Plant Productions - Articles List

Research Paper

Investigation of the Growth and Physiological Reactions of Kochia Plant to Simultaneous Stress of Salinity and Cadmium

Mohadeseh Shamsaddin Saied; Nasibeh Pourghasemian

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, Pages 459-474

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36646.1967

Abstract

IntroductionNowadayes, due to the increasing use of phosphorus fertilizers in agricultural lands, the salinity of the soil ,along with contamination with heavy elements such as cadmium, ... Read More IntroductionNowadayes, due to the increasing use of phosphorus fertilizers in agricultural lands, the salinity of the soil ,along with contamination with heavy elements such as cadmium, has increased sharply. Plants' response to a particular stress is different from when they experience multiple stresses simultaneously. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the simultaneous effect of salinity and cadmium stresses on morphological and physiological characteristics of Kochia. Materials and MethodsFor this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in the educational-research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Valiasr University of Rafsanjan in 1397/2019. Experimental factors included four different levels of salinity stress (0, 6, 12 and 18 dS/m) and cadmium concentration in soil (0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil). The studied traits included dry weight of branches, stems and leaves, RWC, concentration of chlorophyll a, b and a + b, enzymes activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, the concentration of cadmium, iron, zinc, manganese, calcium and magnesium. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that due to increasing salinity to 18 dS/m the dry weight of branches, leaf and stem dry weight and leaf area, RWC, concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids decreased by 56.8, 48.01, 50, 46.09, 21, 53.76, 56.91, 53.75 and 51.21 percent, respectively. By increasing the cadmium concentration to 10 mg/L, the dry weight of lateral branches, leaves, stems and leaf area decreased by 24.32, 31.89, 28.45 and 41.24%, respectively, but the concentration of leaf cadmium compared to the control treatment 1.7 times increased. The activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase enzymes in treatment of 18 dS/m salinity alongside with 10 mg/L cadmium were 1.83, 1.4 and 4.7 times higher than the control treatment, respectively. Leaf iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased by 73.07%, 51.51, 51.8%, 0.17 and 0.26% with increasing salinity stress to 18 dS/m, respectively, and with increasing cadmium concentration to 10 mg/L increased iron concentration by 37.32% and zinc and magnesium concentrations decreased by 28.70 and 0.12%, respectively. The highest dry matter of Koshia in salinity and cadmium stress treatments belonged to the control treatment and the lowest dry matter were obtained from 18 dS / m salinity and 10 mg / kg cadmium in soil. ConclusionThe results of the present study revealed that in Kochia in the presence of cadmium stress, the concentration of cadmium in the leaves and shoots increased and this indicates the potential of this plant for phytoremediation (removal of heavy metals by the plant) from saline soils contaminated with cadmium. Kochia's proper performance in high cadmium accumulation appears to be due to the detoxification of cadmium in cells. The presence of salinity along with cadmium increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which is probably one of the plant's solutions to stress. Decreased nutrients due to increased cadmium and salinity stress can be a reason for reduced yield and lead researchers to the direction that in the face of these stresses, nutrients can be used as fertilizer so that the plant does not suffer from nutrient deficiencies.

Research Paper

Evaluation of Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Response to Different Irrigation Regimes and Spraying of Zn and Mn Nano-Fertilizers

Majid Ghanbari; Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli; Kamran Mansour Ghanaei-Pashaki; Parniyan Talebi-Siah Saran

