvan in NorthKhorasan province. The type of experimental design was a split plot based on a randomized completeblock design, with the main factor including nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 kg/ha) and the sub-factor of different cultivation patterns at five levels (barley monoculture, vetch monoculture, Incremental ratios: 15, 30, and 45 increased the density of vetch to barley) and the cultivation was mixed and additive. The examined traits included: barley plant height, barley ash content, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), number of grains per barley spike, number of spikes per square meter of barley, weight of 1000 barley grains, barley protein content and barley grain yield. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The highest amount of barley protein as well as the weight of 1000 grains was obtained in the treatments of 45:100 and pure cultivation of barley, which was obtained in the treatment of using 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region; which shows that 15.8% more land area is needed for the pure cultivation system to be able to produce a product equal to the product of the mentioned mixed system; Therefore, it seems that the best treatment among the investigated treatments is the 100:45 mixed cultivation treatment with a fertilizer level of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen.The examined traits included: barley plant height, barley ash content, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), number of grains per barley spike, number of spikes per square meter of barley, weight of 1000 barley grains, barley protein content and barley grain yield. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The highest amount of barley protein as well as the weight of 1000 grains was obtained in the treatments of 45:100 and pure cultivation of barley, which was obtained in the treatment of using 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region; which shows that 15.8% more land area is needed for the pure cultivation system to be able to produce a product equal to the product of the mentioned mixed system; Therefore, it seems that the best treatment among the investigated treatments is the 100:45 mixed cultivation treatment with a fertilizer level of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen.

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Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Effect of waterlogging at the three-leaf stage stress on the growth and some physiological characteristics of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Seyed Bashir Fazeli; Moosa Meskarbashee; Afrasyab Rahnama

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42792.2072

Abstract

Background and objectives: Wheat is one of the most important crop plants in the world. waterlogging stress causes serious damage to the wheat crop wheat crop worldwide annually, and ... Read More Background and objectives: Wheat is one of the most important crop plants in the world. waterlogging stress causes serious damage to the wheat crop wheat crop worldwide annually, and it is likely that these damages are increasing with climate change. In many cases, waterlogging stress occurs for various reasons in the initial stages of the growth of this plant. There are many reports about the existence of differences in waterlogging stress tolerance in different cultivars and genotypes of wheat, but so far these differences have not been fully exploited. This research was designed and carried out to investigate the effect of waterlogging stress on the dry matter yield of shoot system, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, the activity level of antioxidant enzymes, the concentration of malondialdehyde and carotenoid content.Materials and methods: Floods will increase as a result of climate change and in some areas will have a negative impact on wheat production. plants are obligate aerobic organisms and they need to absorb oxygen from their surroundings to complete their life cycle, growth, reproduction and competition. with 215 million hectares, wheat has the largest area of cultivated plants in the world, waterlogging stress usually damages winter wheat during Seedling establishment and tillering. a field experiment in the form of a split plot design, based on randomized complete blocks in 3 replications accomplished. Stress was applied at the three-leaf stage and at three levels, control (no waterlogging stress), mild stress (48 hours) and severe stress (120 hours) as the main factors. Cultivars and genotypes were also included as secondary factors. Plants were cultivated in pots and grown in open space (outdoor), the water level was maintained about five centimeters above the soil level during the stress period.Results: Mild and severe waterlogging stress resulted in a decrease of 14.06 and 38.37 percent of shoot dry matter, respectively, which was significant in all cultivars and genotypes. Different cultivars and genotypes showed different responses to waterlogging stress. to better understand the reasons for these differences, among 11 cultivars and 10 genotypes, Mehrgan and Sarang cultivars and ms 93-16 and ms 93-6 genotypes were selected to study some physiological traits. waterlogging stress led to a decrease photosynthetic pigments , an increase in the malondialdehydeconcentration and an increase in the antioxidant enzymes activity ,and in these cases, the differences between these cultivars and genotypes were obvious. there were also differences between severe stress and mild stress, for example, in all studied cultivars, only severe stress could lead to a significant increase in peroxidase enzyme activity, but in the case of catalase, mild stress tolerant cultivars also led to a significant increase.Conclusion: In general, cultivars that had a higher level of antioxidant enzyme activity when faced with waterlogging stress were able to pass through the stress period with less damage to the cell membrane structure (according to the concentration of malondialdehyde) and photosynthetic pigments and showed a lower percentage reduction in dry matter. Mehrgan cultivar had the highest dry matter yield compared to other cultivars and genotypes in all three stress levels, despite the severe decrease in shoot system dry matter yield.

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Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Evaluation of salinity tolerance of some native ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.) populations of Iran

