Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc. Graduate of Identification and Weeds Control, Departement of Agronomy, Fasa Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fasa, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Departement of Agronomy, Fasa Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fasa, Iran

Abstract

Abstract
Introduction
Adding an adjuvant facilitates the uptake of herbicides through the aerial parts of plants and reduces the selective state of the herbicide. If the amount of adjuvants is more than the amount needed to moisturize the surface of the plants, the penetration of herbicides will increase. The experiment reported here was conducted to determine the best additives on increasing the effectiveness of herbicides in controlling wheat weeds.
 
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm in Fasa (28° 56' N, 53°38′E) during 2017-2018. The factors consisted of herbicides in four levels of Mesosulfuron+ Iodosulfuron+ Diflufenican (Othello), Clodinafop Propargyl (Topik)+ Tribenuron–Methyl (Granstar), Sulfosulfuron+ Metsulfuron Methyl (Total) and Sulfosulfuron (Apirus) in recommended doses and type of additives in 4 levels, Ammonium Sulfate 2%, soybean oil 1.25%, cleaner liquid as surfactant Anionic 0.5% and without additive as control. Wheat seeds of Chamran cultivar with vigour of 98% at rate of 150 kg.ha-1 were planted in rows of 10 cm. The dimensions of each experimental plot were 2´4 m. Herbicide application time was also in the wheat tillering and 2-4 leaf weeding stages. The experimental sprayer was used with a manual pump, having a nozzle with a spray angle of 30 degrees, a constant pressure of 50 psi and a spray height of 20 inches (50 cm) calibrated for spraying. Characteristics such as dry weight of narrow weeds included wild oat (dominant weed) along with canary grass and Ryegrass, broad-leaf weeds including charlock mustard (dominant weed) along with fumitories were measured. Number of spikes per square meter, number of seeds per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and wheat harvest index were measured too.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that among the additives used, 2% Ammonium Sulfate had the greatest effect on reducing the dry weight of weeds, narrow-leaf (34.05%) and broad-leaf (31.57%) weeds. The herbicides Othello, Topik+ Granstar and Total had performed well on wheat grain yield, but did not result in significant differences. The combination of additives with herbicides compared to no adjuvant control increased grain yield (on average, 607.73 kg.ha-1). Finally, Othello herbicide was identified as the best treatment for this test due to its consumption of 2% Ammonium Sulfate additive. The effect of herbicides application of Othello, Topik+ Granstar and Total on grain yield can be due to their effect on decrease of weed dry weight. The results indicate that Ammonium Sulfate 2% increased the uptake of herbicides ,accordingly it increases the effectiveness of herbicides in weed control and grain yield increase.
 
Conclusion
Combining each of the adjuvants with herbicides increased the grain yield of wheat. Among the additives, Ammonium Sulfate was the most effective. 2% Ammonium Sulfate with an average yield of 6203 kg.ha‑1 showed the highest effect. The results of the means revealed that the herbicides Apirus, Othello and Total had the greatest effect on increasing wheat grain.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
Aliverdi, A., Rashed Mohassel, M. H., Zand, E., & Nassiri Mahallati, M. (2009). Increased foliar activity of clodinafoppropargyl and/or tribenuron-methyl by surfactants and their synergistic action on wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis). Weed Biology of Management, 9, 292-299. [In Farsi]
Avarseji, Z., & Mohammadvand, E. (2018) Studying the Effect of Mesosulfuron Methyl + iodosulfuron Methyl on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Phalaris Minor. Plant Productions, 41(3), 63-72. [In Farsi]
Boiston, L., Paolini, R., & Bauman, D. T. (2008). Focus on ecological weed management: What is hindering adoption? Weed Research, 48(6), 481-491.
Chen, G., Wang, L., Xu, H., Wu, X., Pan, L., & Dong, L. (2017). Cross-resistance patterns to acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors associated with different mutations in Japanese foxtail (Alopecurus japonicus). Weed Science, 65(4), 444-451.

Duncan, C. (2018). The Influence of adjuvants on herbicide performance. [04 June 2019]. Retrieved from https://www.techlinenews.com/herbicides/adjuvants.

Eghrari Gharelor, S., Baghestani, M., & Habibi, D. (2013). Investigation of additives in the range of efficacy of sulfosulfuron + herbicide methylphorel in the control of barley atmosphere. Presented at the Conference 5th on Iranian Weed Science. 23-25 Aug. Karaj. Iran.
Fahl, G. M., Kreft L., Altenburger R., Faust M., Boedeker W., & Grimme L. H. (1995). pH-Dependent sorption, bioconcentration and algal toxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide. Aquatic Toxicology, 31(2), 175-187.
Gharekhloo, J., Alizade, M., (2002). Effects of adjuvant, acidification and water quality on efficiency and consumption amounts of Herbicides. Presented at 1st International Wheat Congress, Tehran, Iran.
Hazen. J. L. (2000). Adjuvants terminology: Classification and chemistry. Weed Technology, 14(4), 773-784.
Jeffrey, A., Christy, B. Sprague, L., & Riechers, D.E. (2004). Proper adjuvant selection for foramsulfuron activity. Crop Protection, 23(4), 361-366.
Kassim Al-Khatib, K., Kadir, S., & Libbey, C. (1995). Effect of adjuvants on Bentazon efficacy in green pea (Pisum sativum). Weed Technology, 9(3), 426-431.
Luma, A.F., Chikoyea, D., & Adesiyan, S.O. (2005). Control of Imperata cylindrical (L.) raeuschel (speargrass) with Nicosulfuron and its effects on the growth, grain yield and food components of maize. Crop Protection, 24(1), 41-47.
McMullan, P. M. (2000). Utility adjuvants. Weed Technology, 14(4), 792-797.
Nalweja, J. D., & Matysiak, R. (2000). Spray deposits from Nicosulfuron with salts that affect efficacy. Weed Technology, 14(4), 740-749.
Nurse, R. E., Hamill, A. S., Kells, J. J., & Sikkema, P. H. (2008). Annual weed control may be improved when AMS is added to below-label glyphosate doses in glyphosate-tolerant maize (Zea mays L.). Crop Protection,  27(3-5), 452-458.
Pacanoski, Z (2015). Herbicides and adjuvants. In: Price A, Kelton J, Sarunaite L (Eds), Herbicides, physiology of action, and safety. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences https://www.intechopen.com/books/herbicides-physiology-of-action-and-safety/herbicides-and-adjuvants.
Poorreza, J. (2017). Evaluating the Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Yield loss caused by wild oat (Avena fatua) interference at nitrogen different levels. Plant Productions, 40(3), 41-52. [In Farsi]
Roundup Ready PLUS. (2016). Understanding herbicide adjuvants. [21 June 2019]. Retrieved from https://rrp-api.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/Understanding_Herbicide_Adjuvants-RPLUS.pdf.

Uusitalo, T., Saarinen, A., & Makela, P. S. A. (2013). Effect of management of sulfonylurea resistant stellaria media on barley yield. ISRN Agronomy. 1(1), 1-5.

Zand, E., Baghestani, M.A., Soufizadeh, S., Eskandari, A., & Deihimifard, R. (2006). Comparing the efficacy of Amicarbazone, a Triazolinone, with sulfonylureas for control in maize (Zea mays L.). Iranian Journal of Weed Science, 2(2), 59-83. [In Farsi]
Zand, E., Moosavi, K., & Heidari, A. (2008). Herbicides and their application methods. Mashhad: Mashhad University Jahad Publications. [In Farsi]