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, Pages 475-488

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33041.1886

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual plant belonging to the genus Helianthus and Astraceae (Kazi et al., 2002). Among abiotic stresses, drought stress is ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual plant belonging to the genus Helianthus and Astraceae (Kazi et al., 2002). Among abiotic stresses, drought stress is considered to be the most influential type of stress in the production of oil seeds in the world and can greatly reduce production on many arable lands. One of the primary effects of drought is the reduction of water content of plant tissues (Ghanbari et al., 2016). Nutrient spraying is one of the common methods of supplying nutrients to higher plants, whose efficiency is greater than soil fertilizer use when soil conditions are poor (Hay and Porter, 2006). Mn, as an activating factor in many enzymes, especially the enzymes involved in photosynthetic processes in plants. Manganese deficiency reduces growth, causing necrosis, and early fall of leaves (Tewari et al., 2005). Zn acts as part of the enzyme structure or as a cofactor. It is used to make RNA, DNA metabolism of carbohydrates, oils and proteins (Shahrokhi et al., 2012). To investigate the effect of Zn Nano-fertilizer in combination with Mn Nano-fertilizer on improving sunflower resistance under water deficit conditions by measuring changes in yield, yield components and biochemical properties of sunflower were studied here to see the reults Materials and MethodsThis research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Lahijan Agricultural Jihad Research Farm in 2019. Factorial combinations of four treatments of water deficit stress (15% (un-stressed control), 30% (mild stress), 45% (moderate stress) and 60% (severe stress) of FC depletion) and four spraying (Control (distilled water), Zn, Mn and Zn+Mn Nano-fertilizer) with 4 mg.l-1 concentration were examined. Drip irrigation (T-tape) applied the row length in each experimental plot was 6 m, 50 cm apart. The distance between the plots and between the repetitions was 1 and 3.5 m, respectively. Results and DiscussionThe results revealed that the interaction between irrigation regime and spraying was significant in harvest index, peroxidase, seed protein, seed oil and oil yield; in other traits the main effects were significant. Co-application of Zn and Mn Nano-chelates in panicle and stem diameter, grain yield, photosynthesis rate and protein yield increased by 26.69, 29.77, 34.37, 61.30 and 57.17%, respectively. Spraying of zinc and manganese nano-chelates also improved grain yield and protein yield by 17.86 and 36.68%, respectively, under severe stress conditions. ConclusionIn general, it can be concluded that the application of Zn and Mn Nano-fertilizers is effective in increasing grain yield, protein and oil yield and photosynthesis under stress conditions and it is very effective in resistance to sunflower plant by reducing the activity of stress enzymes and reducing severe yield loss. Finally, co-application of zinc and manganese Nano-fertilizers depending on the stress areas is recommended for optimal performance under drought stress condition.

Research Paper

Yield Stability Analysis of Advanced Spring Wheat Genotypes under Non-Stress and Drought Stress Conditions

Davood daiyoulhagh; Varahram Rashidi; Saeed Aharizad; Farhad Farahvash; Bahram Mershekari

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, Pages 489-502

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33143.1889

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first most important cereal crop in the world. Drought, among abiotic stresses, is known as the most complicated, devastating ... Read More AbstractIntroductionWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first most important cereal crop in the world. Drought, among abiotic stresses, is known as the most complicated, devastating factor against wheat production. Although drought impedes wheat yield at all growth stages, its negative impacts are more critical during the flowering and grain-filling phases (terminal drought) and result in substantial yield losses. A prolonged and severe drought will result in a significant decrease in the production of crop and serious issues of food supply and food security. Given the growing population in developing countries such as Iran, and the economic and political importance of producing this cereal, a serious examination at its production and breeding is warranted. Materials and MethodsIn order to study yield stability analysis of advanced spring wheat genotypes under non-stress and drought stress conditions (stop irrigation in the stage of the emergence of 50% inflorescence of each experimental unit), 28 genotypes were evaluated in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 cropping years in two separate experiments with a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz. Results and DiscussionCombined analysis of variance under two conditions in two crop years revealed a statistically significant difference between studied genotypes for all traits (P<0.01). Genotype × condition interaction was significant for seed yield, number of seeds in spike, plant height, harvest index in 5% probability level and 1000 seed weight and biomass in 1% probability level. The results of the present study showed that the studied genotypes had different reactions under different environmental conditions for these traits. Based on the results obtained from parametric method which includes environmental variance and environmental coefficient of variation genotypes Karim, Gabos, Zagros, Aftab, URBWYT-94-3, URBWYT-94-9, URBWYT-94-7 and URBWYT-94-2،; in Wricke's Ecovalence genotypes Morvarid, Arta, Gonbad, Roshan, ERWYT-94-8 and URBWYT-94-10; in average rating genotypes Darya, Aftab, ERWYT-94-7, URBWYT-94-10, URBWYT-94-2 and URBWYT-94-4; in standard deviation of rank genotypes Morvarid, Gonbad, Superhead, Arta, Roshan and URBWYT-94-10 known as stable genotypes. Based on non-parametric method of Ketata et al. genotypes Roshan, URBWYT-94-10، ERWYT-94-8 and ERWYT-94-7 known as the stable and high yields genotypes. Overall, the genotypes Karim, Aftab, Roshan, URBWYT-94-7، URBWYT-94-9، URBWYT-94-10 and URBWYT-94-2 introduced as the stable and high yields genotypes. The findings of the study revealed that the results of environmental variance statistics and coefficients of environmental variation are similar, indicating a common trait between them. In other words, the genotypes that were known as sustainable genotypes based on environmental variance stability statistics are exactly those genotypes that were identified as sustainable genotypes based on environmental stability coefficient statistics. ConclusionAs regards the genotypes that were known as sustainable genotypes based on environmental variance stability statistics are exactly those genotypes that were identified as sustainable genotypes based on environmental stability coefficient statistics Therefore, it can be argued that environmental variance stability statistics and environmental stability coefficient statistics are the best indicators in the identification of the stable genotypes in terms of yield.