Atieh Drayabeigi; Faezehossadat Abtahi; Hossein Salehi Arjmand

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42680.2069

Abstract

Evaluation of salinity stress tolerance of some native ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.) populations of IranAtiyeh Daryabeigi1, Faezehossadat Abtahi 2* and Hossein Salehi Arjmand31- ... Read More Evaluation of salinity stress tolerance of some native ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.) populations of IranAtiyeh Daryabeigi1, Faezehossadat Abtahi 2* and Hossein Salehi Arjmand31- M.Sc. in Horticulture (Medicinal Plants), Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak, Iran.2*- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak, Iran.3- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak, Iran.AbstractIntroductionToday, one of the most important environmental stresses that become a great threat to agricultural activities around the world is soil salinity. The salinity issue is more in arid and semi-arid climate finding hardy plants should be a priority. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of salinity stress on morphophysiological and biochemical traits of some populations of ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.).Materials and MethodsIn this study, the effects of salinity stress on two levels (control and 100 mM NaCl) as the first factor and 10 populations of ajwain (Shiraz, Isfahan, Hamedan, Zahedan, Tabriz, Mashhad 1, Mashhad 2, Yazd, Ahvaz, Arak) as the second factor as factorial and the basis of a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications (n =3) were evaluated in the research greenhouse of Department of Medicinal Plans of Arak University in pot conditions in 2019. In each experimental unit, a few seeds were sown, after emergence, additional seedlings were thinned to prevent competition, so that in each pot, finally, four strongest and uniform seedlings were kept. Until the seedlings reached the size of 20 cm, salinity treatment was done by irrigation with 500 ml of 100 mM NaCl solution. 186 days after planting the seeds, plants were sampled and harvested to study the morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of T.copticum L. The obtained data were statistically tested by analysis of variance (GLM) using SAS software Version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA,1990). Duncan’s new multi range test was applied for means comparison and significant differences among employed treatments at P <0.05 and 0.01 using SPSS software Version 16 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA). The parameters, including minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. In order to identify some of the main factors to reduce the number of effective traits in differentiating populations, principal component analysis (PCA) was used. In order to have a simple structure and better interpretation of the results of the analysis, the data was rotated by Varimax procedure. Also, the two- dimensional plot was generated using the first and second principal components (PC1and PC2) with PAST software.Results and discussionThe results showed that salinity caused a significant decrease in plant height, fresh weight of aerial parts, dry weight of aerial parts and relative water content, while salinity caused a significant increase in leakage of electrolytes, phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Salinity stress had no effect on the content of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoids. The highest height and fresh weight were related to the populations of Hamedan and Mashhad 1, respectively. Also, the lowest mean value of height and fresh weight was related to Arak population. No significant difference was observed among the investigated populations in any of the physiological traits, and only significant difference was observed in the antioxidant capacity, the highest of which was related to the population of Arak and the lowest was related to the population of Mashhad 1. The interaction between population and salinity was not significant in any of the traits. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA), the highest value of standard deviation was related to the flavonoid and the lowest value of the standard deviation was related to the trait of total dry weight of aerial parts.ConclusionSalinity negatively affects the growth and physiological responses of the plants. The results also showed that ajwain is classified as a relatively salt tolerant species, although there are significant differences between its populations.Keywords: Salinity stress, Flavonoids, Antioxidant capacity, Ajwain.

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Research Paper - Plant Breeding

Genotype- environment interaction analysis and selection of sugar beet stable genotypes in terms of white sugar yield using AMMI model

Dariush Taleghani; Abazar Rajabi; Ali Saremirad; shahram khodadadi

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43177.2089

Abstract

Introduction: The methods used to analyze genotype-environment interaction and determine the stability and adaptability of genotypes are continuously evolving to improve the accuracy ... Read More Introduction: The methods used to analyze genotype-environment interaction and determine the stability and adaptability of genotypes are continuously evolving to improve the accuracy of evaluating genotypes and studying environmental interaction components. Using a combination of several methods provides a more comprehensive understanding of the genotype-environment interaction from multiple dimensions. In this study, the genotype-environment interaction was investigated using the AMMI method, along with the development of appropriate statistical techniques.Materials and methods: For this purpose, 25 sugar beet genotypes, consisting of 18 new hybrids and seven controls, were cultivated in seven environments: Karaj, Mashhad, Shiraz, Miandoab, Kermanshah, Hamadan, and Khoi. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with four replications during the year 2020. After checking the uniformity of the variance of the experimental errors using Bartlett's test, the stability of the genotypes was analyzed based on the AMMI model. In this study, 12 statistics obtained from the AMMI model, including ASTAB, ASI, ASV, AVAMGE, DA, DZ, EV, FA, MASI, MASV, SIPCi, and Za, were used to identify stable genotypes. To further investigate the stability of the experimental genotypes, the SIIG index was also estimated, taking into account the criteria provided by each index based on the AMMI model.Results: The results obtained from Bartlett's test confirmed the homogeneity of the variance of experimental errors in experiments from different regions. Therefore, a combined variance analysis was performed based on the AMMI model. The combined analysis of variance, based on the AMMI model, indicated the significance of the additive effects of the environment and genotype, as well as the multiplicative effect of genotype-environment interaction at the 1% probability level. Analyzing the interaction effects into principal components showed that the first four components were significant at the 1% probability level and explained 93.50% of the variations related to genotype-environment interaction. According to the AMMI1 biplot, hybrids 3 and 9 were recognized as the most stable genotypes due to having a sugar yield higher than the overall average and a low value of the first interaction component. According to the AMMI2 biplot, hybrid 3 and BTS 335 with the Miandoab environment, Lexia and 4 with the Mashhad environment, Lexia with the Hamedan environment, 14 and 15 with the Kermanshah environment, 13 and 17 with the Shiraz environment, 11 with the Karaj environment, and Baloo with the Khoi environment have considerable specific adaptability. Hybrid 9, followed by 6, 2, and 8, had general adaptability. The SIIG index, calculated based on AMMI model statistics, identified 2, 9, 10, and 8 as the most stable genotypes with optimal yield.Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the environment and its interaction with the genetic structure of different genotypes have played a significant role in the phenotypic expression of white sugar yield and have caused the genotypes to provide different responses in terms of white sugar yield according to the conditions of different environments. In general, based on the results of the present study, hybrid 9 and then hybrids 6, 2, 8, 7, and 10 had high white sugar yield and yield stability. Generally, real progress in sugar beet breeding will be obtained if the genetic factors controlling the sensitivity of sugar beet genotypes to a variable environment are identified.

