Plant Productions - Articles List

Research Paper

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Different Olive Genotypes in Some Cities of Khuzestan Province Using Morphological Marker

Syrus Safipour; Esmaeil Khaleghi; Noorollah Moallemi

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26385.1622

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea) is compatible with Mediterranean and Mediterranean-like climates. Due to its high adaptability to different environmental conditions, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea) is compatible with Mediterranean and Mediterranean-like climates. Due to its high adaptability to different environmental conditions, this plant has adapted well to the varied climates in the world. It has extensively been cultivated in some regions of Iran to the extent that some cultivars do not have any identification. Therefore, a genotype/variety may be classified under several names and several varieties under a single name. Also, lack of garden information, re-naming of imported cultivars, and non-standard morphological traits for naming has led to fundamental problems in the pomology industry. Accordingly, it is necessary and inevitable to eliminate these ambiguities and accurately identify different olives’ genotypes in Iran. Hense, the first step in identifying the genotype is morphological identification. To this aim, the present research was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity and the relationship between the olive trees cultivated in some of the cities of Khuzestan through exploring morphological traits. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in Indica, Baghmalek, Izeh, and Lali in 2015-2016. Fifty genotypes were collected from the orchards of the Andika, Baghmalek, Izeh and, Lali. The morphological traits of fruit, stone, and leaf were measured according to the IOOC guidelines and the Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute for Research (2007) guidelines. The variance analysis of the traits was performed using SAS 9.1 software as a nested design. Cluster analysis was used for the determination of the degree of relationship between genotypes. The main components and biplot analysis were used to reduce the number of variables. Results The results showed that there was a wide range of morphological variations among genotypes. Factor and principal components analysis showed that 12 components could justify 87.7% of the variation among genotypes. The first component explained 13.42% of the total variance. In this factor, fruit length (0.63), fruit width (0.61), fruit weight (0.61), stone shape (-0.7), stone width (0.66), stone length (-0.44), and leaf length (0.5) had a high coefficient. Moreover, traits such as length and width of fruit, stone and leaf, stone and leaf shape, curvature of leaf, stone number grooves, fruit base in position A, stone weight, stone surface in position B, stone symmetry in position A, fruit size of lenticels, stone distribution of grooves, stone symmetry in position B, were the most important traits in genotyping and grouping of the cities studied. Based on the results of cluster analysis, the genotypes were divided into six distinct groups. Discussion In general, it was found that most of the genotypes in Baghmalek city are located in a separate cluster. In contrast, several genotypes in Lali, Izeh, and Indica are situated in a single cluster, which can be due to atmospheric differences in precipitation rates in these cities. Izeh, Lali, and Indica have lower temperatures and more atmospheric precipitation than Bagmalek. This important difference can cause the genotypes of these cities to be different compared to Baghmalek city.

Research Paper

The Effect of Phosphorus and Nitrogen on Hairy Roots Production in Nicotiana tobaccum as a Model Plant

Mitra Khademi; Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi; Ahmad ismaili