Research Paper

The Effects of Additives on the Efficacy of Herbicides of Othello, Topik+ Granstar, Total and Apirus in Controlling Wild Oat and Charlock Mustard as Dominant Weeds of Wheat

Abbas Rahpeyma; Mehdi Madandoust

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, Pages 503-514

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33688.1913

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionAdding an adjuvant facilitates the uptake of herbicides through the aerial parts of plants and reduces the selective state of the herbicide. If the amount of adjuvants ... Read More AbstractIntroductionAdding an adjuvant facilitates the uptake of herbicides through the aerial parts of plants and reduces the selective state of the herbicide. If the amount of adjuvants is more than the amount needed to moisturize the surface of the plants, the penetration of herbicides will increase. The experiment reported here was conducted to determine the best additives on increasing the effectiveness of herbicides in controlling wheat weeds. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm in Fasa (28° 56' N, 53°38′E) during 2017-2018. The factors consisted of herbicides in four levels of Mesosulfuron+ Iodosulfuron+ Diflufenican (Othello), Clodinafop Propargyl (Topik)+ Tribenuron–Methyl (Granstar), Sulfosulfuron+ Metsulfuron Methyl (Total) and Sulfosulfuron (Apirus) in recommended doses and type of additives in 4 levels, Ammonium Sulfate 2%, soybean oil 1.25%, cleaner liquid as surfactant Anionic 0.5% and without additive as control. Wheat seeds of Chamran cultivar with vigour of 98% at rate of 150 kg.ha-1 were planted in rows of 10 cm. The dimensions of each experimental plot were 2´4 m. Herbicide application time was also in the wheat tillering and 2-4 leaf weeding stages. The experimental sprayer was used with a manual pump, having a nozzle with a spray angle of 30 degrees, a constant pressure of 50 psi and a spray height of 20 inches (50 cm) calibrated for spraying. Characteristics such as dry weight of narrow weeds included wild oat (dominant weed) along with canary grass and Ryegrass, broad-leaf weeds including charlock mustard (dominant weed) along with fumitories were measured. Number of spikes per square meter, number of seeds per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and wheat harvest index were measured too. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that among the additives used, 2% Ammonium Sulfate had the greatest effect on reducing the dry weight of weeds, narrow-leaf (34.05%) and broad-leaf (31.57%) weeds. The herbicides Othello, Topik+ Granstar and Total had performed well on wheat grain yield, but did not result in significant differences. The combination of additives with herbicides compared to no adjuvant control increased grain yield (on average, 607.73 kg.ha-1). Finally, Othello herbicide was identified as the best treatment for this test due to its consumption of 2% Ammonium Sulfate additive. The effect of herbicides application of Othello, Topik+ Granstar and Total on grain yield can be due to their effect on decrease of weed dry weight. The results indicate that Ammonium Sulfate 2% increased the uptake of herbicides ,accordingly it increases the effectiveness of herbicides in weed control and grain yield increase. ConclusionCombining each of the adjuvants with herbicides increased the grain yield of wheat. Among the additives, Ammonium Sulfate was the most effective. 2% Ammonium Sulfate with an average yield of 6203 kg.ha‑1 showed the highest effect. The results of the means revealed that the herbicides Apirus, Othello and Total had the greatest effect on increasing wheat grain.

Research Paper

Estimating Breeding Value of Pomological Traits in Grape Cultivars Based on REMAP Molecular Markers

Mitra Razi; Reza Darvishzadeh; Hamed Doulati Baneh; Mohammad Esmaeil Amiri; Pedro Martinez-Gomez