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Research Paper - Tropical and Subtropical Fruits

Investigating the amount of nutritional elements in reproductive organs on the fruit set of tissue culture derived and offshoot date palm cv. Barhee

maryam boroujerdnia; Seyyed Samih Marashi; Hojat Dialami

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43140.2087

Abstract

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the important crops in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Today, plant tissue culture technology, as an important commercial method, ... Read More Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the important crops in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Today, plant tissue culture technology, as an important commercial method, provides the possibility of rapid reproduction of trees needed for the development of groves. Despite this, one of the main weaknesses of this method is the possibility of abnormal phenotypes such as delay in flowering, low levels of fruit set and formation of parthenocarp fruits. There is a difference between tissue culture date varieties in terms of the amount of abnormalities. In young tissue culture palm trees of Berhi cultivar, the amount of parthenocarp fruits reaches 59-86% and the yield of the date palm is greatly reduced. Therefore, identifying the causes of these abnormalities in tissue culture palms is very important.This study was conducted in order to investigate the changes in nutrient elements related to fruit setting in the pollination season on tissue culture derived date palms and derived from offshoot cv. Barhee in Date Palm and Tropical Fruit Research Center of Ahvaz city. At the beginning of spring season, palm trees were selected from each group of tissue culture and offshoot trees (10 years old). Sampling of flowers and fruits was done in the three stages of spath appearance, ripe spath and 2 weeks after pollination from three spathes. In the pollination stage, three spathes in each palm (1-2 days before natural opening) were pollinated with the same male pollen. Nitrogen, zinc, iron, magnesium, manganese, boron and potassium elements were measured in the flower or fruit samples collected from tissue culture and offshoot trees. In 5th week after pollination, fruit set percentage, parthenocarp fruits percentage and flower and fruit drop percentage were recorded. Also, cluster yield was measured at harvest time.The results showed that tissue culture derived plants had less fruit set (%) and more seedless fruits and drop (%) as compared to off shoot derived plants. Also, the fruit yield in the tissue culture plants was lower than off shoot derived plants. The levels of magnesium, manganese, boron, zinc and potassium in off shoot derived plants were higher than Tissue culture plants in most of the measured stages. By using multiple linear regression analysis and superior model selection, the amount of calcium and iron of flower and fruit had a negative relationship with the amount of fruit set and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese and boron had a positive relationship with it. The lack of nutritional elements in tissue culture plants in comparison to offshoot derived plants in different stages, especially pollination and fruit formation, may cause disturbances in the synthesis of carbohydrates, protein, and organic matter, so the growth and development of the plant and ultimately the amount reduce fruit yield. Therefore, optimal feeding of trees and foliar spraying with key elements such as boron, zinc, manganese and magnesium at different stages can be one of the effective ways to improve fruiting and achieve maximum yield and increase the quality of the fruit of these trees.

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Research Paper - Post Harvest Physiology

Postharvest sour cherry quality maintenance and improvement of antioxidant capacity by treatment with malic acid

mahla sanati; soheila mohammadrezakhani

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43467.2095

Abstract

IntroductionFruits are one of the most valuable garden products that play an important role in providing nutritional needs and human health. This group of agricultural products are ... Read More IntroductionFruits are one of the most valuable garden products that play an important role in providing nutritional needs and human health. This group of agricultural products are perishable due to high humidity, high respiration and transpiration, and most of them are destroyed in the post-harvest period. In this study, organic acids including malic acid with different concentrations were used to protect cell membranes, maintain quality and increase shelf life during the postharvest period in sour cherry fruits.Materials and Methods: Sour cherry fruits were treated with 0, 2 and 4% malic acid and stored at 1°C with 85% relative humidity for 16 days. Traits such as chilling injury, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, ion leakage, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase were measured. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the application of malic acid with both concentrations and at any time intervals from storage led to a reduction in chilling injury, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, ion leakage compared to control samples. On the other hand, in fruits treated with malic acid, antioxidant capacity and activity of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase have increased. Conclusion: The general results show that malic acid with a concentration of 4% at each time interval has favorable effects on improving the antioxidant activity of the sour cherry fruits during the storage period.IntroductionFruits are one of the most valuable garden products that play an important role in providing nutritional needs and human health. This group of agricultural products are perishable due to high humidity, high respiration and transpiration, and most of them are destroyed in the post-harvest period. In this study, organic acids including malic acid with different concentrations were used to protect cell membranes, maintain quality and increase shelf life during the postharvest period in sour cherry fruits.Materials and Methods: Sour cherry fruits were treated with 0, 2 and 4% malic acid and stored at 1°C with 85% relative humidity for 16 days. Traits such as chilling injury, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, ion leakage, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase were measured. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the application of malic acid with both concentrations and at any time intervals from storage led to a reduction in chilling injury, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, ion leakage compared to control samples. On the other hand, in fruits treated with malic acid, antioxidant capacity and activity of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase have increased. Conclusion: The general results show that malic acid with a concentration of 4% at each time interval has favorable effects on improving the antioxidant activity of the sour cherry fruits during the storage period.The general results show that malic acid with a concentration of 4% at each time interval has favorable effects on improving the antioxidant activity of the sour cherry fruits during the storage period.The general results show that malic acid with a concentration of 4% at each time interval has favorable effects on improving the antioxidant activity of the sour cherry fruits during the storage period.