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 13-24

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26865.1641

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHairy root culture obtained via Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation is considered an essential strategy for in planta enhancement ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHairy root culture obtained via Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation is considered an essential strategy for in planta enhancement of secondary metabolites/or recombinant protein production. High growth rates and genetic stability characterize hair roots compared to ordinary plant root systems. Low root biomass is one of the significant challenges in any hairy root establishment. To this end, the hairy root culture medium was supplemented with various nitrogen and phosphorus sources and combinations to increase the total biomass production. Materials and MethodsSterile leaf explants were excised from 10-day old tobacco plants and inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes to induce hairy roots formation. Inoculated leaf explants were kept in dark conditions for two days at 25±2 ˚C. Leaf explants were washed and transferred to the MS culture medium supplemented with cefotaxime at sterile conditions. The inoculated explants were kept in the tissue culture room at 25±2 ˚C until hairy roots appeared. Different ratios of nitrate to ammonium (5.1/5.1, 19/20, and 30/5.1 mM) and three potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) as a source of phosphorus (3, 6, and 12 mM) in two types of solid and liquid culture media were used to optimize hairy roots formation and compared in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications, each containing ten explants. The fresh and dry weight of hairy root was recorded 30 days after hairy root formation. ResultsTransgenic hairy roots were confirmed by PCR analysis using the rolC gene-specific primers. No bacteria contamination was found following PCR analysis of transgenic hairy roots. Analysis of the variance of hairy roots dry and fresh weight data showed that nitrogen, phosphorus, and culture media had a significant (P<0.05) effect on hairy roots biomass production. The highest biomass accumulation (11.66 gr/FW and 0.47 gr/DW) was recorded in the media containing 30/5.1mM ratio of NO3/NH4 ratio and 12 mM of KH2PO4, respectively. The lowest dry and fresh weight were obtained when 5.1/5.1 mM of NO3/NH4 and 3 mM KH2PO4 were used. DiscussionThis study suggested that a higher NO3/NH4 ratio and KH2PO4 can lead to the highest hairy roots biomass production. Therefore, it is recommended to use a higher proportion of NO3/NH4 to produce more in planta biomass needed for pharmaceutical and industrial products. Furthermore, it can be concluded that it is possible to optimize the hairy root production if hairy roots are used to scale up the amount of metabolite/recombinant proteins production in tobacco.

Research Paper

Effect of Kind and Plant Growth Regulator Composition on Micropropagation of Three Begonia Species

Fateme Hosseini; Nasrin Moshtaghi; Ahmad Sharifi; Abdolreza Bagheri; Hasan Marashi; Fateme Keykha Akhar

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 25-36

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27321.1660

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIntroduction: Begonia is one of the most important ornamental plants around the world. Begonia species are grown for their attractive leaves and flowers ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIntroduction: Begonia is one of the most important ornamental plants around the world. Begonia species are grown for their attractive leaves and flowers in indoor and outdoor conditions. The tissue culture technique is an alternative method for the propagation of begonia species. It can overcome the difficulties of vegetative propagation and lead to high-quality and uniform planting material under disease-free conditions irrespective of the season and weather. In begonia tissue culture, different species showed diverse responses to the medium composition, especially plant growth regulators. Also, lack of information on large scale micropropagation of begonia in Iran highlights research on optimization of begonia species propagation on in vitro culture condition. Thus, in this study the effect of plant growth regulators on shoot regeneration and proliferation of three begonia species (B. elatior‌‌, B. soli-mutata, and B. tiger), the impact of Auxin and sucrose on rooting of B. elatior‌‌and diferent pot substrate on acclimation were survived. Materials and MethodsIn this experiment, petioles of three begonia species (B. soli-mutata, B. elatior, and B. tiger) were used as explant sources. So explants were washed under tab water for 30 mins and sterilized with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 15 mins. After sterilization, thin Cell Layers (TCL) with 2 mm thickness were prepared from petiols and cultured in MS medium with different concentrations (0.2, 1, 2 mg/L) of kinetin (kin) or thidiazuron (TDZ) in combination with NAA (0, 0.2 mg/L). Next, the effect of auxin type (1 mg/L of IAA, IBA, and NAA) and sucrose concentration (30 and 40 g/l) on rooting of B. elatior plantlets were determined on in vitro condition. For plantlet acclimation, sand, CocoPeat perlite mixture (1:1 ratio), and Peat moss as pot substrate were evaluated. Results The results showed the shoot regeneration response of begonia species to the plant growth regulators of the medium, and there was a significant difference between them in all of the species adding the Auxin to the medium increased shoot regeneration. In B. elatior and B. tiger lacking of NAA to the medium caused no shoot regeneration. Maximum shoot regeneration (100%) was achieved in B. soli-mutata species in medium containing 1 or 2 mg/L of kin and 0.2 mg/l NAA, in B. elatior at 1 or 2 mg/L of TDZ in combination with 0.2 mg/l NAA and in B. tiger at 2 mg/L of both plant growth regulator (TDZ and Kin) and 0.2 mg/l NAA. DiscussionFor rooting B. elatior, MS medium containing 1 mg/L IAA plus 30 g/L sucrose was the best and favorite acclimation was acheived in cocopeat perlite mixture and peat moss pot substrate.