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, Pages 515-530

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.34003.1925

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important goals of grapes breeding is to obtain seedless grapes with large berries and good taste. In order to achieve table and raisin grape varieties ... Read More AbstractIntroductionOne of the most important goals of grapes breeding is to obtain seedless grapes with large berries and good taste. In order to achieve table and raisin grape varieties with good quality, desirable taste and larger berries with various colors, it is necessary to estimate the breeding value of the desired traits. In this study, breeding values of fourteen characters in 45 grape cultivars were predicted using the best linear prediction (BLUP) pediction. The purpose of the study was to estimate the breeding value of the grape cultivars and to identify the superior cultivars. The results of this study can be of great help to breeders in selecting cultivars with favorable market traits and cultivars with better yield. Materials and MethodsIn this study, 45 grape cultivars in the collection of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azerbaijan Province were used. From each of the cultivars in the first year of research, ten 14-year-old plants were selected and TSS, pH, TA, berry weight, flesh weight, single seed weight, seed number, juice volume, pollen germination, cluster length, cluster width, cluster weight, fruit set in open and under controlled pollination were investigated. The characteristics were measured for three consecutive years. Results and DiscussionBased on the results, considering the sum of the breeding values of all the studied traits, Agh Shani, Taifi, Qzl Ouzum, Lal Qermez, Tabarze Qermez, Garmian, Rishbaba Qermez and Qara Shani cultivars had the highest rank. Among the studied seedless cultivars, Rejin cultivar had the highest breeding value in terms of single seed weight, and Keshmeshi Sefid cultivar in terms of seed number. Among the seeded cultivars, Shirazi cultivar showed the highest breeding value in terms of single seed weight and Qara Shani cultivar in terms of seed number. Garmian, Rishbaba Qermez, Keshmeshi Qermez, Tabarze Qermez, Agh Shani and shirazi had positive breeding value for pollen germination, fruit set in open pollination and fruit set under controlled pollination. Sarghola, Gazandaii and Qzl Ouzum cultivars had the high and positive breeding value for berry weight and fresh weight. Lal Qermez, Rishbaba Qermez and Tabarze Qermez cultivars had high and positive breeding value for cluster weight, cluster width and cluster weight. Genotypes with the highest breeding value had the highest ability to transfer their traits to offspring. Therefore, they can be used as a desirable parent to modify these traits in crop breeding programs. ConclusionIn this study, breeding values of fourteen characters including total soluble solids, titratable acidity, berry weight, flesh weight, single seed weight, seed number, juice volume, fruit set in open pollination, pollen germination, cluster length, cluster width, cluster weight, fruit set under controlled pollination in 45 grape cultivars were predicted using the best linear prediction (BLUP) prediction. Studied cultivars showed different breeding values for the studied traits. Genotypes with the highest breeding value can be used as a desirable parent to modify these traits in grape breeding programs as these genotypes have the highest ability to transfer their traits to offspring.

Research Paper

Response of Different Tomato Varieties to the Replacement of Chemical Toxins Controlling Tomato Fruit Borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) by Some Endogenous Plant Compounds

Zahra Qalebi; Mohammad Modarresi; Fariba Sohrabi; Dariush Saberi; Mohammad Hedayat

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, Pages 531-544

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34980.1940

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionPests and their controlling pesticides are among the most serious threats to the health of agricultural products. The present study was aimed to investigate ... Read More AbstractIntroductionPests and their controlling pesticides are among the most serious threats to the health of agricultural products. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of variety and the possibility of replacing chemical pesticides controlling fruit borer with some compounds of natural origin for plant traits improvement and damage reduction of tomato fruit borer. Factorial experiment was done in the template of randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Materials and MethodsFactors included 9 levels of pest control compounds and 5 varieties (PA-136, PA-162, PA-135, PA-688 and PA-483). Compounds involved Salicylic acid (5 and 15 mM), Jasmonic acid (50 and 100 μM), two pesticides, Abamectin (750 and 1500 mg/L), Chlorpyrifos (1250 and 2500 mg/L) and control. Measured traits involved morphological traits (fruit yield, fruit weigh, numbers of fruit per cluster, plant height and chlorophyll index), phonological traits (days to flowering and days to physiological maturation), phytochemical traits (TA, TSS, and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)) and relative properties to evaluating resistance to fruit borer (the percentage of leaf and fruit damage). Results and DiscussionSignificant variation was observed between varieties. The maximum fruit yield per plant was related to PA-136 variety with applications of two-levels of Chlorpyrifos and Jasmonic acid, PA-162 variety with application of first level of Abamactin, second level of Salicylic acid and PA-135 and PA-688 varieties with the second level of Chlorpyrifos. The highest significant positive correlation with yield related to single fruit weight (r=0.48**) and the highest significant negative correlation were related to days to flowering (r= -0.52**). In stepwise regression analysis of single plant yield as a dependent variable, three traits including days to flowering, single fruit weight, and a percentage of pest damage on leaf (as the most important traits) were incorporated in the regression model that totally explained 49% of variations. Path analysis results indicated that the highest positive direct effect (0.42) was related to single fruit weight, and the highest indirect effects (-0.047) had to do with this trait via days to flowering. The first four components were chosen in principal component analysis, explaining totally 62.5% of phenotypes variation. ConclusionReducing pest damage on leaf and fruit in applying Salicylic acid and Jasmonic acid is suitable and resulted in the same level of chemical control use.Thus, findings may be used in the design of breeding programs for plant trait improvement and integrated pest management of tomato fruit borer.