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Research Paper - Agroecology

The effect of using of different levels of biological, chemical and manuare fertilizers on macro elements and some quantitative traits of forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica L.)

khosro Azizi; Fatemeh Fateminick; Soraya Ghasemi; Omidali Akbarpour

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43071.2084

Abstract

IntroductionThe forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) belongs to the Cactaceae family, which is a xerophyte plant with a rapid growth rate and is well adapted to arid climates. This ... Read More IntroductionThe forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) belongs to the Cactaceae family, which is a xerophyte plant with a rapid growth rate and is well adapted to arid climates. This cactus, which is also known as prickly pear or rocket cactus, although it produces high yields in fertile soils with sufficient water, but also produces significantly in poor soils with low water levels. Since nutrients such as nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and potassium are very important in the diet of livestock. In this experiment, the nutritional value of this plant was investigated by evaluating these elements in forage cactus. The importance of producing fodder plants and improving their quality under the influence of nitrogen and manure fertilizers, this research with a sustainable agriculture approach to investigate the effect of different proportions of organic and chemical fertilizers especially nitrogen and their interaction on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forage cactus were done.Materials and MethodsTo investigate the effect of using biological, chemical and manure fertilizers on Separate and integrated tests were carried out on some forage cactus traits during two cropping years (2019 and 2020). The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of these fertilizers on the percentage of nutrients and some quantitative characteristics of forage cactus in the form of a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications and the factors including biofertilizer treatments: MY1: use of mycorrhiza and MY0: no use of mycorrhiza and four levels of manure, respectively: M0: no use of manure, M1: use of 10 tons per hectare of manure, M2: use of 20 tons per hectare of manure, M3: use of 30 tons per hectare of manure and four levels of nitrogen chemical fertilizer (urea), respectively, including treatments N0: no use of urea, N1: use of 100 kilograms per hectare of urea, N2: use of 200 kilograms per hectare of urea, N3: use of 300 kilograms per hectare of urea and the treatment of not using mycorrhizal biofertilizer; Urea chemical fertilizer and manure were used as control treatments. The distance between rows was 50 cm and between rows was 50 cm. A distance of 1.5 meters between plots and 3 meters between repetitions was created to create an irrigation stream and a waste water outlet stream. The size of each plot was 6 square meters (4 × 1.5) with 4 crop lines and the plant density was 3.33 per square meter. The main pad for planting was prepared from a three-year base and was prepared and transferred from the research farm affiliated with ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas) in Mehran city, belonging to the Agricultural Research Center of Ilam province.The measured traits were as follows:Pad length, pad width, wet yield, dry yield, total pad number, nitrogen percentage, phosphorus percentage, potassium percentage and calcium percentage.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the highest fresh forage yield and dry forage yield were obtained in the treatment of combined use of M3N3 in comparison with the control treatment (no use of fertilizer) with the lowest amount. The mentioned treatment improved the fresh forage yield and dry forage yield by approximately 81.61% and 75%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The best results after this treatment are in the combined M3N2, M2N3 and M2N2 obtained. The traits of Ca percentage, P percentage, K percentage, N percentage, the total number of pad and the length and width of each pad showed favorable results in the integrated application of manure and nitrogen, and the integrated application of manure and chemical was significant on all the experimental traits.ConclusionThe results of this research showed that the effect of using mycorrhizal biofertilizer was effective only on the amount of phosphorus and on other measured traits. It was not significant and because no significant difference was observed between treatments using mycorrhiza and not using it; because the cactus plant is perennial, it is recommended that the study regarding the use of mycorrhizal fungi and the process of quantitative and qualitative changes of this plant be further investigated in multi-year and long-term supplementary experiments.

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The Most Suitable Method and Time of Ber Tree (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) Budding in Ahvaz

Aziz Torahi; Majid Alihori

Volume 34, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 81-86

Abstract

Ber (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) is one of the tropical and subtropical fruit trees that grow in different countries in Europe, America, Africa, Australia, and Asia including Iran. Ber ... Read More

Effects of harvest time and packing method on fruit quality and Cold-Storage duration of "Gorban Maragheh" apricot cultivar

M. Zarrinbal; A. Dabbagh Mohammadinasab; R. Rasouli Pirouzian

Volume 36, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 1-11

Abstract

Apricot because of its high respiration rate and rapid ripening process has short storage life and so should be marketed immediately after harvest. Harvesting of apricot in suitable ... Read More

Induction of Transgenic Hairy Roots in Medicinal Plant Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) by Agrobacterium Rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation

A Jalilian; A A; F N; S.Z H

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.12057

Abstract

Background and Objectives Opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the oldest known medicinal plants. Since the potential of medicinal components production in medicinal ... Read More Background and Objectives Opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the oldest known medicinal plants. Since the potential of medicinal components production in medicinal plants is very limited in natural conditions, plant tissue culture, as a new technology, has an important role in industrial production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Among different tissue culture systems, hairy root is very stable in hormone-free culture conditions and these roots stably produce secondary metabolites over a long period due to their inherent genetic and biochemical stability. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of some different parameters on optimization of hairy production in P. somniferum. Materials and methods In the present research, for the optimization of hairy root in papaver, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The factors included different Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (ATCC15834, A4 and GMI9534), medium (MS and ½ MS medium), two temperatures (17 and 25 °C) at co-cultivation period, and two different explants (excised shoot and hypocotyl). Different traits were evaluated including percentage of induced hairy roots, number of lateral branches/1cm, number of hairy root per explants and days after inoculation (DAI). Results Hairy roots were induced at the wound site of explants after weeks of culture. Analysis of the results showed that strain ATCC15834, ½ MS medium, temperature 25 °C and excised shoot explant were the best treatment combination for hairy roots induction in the poppy plant. Transformed hairy roots were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using rolB gene specific primers. Discussion All of the A. rhizogenes strains led to hairy root induction, but there were no hairy roots formed from control explants. Differences in virulence, morphology and growth rate can be partially explained by the variety of plasmids harbored by the A. rhizogenesis strains. In the present study, excised shoot explants were highly and significantly susceptible to infection by each strain of A. rhizogenes and hypocotyl explants showed low rate of hairy root induction.

Effect of Different Ploidy Levels on Pollen Grain Fertility, Seed Germination and Seedling Transplanting Ability of Eggplant

H. Kaveh; H. Neamati

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.18116.1350

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important crop with a wide range of fruit shapes and colors. Breeding programs in eggplant focus ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important crop with a wide range of fruit shapes and colors. Breeding programs in eggplant focus mainly on fruit quality. Production of commercial triploid cultivars and emission of seeds in fruits may increase acceptability by consumer and increase fruit quality. Induced tetraploidy and cross between di and tetraploid parental line is a conventional method used in different fruits and vegetables like watermelon. The current study aim to find how may induced tetraploidy affect pollen grain quality, its fertility, seed and transplant vigor in different eggplant cultivars. Materials and Methods Aiming to investigate autotetraploidy in four qultivars of Solanum melongena L., Keshtzar, Yalda, Chahboland and Passargad on fertility, number of days till fruit-set, germination rate and percentage and successful transplanting percentage, a survey was done in a completely randomized design. Tetraploid plants were derived from seed maceration/shoot tip treatment (0.5, 1 and 2 percent of colchicine). To ensure ploidy level, chromosome counting of root tips and flow-cytometry was done during the experiment. To quantify germination percentage and rate, 15 seeds of each cultivar in each ploidy level were placed in petri-dishes in three replications. The seeds of each ploidy form were sown in seedling trays and after seedling period, plugs were transplanted in field for evaluation of characteristics in different ploidy levels. Growth and development rate of plant in seedling stage observed since seeds were cultivated. As soon as hypocotyl appeared on the surface, they were counted. Then seedling emergence and rate were calculated. To test viability of pollen grains, they were stained using acetocarmen. In order to find best parental lines, 18 plants from each cultivar and in each ploidy level were cultivated in the greenhouse condition in three replications. Then all plants were crossed competley (direct and reciprocal). Di and tetraploid plants were tested to find out which one would be better as which parent. Results Number of days till fruit-set, characteristics of seed and seedling and growth rate in seedling stage were significantly (P≤5%) influenced by changes on levels of poloidy. Pollen grain staining with acetocarmine for evaluation of fertility percentage in pollen grains showed that with an increase in ploidy level, fertility may significantly increase (P≤5%). In an effort to triploid plant production, none of the crosses between di and tetraploid plant could bear fruit. Discussion With the overall results, despite slower growth, can be tetraploid plant, due to improved germination and seedling emergence, survival and reproductive capabilities, higher transplanting success in this category of plants, induced increase in the number of chromosomal bundles can be considered as a good way to create genetic variation and prepare parental lines with desirable traits for use in the breeding programs.

The Effect of Planting Date on Phonological Stages and Quantity Traits of Four Winter Rapeseed Cultivars in Yasouj

M.H F; A Y; M M; H B; H F

Volume 35, Issue 2 , September 2012, , Pages 99-113

Abstract

In order to study the effect of planting date on phonological stages and quantity traits of four cultivars of winter rapeseed, an experiment was carried out in 2008-2009 at the research ... Read More

Research Paper

Impact of intensive, sustainable and organic agriculture systems of grain yield and energy use efficiency in sesame, mung bean and corn crops

aram gorooei; amir aynehband; afraseyab rahnama

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2020

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32356.1871

Abstract

Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the ... Read More Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the patterns of energy consumption on agriculture will necessary. In addition, study of energy trend in environmental impact of agriculture activity (Baran and Gokdogan, 2017; Ozkan et al, 2004). Materials and methods: This study was conducted at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during the summer of 2018. Statistic design was split-plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main factor was agriculture production systems including: 1- intensive (all inputs including fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide were chemical). 2- Sustainable (management of this system farming was the combination of both the organic and intensive systems) 3- organic (In this system farming, all inputs were organic and biological, and haven't used chemical fertilizers and poisons, control of weeds were mechanical). the sup-plot was three crops including corn (cereal), mung bean (legume) and sesame (oil seed). In this research, all input and output energy equivalent was measured, also, energy efficiency indices were calculated. Results: Results showed that grain yield of all three crops including corn, mung bean and sesame was the highest in conventional and the lowest in organic system. lowest (1.18) and highest (3.69) energy efficiency was belonged to intensive sesame and organic corn, respectively. We have found that Highest (34396.34 MJha-1) and lowest (8247 MJ ha-1) input belonged to intensive corn and organic mung bean, respectively. Energy intensive corn had the Highest (59649) net energy index but this index in sesame was the highest level (7032) at organic production systems. On the other hand, organic corn yield was reduced almost 30 percent in compared with intensive corn yield. But in return, input energy organic corn than intensive corn was reduced almost 50 percent. In other words, in the production of organic corn, reducing input energy (denominator) was much more effective in determining energy efficiency than reducing output energy (numerator). This subject has made the production of organic corn has the most energy efficiency. Therefore, in organic corn reducing inputs has been more effective that output in determining energy efficiency index. The comparison of means was performed using SAS software with Duncan’s method. Conclusion: For agricultural evaluation of both different crop production systems and crops we should be consideration set of agro ecological indices according to both production history (energy use efficiency, net energy, energy productivity and special energy) and agronomic culture (human productivity, agrochemical energy and co2 emissions) in each agriculture region. Also, we must consider the combine of optimum level of both crop yield and energy status.