Research Paper

Effect of Drought Stress on Photosynthetic Parameters, Yield and Yield Components of Tropical Alfalfa Genotypes

Ahmad Ali Shoushi Dezfuli; Mohammad khorramian; Ali Assareh

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, Pages 545-558

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.35110.1942

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionWater resources limitation and plant stress due to water shortage is one of the important and common environmental stresses in agricultural production, including ... Read More AbstractIntroductionWater resources limitation and plant stress due to water shortage is one of the important and common environmental stresses in agricultural production, including forage production in hot and dry areas. Therefore, the selection and development of drought-tolerant cultivars are very important. In irrigated lands of Iran, the average of irrigation efficiency is 37% and water productivity is 0.8 kg per cubic meters, which is lower than the world average. For increasing water efficiency, maintaining the production capacity and creating sustainable agriculture, it is necessary to identify the effective factors on the reduction of irrigation water productivity and provide an appropriate solution. In arid regions such as Khuzestan province, by using both a proper irrigation program and irrigation levels below the water requirement, obtaining an acceptable yield of alfalfa could be expected. In order to achieve these objectives, determination of the irrigation water productivity of tropical alfalfa cultivars and their drought tolerance under different irrigation regimes were the main aims of this study. Materials and MethodsFor evaluating tropical alfalfa genotypes under different drought stresses, an experiment was carried out based on split plots design with three replications in Safiabad Agricultural Research Center, Dezful, Iran, during 2019-2020. The main factor was four levels of irrigation (25, 50, 75 and 100% of water requirement) and the second factor was five alfalfa cultivars (Baghdadi, Nikshahri, Yazdi, Mesasirsa, and Omid). In this experiments, plant characteristics including dry and wet forage yield, percentage of dry forage, leaf to stem weight ratio, chlorophyll index (SPAD), electrolyte leakage from the leaf cell membrane (EL), relative leaf water content (RWC), and Maximum quantum yield in the dark-adapted conditions (ΦPSɪɪ) were determined. Results and DiscussionThe results revealed that by applying drought stress, wet and dry forage yields, RWC, and ΦPSɪɪ decreased but the percentage of dry forage, leaf to stem weight ratio, EL, and SPAD increased. Among the studied genotypes, the Baghdadi genotype had the highest dry forage yield in all situations; non-stress conditions (16.9 t/ha), mild drought stress (15.094 t/ha), moderate drought stress (9.58 t/ha) and severe drought stress (4.664 t/ha). The Yazdi genotype had the lowest dry forage yield; 9.9, 9.7, 5.7 and 3.6 t/ha for non-stress, mild, moderate, and severe drought stresses conditions, respectively. In our experiment, the Baghdadi genotype showed a high-stress tolerance index (STI) and we highly recommend planting it in the north of Khuzestan province, but the Yazdi alfalfa genotype despite low dry forage yield under both non-stress and drought stress conditions is not recommended due to low production. We suggest using Yazdi genotype in eugenic plans due to high yield stability index (YSI) under drought stress conditions and having some favorable physiological and photosynthetic parameters associated with drought stress tolerance. ConclusionIn this study, Baghdadi alfalfa cultivar was identified as a desirable cultivar in tropical regions of Iran such as Khuzestan. Yazdi alfalfa cultivar had favorable physiological and photosynthetic components. Thus, it can be used as a favorable parent in breeding programs such as synthetic alfalfa production (through the transfer of genes associated with drought stress tolerance).

Research Paper

Effect of Gamma Amino Butyric Acid on Morpho-Physiological Traits and Seed Yield of Quinoa under Salinity Stress

Abdol-Amir Hatami; Roghaye Aminian; Sudabeh Mafakheri; Morteza Soleimani Aghdam

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, Pages 559-572

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.35988.1960

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSalinity and accumulation of salts in the soil are among the most important non-biological stresses that limit agricultural production in arid and semi-arid ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSalinity and accumulation of salts in the soil are among the most important non-biological stresses that limit agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. To minimize the effects of stress foliar application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can make a differencw. Therefore, due to the adverse effects of salinity stress on the growth and yield of many plants, including quinoa, it is necessary to use methods to increase plant resistance to improve growth, production, and crop yield. The present study was conducted to study the effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on reducing the effects of salinity stress and improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of quinoa. Materials and MethodsTwo-factor factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications, was conducted during 2018-2019 in the research greenhouse of Imam Khomeini International University in Qazvin, Iran. The experimental factors included salinity of irrigation water at three levels (0, 8 and 16 dS / m sodium chloride) and GABA at five levels (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mM). Quinoa seeds were obtained from the Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. After seedling establishment in the four-leaf stage, salinity was applied by adding sodium chloride to irrigation water. Some morphological and physiological traits such as main stem diameter, number of spikes per plant, grain yield, 1000-seed weight, harvest index; SPAD, leaf relative water content, leaf water loss and membrane stability percentage were also measured. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that salinity had a reducing and significant effect on plant growth and development indices. Application of gamma-amino butyric acid improved the traits of SPAD, plant height, stem length, number of spikes, and harvest index. Therefore, foliar application of GABA under salinity stress conditions is recommended as a compatible osmolyte that reduces salinity damage in quinoa. The salinity × GABA interaction was significant for all traits except relative water loss, SPAD index, plant height and number of spikes per plant. At salinity of 16 dS / m, the best GABA treatment increased the leaf relative water content (10%), membrane stability index (29%), stem diameter (11%), 1000-seed weight (37%), grain yield (36 %), plant dry weight (70%), potassium content (58%), potassium to sodium ratio (168%) and decrease in sodium content (117%) compared to non-use of GABA conditions. The maximum leaf SPAD index (39.88), the highest plant height (55.15 cm), and the highest number of spikes per plant (15.03) were obtained in plants treated with 10 mM GABA. ConclusionQuinoa is a plant with very high nutritional value that can be an important part of our diet in a near future. The results of this study revealed that although this plant has a high resistance to salinity, increasing the salinity of irrigation water may cause a significant reduction in its growth and development. On the other hand, the use of GABA as a natural factor that improves plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, proved influential to greatly compensate for the damage caused by saline water and significantly increased the resistance of quinoa to salinity.

Research Paper

Investigating the Effect of Plant Density on Biochemical Characteristics and Essential Oil in Wild Thyme (Thymbra spicata L.)

Fatemeh MalekMaleki; Nosrat Abbasi; Ebrahim Sharifi Ashourabadi; Mohammad Javad Zare; Mehrshad Barary

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, Pages 573-586

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30250.1789

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionAmong all major genera and species in the mint family, different types of organic compounds or metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ... Read More AbstractIntroductionAmong all major genera and species in the mint family, different types of organic compounds or metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ascorbates, and carotenoids with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects are produced by means of metabolic processes. Research studies in this field have established that planting distance can have a significant effect on essential oil yield as well as the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The main purpose of spacing between plants is also to provide a suitable mix of environmental factors (i.e. water, climate, light, and soil) to achieve optimum quality performance. Materials and MethodsThe present study was conducted using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Ilam University Research Farm, Iran, during 2016-2017. Planting density treatments at three levels (i.e., 20, 14, and 10 plants per m2) were determined based on changes in plant spacing on rows (i.e., three distances of 20, 30, and 45 cm). Two ecotypes were accordingly included: Malekshahi and Sumar. The characteristics measured were photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a/b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), total phenol and flavonoid content, anthocyanin, as well as essential oil content and yield. Results and DiscussionThe results of this experiment revealed that the amount of antioxidant compound, photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophyll a/b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), anthocyanin, and essential oil yield had been significantly affected by ecotype and plant density. Therefore, the highest amounts of total phenol (91.64 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (5.20 mg QUE/ g DW) were observed at 20 and 30 cm row spacing. Total phenol and flavonoid also decreased by 7.2% and 12% as plant density was reduced. Moreover, row spacing of 30 cm increased the amount of chlorophyll a/b by 14 to 16% and carotenoid by 10%. The highest amount of anthocyanin (2.5 μg/g FW) was noticed at 20 cm row spacing. In the same vein, the highest yield of the essential oil was spotted at 20 cm row spacing (91.38 kg/ha) and for Malekshahi ecotype (87.5 kg/ha). Compared with the Sumar ecotype, the Malikshahi had higher content of photosynthetic pigments, total phenol and flavonoid, carotenoid, anthocyanin, as well as essential oil yield content and yield. Growth, quantity, and quality of medicinal plants are controlled by genetic processes as well as environmental and agronomic factors such as plant density. As plant density is enhanced to an optimum level, competition increases for absorption of water, nutrients, and quantity and quality of light received by leaves due to branching density and moderated penetration into canopy. As a result, the rate of cell division and leaf area development reduces and the content of photosynthetic pigments is diminished following the destruction of chloroplast structure and inhibition of biosynthesis of new chlorophylls. On the other hand, secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanin develope in the plant in response to environmental conditions in order to protect it against environmental stresses through suppressing oxygen free radicals. In line with the results of the related literature, it was observed that the content of photosynthetic pigments had diminished after increasing the density to 20 plants per m2, but the content of carotenoid, anthocyanin, total phenol and flavonoid, as well as the essential oil yield had improved in the wild thyme (Thymbra spicata L.). ConclusionThe results revealed that the leaves of the plant have good amounts of essential oils, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Since the highest percentage and yield of essential oil, phenol, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were observed in the treatment of density of 20 plants per square meter and Malikshahi ecotype, this level of density and Malikshahi ecotype is introduced for production and review in breeding programs.