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Research Paper

The Effect of Heat Treatment and UV-C Radiation on Biochemical Compounds, Enzymatic Activity and Decay Rate of Thomson Novell orange fruit

Shohreh Zivdar; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Hossein Fereydoni; Hojjatollah Rabbani Nasab; Mohammad Hossein Razzaghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2022

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39210.2002

Abstract

IntroductionCitrus is one of the most important horticultural products that is mainly produced in the subtropical regions of the world. Citrus fruits are susceptible to a number of ... Read More IntroductionCitrus is one of the most important horticultural products that is mainly produced in the subtropical regions of the world. Citrus fruits are susceptible to a number of fungal diseases that cause significant losses in the citrus industry in the post harvest stage. Worldwide, diseases have been primarily controlled for many years by the application of conventional fungicides. However, human health risks and environmental contamination associated with chemical residues and the proliferation of resistant strains of the pathogens are major problems associated with the continuous and widespread use of conventional post harvest fungicides. Heat and UV radiation treatments are the most common physical means used to control post harvest diseases of fresh fruits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of UV-C radiation and Hot Air Flow (HAF) treatment on decay control and some biochemical properties in Thomson navel oranges at cold storage. Materials and MethodsIn this experiment, the effects of heat treatments (37 °C for 24 hours), UV radiation (7.92 kJ / m2) and combination treatment (HAF*UV) on the storage life of Thomson oranges were investigated. The statistical model of factorial experiment was in the form of a completely randomized design in which two factors of storage time and treatments were considered. After treatment, the fruits were stored at 5 ° C for 90 days during the storage period, the percentage of decay, fruit weight loss, and some biochemical properties and enzymatic activity were investigated. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS software and the mean data were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at a five percent probability level using MSTATC software.Results and discussion:In this study, the effect of UV-C radiation and hot air flow on the rate of decay, weight loss, biochemical characteristics and activity of a number of enzymes involved in the oxidation of Thomson Novel orange fruit was investigated.Treatments included control (no application of any treatment) radiation (UV-C radiation with an intensity of 7. 98 KJ m2), hot air (hot air 37 °C for 24 hours) and combination (UV-C + hot air) which in The four storage times of zero, 30, 60 and 90 days were examined in factorial format based on a completely randomized design. The results showed that radiation and heat treatment effectively reduced fruit rot . the lowest and highest percentage of cumulative rot was observed in the combined treatment with an average of 3.8% and the control treatment with an average of 12.7%, respectively.The control treatment and the combined treatment with the average of 5.68 and 2.94, respectively, had the highest and lowest fruit weight loss. During fruit storage, TSS, TA, TSS/TA and pH increased and TA decreased The amount of ascorbic acid in fruits treated with hot air flow with an average of 35.54 mg per 100 g of fresh material was higher than the control treatment with an average of 30.67 mg per 100 g of fresh material. Antioxidant activity increased at the beginning of the period, however, the treatments did not have a significant effect on inhibiting DPPH radical activity in fruit flesh The amount of total phenol, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity in fruit flesh under the influence of heat treatment, initially increased with the period, which the enzyme activity decreased with increasing storage time. According to the evaluated traits, heat and combination treatment succeeded in reducing the rate of rot and increasing the biochemical properties of the fruit during storage, so it can be considered as a suitable practical option.

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Research Paper - Olericulture

Improving growth, yield and quality characteristics of greenhouse tomato by using high density fish pond water

Amin Baji; Edris Shabani; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Mohamad Albaji