Research Paper

Investigation of Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Drought and Salinity Stress Resistance Index in Pistachio Rootstocks Coexisted with Mycorrhiza Arbuscular

Masoud Fattahi; abdolrahman Mohammadkhani; Behroz Shiran; Bahram Baninasab; Rudabeh Ravash

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, Pages 587-600

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33219.1894

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionEnvironmental stresses are serious threats to agricultural production. Abiotic stress too is a serious threat to agricultural products. Pistachio is one of ... Read More AbstractIntroductionEnvironmental stresses are serious threats to agricultural production. Abiotic stress too is a serious threat to agricultural products. Pistachio is one of the most important agricultural products in Iran and United States and is grown in other countries as well. Pistachio has good yields in rain fed condition and increases the flush and quality of yield by irrigation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among the most useful microorganisms in soil, and most plants can become symbiotic with mycorrhiza, that help improve nutritional conditions and other functions such as photosynthesis and osmotic regulation under stress conditions. Materials and MethodsAMF, (Funneliformis mosseae) were grown using corn (Zea mays). Four pistachio rootstocks in symbiosis with mycorrhiza were subjected to drought and salinity stress in two separate experiments. Plants were divided randomly into three treatments (three replications and 6 plants per treatment), Treatments included drought, salinity, mycorrhiza and rootstock (In Shahrekord University 32 °21 N 50° 49 E, 2017-18). At the end of the experiment, the plants were harvested. Then all parts of the plant, including roots, shoots and leaves, were separated and weighted. The amount of phosphorus was measured using a spectrophotometer (UV-Vis Spectrometer) at a wavelength of 470 nm (Olsen et al., 1954). Data were evaluated by Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 25.0.0. Results and DiscussionThe rootstock biomass in this experiment were influenced by different treatments (mycorrhiza, rootstock type and stress). P content of both leaves and root tissues of pistachio rootstocks was affected by both drought and salinity stress (Not shown in the data). Mycorrhiza increased root, stem and leaf fresh weight under drought and salinity stress and leaf area ratio and specific leaf area under salinity stress. Mycorrhiza-inoculated plants had lower phosphorus use efficiency and more tolerance to drought and salinity stresses. Growth indices and phosphorus use efficiency of root, leaf and total, decreased under both drought and salinity stresses. The Sarakhs rootstock was more salinity-sensitive than other rootstocks. In this research, pistachio rootstocks showed differences in biomass and biomass reduced under salinity and drought stress. Biomass reductions under abiotic stress (drought and salinity stress) conditions in previous studies on almond, peaches, olives, apple and pistachio fruit trees are also reported here. Biomass was higher in +M rootstocks, which could have been due to effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis on P absorption. The difference between rootstocks is related to rootstock absorption capacitywhich has to do with root condition. Therefore, rootstocks with better roots growth may develope root survival under stress condition. They can also be better in mineral uptake and more tolerant to stress statue, because the ability of plants to withstand stresses depends to a large extent on roots. ConclusionThe use of beneficial soil microorganisms is one of the best strategies contributing to sustainable agriculture and the environment. Among the most beneficial soil microorganisms with which plants may establish a symbiotic relationship are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF can improve soil physicochemical properties that generate plant growth and elevate the status of plants in terms of water and mineral nutrition, leading to improved plant growth maintenance. Based on these findings, AMF in symbiosis with pistachio rootstocks helped increase drought and salinity stress tolerance.

Research Paper

Evaluation of Different Irrigation Levels and Media on Growth Properties of Cut Rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Samurai) under Soilless Culture Conditions