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43551.2098

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionIran ranks 11th in the world in tomato production, with more than 3 million tons produced. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will ... Read More AbstractIntroductionIran ranks 11th in the world in tomato production, with more than 3 million tons produced. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will be one of the challenges of the near future in the agricultural sector due to the drought problem in Iran. Reuse of fish waste in agriculture is one of the important dimensions of water resources planning. Recycling drainage water from aquaculture farms is one of the necessities because it is rich in substances that can be useful in agriculture. World population and food security is one of the most difficult challenges that most of the countries are facing, because the world population is increasing rapidly and will reach 9.6 billion people by 2050. In this situation, the food supply should increase by 70 to 100%. Considering these challenges, it is necessary to conduct applied research to make maximum use of effluents and wastewaters in the production of greenhouse products.Materials and methodsThe treatments of this experiment included 3 types of nutrient solutions (Resh nutrient solution, fish pond water and modified fish pond water) and 3 promising greenhouse tomato lines (AZ4, AZ5 and V4). The experimental design was factorial arranged in complete block design with 3 replications. At the end of the experiment, the plants were removed from the pot and the roots, leaves and stems were separated from each other. Their fresh and dry weight and the number of leaves were recorded separately for each treatment. To check yield indicators, ripe tomato fruits were harvested during the growth period, counted and weighed with a scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g. The firmness of the fruit tissue was measured by a firmness meter, and the pH and EC of the fruit extract were measured by a pH meter and an EC meter, respectively. The measurement of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll was done using a spectrophotometer in mature leaves developed according to the method suggested by Arnon (1967).Result and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that V4 and AZ4 cultivars had the highest stem and leaf weight compared to AZ5 cultivar. Also, the results showed that the Resh solution and modified pond water had the highest root dry weight (58 and 56 g, respectively) compared to the fish pond water treatment (47 g). The findings of this study showed that the use of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water compared to the treatment of fish pool water increased the number of leaves of tomato plants by 23.88% and 18.69%, respectively. It seems that irrigation with modified pool water and Resh solution increases the growth and development of the plant due to the increase in the level of nutrients. The highest amount of total chlorophyll was observed in the Resh solution and modified pool water with concentrations of 2.3 and 2.2 mg/g, respectively. The results of Silva et al (2021) showed that in irrigation with fish waste, greater availability of magnesium in plant tissue increases the content of chlorophyll b in leaves and increases plant chloroplast pigments. The highest total yield was observed in cultivar V4 and in the treatments of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water. The results showed that modified pool water had the highest EC of tomato extract (1.9 dS/m). Also, the results of the interaction effect of cultivar and nutrient solution showed that the highest fruit firmness was observed in Resh solution and fish pond water in V4 cultivar. Also, the lowest fruit firmness was observed fish pond water in AZ5 cultivar. It seems that, in the present study, the reduction of calcium absorption in fish pond water caused the reduction of firmness of tomato fruit (Kaab omeir et al., 2020).ConclusionIt seems that according to the above results, it is possible to use pool water with a high density of fish after modification and changes in the amounts of its nutrients in greenhouse tomato cultivation. Among the tested cultivars, the promising line V4 can be recommended for cultivation in the greenhouse for the use of modified fish pond water.

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Research Paper - Pomology

Investigating the effects of post-harvest application of nanocellulose/carvacrol composite coating on the physico-chemical characteristics of Physalis fruit with calyx

Leila Fereidoni; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Hassan mumivand; Mohamadrez Raji

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42926.2078

Abstract

IntroductionPhysalis (Physalis peruviana L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and Its fruit is berry, round and orange in color. This fruit is climacteric and after reaching physiological ... Read More IntroductionPhysalis (Physalis peruviana L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and Its fruit is berry, round and orange in color. This fruit is climacteric and after reaching physiological maturity, it can be harvested as a mature green. Since small fruits are consumed fresh and also because of their sensitivity to spoilage pathogens, physiological disorders. On the other hand, food safety is one of the important issues related to fresh fruits and vegetables. Most of the natural compounds are degradable and can be a safe compound for human health and the environment and an alternative to synthetic compounds. Research has shown that the incorporation of bioactive compounds such as essential oils, plant extracts and nanocomposite increases the active effect as a packaging for fruit and reduces the rate of fruit deterioration.Materials and MethodsThis research was done in the laboratory of Lorestan university (Khorramabad, 33° 26 ´N latitude and 48 °15´E longitude and at an altitude of 1148 meters above sea level). In this study, physalis fruits from Khorramabad research greenhouse, nanocellulose gel extracted from Bergan conifer pulp from Nano Novin Polymer Company, pure carvacrol by GC/MS analysis from Khorrman Pharmaceutical Company and the combination of nanocellulose with carvacrol, in The laboratory was prepared. The experiment was conducted as a factorial with two factors in the form of a complete random design with 4 replications. The first factor is the type of material in specific concentrations at nine levels (Control, Car 0.3%, Car 0.6%, CNF 0.5%, CNF 1.5%, Car 0.3+CNF 0.5%, Car 0.6+CNF 0.5%, Car 0.3+CNF 1.5%, Car 0.6+CNF 1.5% and the second factor of storage time at four levels (0, 45, 90 and 135 days). First, physalis fruits were washed with distilled water, and then the excess leaves and damaged fruits were separated. The fruits were placed in the desired suspension for 2-3 minutes. After applying the treatment, the fruits were placed in a refrigerator with a temperature of 4 degrees and a relative humidity of 90%.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the treated fruits with nanocellulose and carvacrol showed less weight loss and had higher tissue firmness. Examining the biochemical characteristics also showed the positive effect of the treatments on the desired parameters, so that the most TA and vitamin C and the least amount of acidity were obtained in the nanocellulose and nanocellulose/carvacrol combination treatments. Also, the treatments used reduced the TSS and the fruit TSS/TA, and the combined treatments had the lowest values. By creating a layer on the surface of the fruit, nanocellulose coating prevents water evaporation and reduces metabolic and respiration processes. The amount of fruit softening is directly related to the amount of decomposition of pectin compounds through the enzyme activity of methylesterase and polygalactronase during ripening. The used coatings form a thin layer on the surface of the fruit, which can reduce gas exchange and the rate of respiration. Nanocellulose/carvacrol composite coatings lead to an increase in the activity of cytochrome oxidase by reducing internal oxygen and this enzyme increases the rate of ascorbic acid decomposition. ConclusionIn general, the results of the research showed that the investigated characteristics of physalis fruit were influenced by the treatments used. As treated samples, weight loss was less, acidity, soluble solids and taste index were lower, tissue firmness, titratable acids and vitamin C were higher. According to the general results, it can be stated that the application of nanocellulose/carvacrol composite treatments, especially the Car 0.6+CNF 1.5% treatment, showed more favorable results than the application of each one alone in most features.

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Research Paper - Tissue Culture

Production of triploid plants of Mooseer (Allium. hirtifolium) through endosperm culture

amin jahanian; alireza motallebiazar; jaber panahandeh; Mohamad reza Dadpour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43507.2096

Abstract

Introduction:The endosperm (3n) is the food source for the embryo, which has received two polar nuclei from the maternal parent 2n and one sperm cell from the paternal parent 1n. Traditionally, ... Read More Introduction:The endosperm (3n) is the food source for the embryo, which has received two polar nuclei from the maternal parent 2n and one sperm cell from the paternal parent 1n. Traditionally, triploid plants are created by crossing between tetraploid plants and diploid plants. To carry out this method, it is necessary to create tetraploid lines, and it is possible to double the chromosomes of diploid species by using substances that inhibit the formation of the division spindle. The advantage of endosperm culture over the traditional method is that the production of triploid plants in endosperm culture is done in a single step, and the time required to generate a triploid plant is less than in the traditional method. Increasing the level of ploidy of the nucleus can affect the plant's physiological and biochemical processes as well as altering the rate of photosynthesis, respiration, activity of genes, enzymes, and expression of isoenzymes compared with diploid types. They will have a new phenotype and can surpass the range of traits of their diploid ancestors such as increasing biomass and changing the quality and concentration of plant active ingredients, increasing resistance to drought stress, and resistance to pests. Therefore, the chance of their selection will increase.Materials and methods:Immature seeds were collected in late May, about 35 to 45 days after pollination, and mature seeds were harvested after fully ripening approximately in late July, and disinfection using a stereomicroscope with 60 times magnification under a laminar hood. The endosperm tissue was separated from the seed coat and embryo. In this study, mature and immature endosperm tissues of the Mooseer plant were cultured onto hormonal compounds for callus induction in dark conditions for three months. In further experiments, the effects of sucrose were investigated at two levels of 30 and 50 gl-1 and the combination of BAP and NAA treatments on Mooseer production. The flow cytometry method and chromosome counting were used to determine the ploidy levels of regenerated plants.Results:In this study, the treatment of 1 mg L-1 of NAA and 1 mg L-1 of BAP indicated the highest percentage of callus formation in both mature and immature tissues of Mooseer endosperm. Seedlings produced in the treatment of 0.5 mg L-1 of NAA and 3 mg L-1 of BAP in culture medium with 50 g of sucrose caused the production of bulblet with greater length and diameter. The present study identified the cytogenetic properties, chromosome counts, and stomatal sizes of triploid plants regenerated from both mature and immature endosperm tissue of Mooseer, using flow cytometry. A total of 12 triploid seedlings were obtained from mature tissue, while 8 seedlings were obtained from immature tissue.Conclusion:Traditionally, triploids are produced by hybridization between induced superior tetraploids anddiploids, but endosperm culture is a one-step protocol. In this study, according to the sexual and asexual propagation (propagation through daughter bulbs) of Mooseer, the modification and production of the triploid plants in Mooseer allow the propagation of this plant through daughter bulbs. Generally, triploid plants were successfully produced through the endosperm culture method.

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Research Paper

The effect of manure and humic acid fertilizer on ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) under salinity stress

Mahboobeh Sardar; Mohammad Ali Behdani; Seyd vahid Eslami; Gholam Reza Zamani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42864.2075

Abstract

Introduction: Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, ... Read More Introduction: Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, it threatens cotton production in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, it is possible to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress through application of organic fertilizers (manure and humic acid). In addition, Organic inputs can guarantee both agricultural production and nature conservation. The current approach is to employ the organic compounds like manure and humic acid (that are cost-effective and eco-friendly) as an appropriate substitute for chemical fertilizers. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out to assess the effect of manure and humic acid application on some elements accumulation and ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) (cotton leaves) under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in the 2019-2020 cropping year in Beshravieh city in South Khorasan. The main plot included different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m-1) and sub-plots consisted of a factorial combination of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/ 100 kg of seeds as priming). In order to measure the concentration of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) elements, it was done using a film photometer and chlorine concentration based on the method provided by Johnson and Ulrich (1995). In order to assess the cotton yield, the yield of two consecutive harvests were added together and was considered as the seed cotton yield of each experimental unit. Results and Discussion: The results of the present study illustrated that the salinity stress increased the concentration of Na+, and Cl- on cotton leaves and consequently decreased K+ concentration. The increase of salinity stress from 2.5 to 5.5 and 8.5 dS/m caused a significant concentration in yield. Manure application treatment increased Na+ (13.45%), K+ (2.67%), Cl- (18.30%) concentration in the plant leaves and seed cotton yield (13/90 %) compared to the no use of manure. Humic acid application treatment decreased Na+ (3.08%), Cl- (9.78%) concentration and increased K+ concentration (4.17%) and cotton yield (9/15 %) and improved the growth conditions compared to the treatment of no use of humic acid. The application of manure (before planting) and humic acid (as priming treatment) increased the seed cotton yield by improving the accumulation of beneficial elements in the leaves under salinity stress conditions. Conclusion: Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the application of manure and humic acid (priming) moderated the negative effects of salinity stress on plant yield. In addition, manure and humic acid can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and salinity stress in hot and dry climates. Therefore, manure and humic acid (organic fertilizers) are recommended to be applied under (environmental stresses) salinity stress conditions to mitigate the effects of salt stress and obtain a greater higher yield.

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