Mahin Alboghobeish; Ali Tehrani far; Majid Zargarian; Ali Dolatkhahi

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, Pages 601-612

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.32029.1858

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionRose is one of the most important ornamental plants that is widely cultivated in many countries. The optimal growth and development of commercial cut rose varieties ... Read More AbstractIntroductionRose is one of the most important ornamental plants that is widely cultivated in many countries. The optimal growth and development of commercial cut rose varieties is essential to supply water needed for plants. If the water level is reduced at different stages of production, it can have damaging effects on the vegetative properties of the cut rose. Therefore, accurate estimation of water requirement and adaptation of irrigation program based on water requirement of the plant and its growth conditions can improve water use efficiency, avoid stress and control production. Materials and MethodsIn order to evaluate different levels of irrigation requirement in combination with crop media on vegetative characteristics of rose CV. Samurai, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications in greenhouse conditions of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The needed irrigation of the plant 120%, 100%, 80%, 60% and sub plot consisted of three different substrate levels (Perlite, perlite_cocopeat 1:3, perlite _Vermiculite 1:3). The traits included a stem length, branch diameter, flower bud length and diameter, fresh and dry weight of flower bud, number of flowering branches, chlorophyll a, b, relative leaf water content (RWC). Results and DiscussionResults revealed that among the experimental treatments, water stress treatment had significant effect on all measured traits except flower bud length. However, culture medium treatment and interaction of media water stress did not affect all measured physiological and biochemical parameters except for branch length and flower bud diameter. The results of this experiment showed that the 120% and 100% water regimes significantly increased the measured physiological and biochemical traits (shoot length, fresh and dry weight of flower shoot, shoot diameter, number of shoots, RWC, chlorophyll a)included in this study. However, the 60% aqueous regime had adverse effects on the parameters considered while the highest amount of chlorophyll b was obtained in the 60% aqueous regime. In the present study, the results indicate that water stress has adverse effects on all vegetative characteristics of cut roses, therefore, it is suggested that the aquatic requirement of the plant be accurately estimated in order to achieve high quality roses. Also, the flower bud length traits are not significant at water stress levels, because plant roots are in close contact with water under cultivated conditions and respond to water stress by improving the electrical conductivity in the plant. Therefore, it is recommended that due to the negative effects of water stress on the quantitative and qualitative traits of rose, special attention should be paid to the problem of accurate estimation of water requirement and optimal water supply. Therefore, it is important to improve the vegetative and physiological traits of roses in non-soil conditions using appropriate cultivation for future studies in order to achieve desirable results. ConclusionOptimal water supply results in improved vegetative and physiological traits in the plant. Therefore in no-tillage conditions of rose samurai, 100% (control) and 120% irrigation requirement are recommended as the most appropriate levels of irrigation regime in Mashhad region.

Research Paper

Study the Combinability of Yield and Yield Components in S7 Maize Lines

Mehdi Rahimi

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, Pages 613-623

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33870.1916

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionMaize (Zea mays L.) is the fourth most important cereal after wheat, barley and rice in Iran (Ahmadi et al., 2018). Given the future demand of corn as a food ... Read More AbstractIntroductionMaize (Zea mays L.) is the fourth most important cereal after wheat, barley and rice in Iran (Ahmadi et al., 2018). Given the future demand of corn as a food for humans and as a feed for livestock, there is a continuous need to evolve new hybrids with high yield. To achieve this, combining ability study is one of the best options (Reddy Yerva et al., 2016). Griffing diallel method (Griffing, 1956a; b) is one of the methods that examines how genetic control traits in parents. It also evaluates the general and specific combining ability of parents and hybrids. The purpose of this study was to estimate the general and specific combining ability of parents and hybrids. Materials and MethodsIn order to estimate the gene action and heritability of important agronomic traits, five S7 maize lines were crossed in a 5×5 half-diallel and F1 hybrids derived from them were cultivated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran in 2017. Number of ear, grain number per row, grain row number, grain number per ear, ear length, 100-grain weight and grain yield per square meter were evaluated. Analysis of data for general and specific combining ability was carried out following Griffing (1956) method IV model I using DIALLEL-SAS05 program (Zhang et al., 2005). Results and DiscussionAnalysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference between genotypes for all studied traits that showed the role of additive and non- additive effects in controlling these traits. The low ratio of GCA variance to SCA for the grain row number and number of ear traits, and in other words, the lack of significant GCA variance of these traits showed that genetic control of these traits has a non-additive effect. General (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability variances for grain number per row, grain number per ear, ear length, 100-grain weight and grain yield per square meter were significant at 1% probability level, indicating the control of these traits by additive and non-additive effects of genes with a greater proportion of additive gene effects. ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that although genes with both additive and non-additive effects played a role in controlling of yield and its component traits, in controlling the traits of ear number and rows, the role of non-additive effects was greater. However, other traits were more controlled by the additive gene effects. The Line 14 had positive and significant GCA for the yield trait and most of its related traits, which indicated that the line could be used in breeding programs to improve yield and increase it. The results also showed that the P1 × P2 and P3 × P5 crosses had positive and significant SCA for yield and its related traits, so these hybrids might be the best for improving and increasing maize grain yield.

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Volume & Issue: Volume 44, Issue 4, December 2021, Pages 459-623

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