Research Paper

Karyotypic Analysis of Garlic (Allium sativum) Accessions in the North of Iran

Seyyed Javad Mousavizadeh; Mostafa Khoshhal Sarmast; Kambiz Mashayekhi

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 37-50

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27338.1661

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAllium sativum is one of the most important, mostly used economical vegetable plants in Iran. Chromosome analysis or karyotyping is a test that evaluates ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAllium sativum is one of the most important, mostly used economical vegetable plants in Iran. Chromosome analysis or karyotyping is a test that evaluates the number and structure of chromosomes to study evolution. The present study was carried out to explore the cytological features, including chromosome number and karyotypic characteristics in a local cultivar of Allium sativum L., north of Iran (Gorgan, Sari, and Rasht accessions). Materials and MethodsThe root tip cells were treated first with 0.002 mol·L−1 8-hydroxyquinoline for 4 h at 4°C and then fixed for 24 h in fixative (1:3 glacial acetic acid/absolute alcohol) at 4°C. Finally, the root tips were softened with 1 M hydrochloric acid at room temperature for 8 min and stained for 10 min with acceto orcein 2% before being squashed between a glass slide and a coverslip. Root tip cells photographed at mitosis metaphase, which had well-separated chromosomes and a clear centromere. Long arm, short arm, the ratio of long arm to short arm, and chromosome index of mitotic chromosomes were calculated from metaphase plates. Figures summarized the idiogram for the three garlic accessions, based on the eight pairs of chromosomes’ short arm order length. ResultsBasic chromosome number was confirmed as x = 8 (2n = 2x = 16). All the studied accessions cytotypes were diploid. The largest chromosome length belonged to Gorgan accesion as amount 169.51 micrometers, and the smallest chromosome length was obtained in Rasht accesion as amount 136.57 micrometers. The long arm of the chromosome was recorded between 4.85 to 6 micrometers. The short arm of the chromosome was measured between 3.18 to 3.80 micrometers. The Metaphase karyotype analysis revealed that centromeres were mainly located at the middle (metacentric - m) or near the middle (submetacentric - sm) of chromosomes. The chromosomes are arranged in decreasing order for short arm length, and the karyotype formula was obtained 12m+4sm for all accessions. Chromosomes 13 to 16 were submetacentric for both Gorgan and Rasht accessions. Submetacenteric Chromosomes were observed on chromosomes number 11-12 and 15-16 for Sari accesion. Three of the studied accessions were evolutionary located in one level according to asymmetrical karyotype, the value of TF% and separating to 2B classes based on Stebbins categories. DiscussionRegarding asymmetric karyotype and according to interchromosomal asymmetry (A2) as well as difference between the range of relative length (DRL), the most were found in Rasht accession (A2=0.34; DRL=6.99). A2 and DRL are two aspects of karyotype asymmetry related to shifts of the centromere position from the median to terminal or subterminal. The karyological data provide a comprehensive cytogenetic resource useful in cytotaxonomic research and assessment of their role in the evolution of Garlic. This resource can help better understand the taxonomy, evolution, and speciation in the genus Allium and identify candidate species for breeding programs.

Research Paper

Effect of Carnuba Wax on Sensory and Nutritional Quality of Pomegranate "Malas-e-Saveh" Fruit during Cold Storage

Fatemeh Nazoori; Seyed Hossein Mirdehghan; Arezoo Rafie

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 51-64

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27028.1647

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of the most important fruits grown on a commercial scale in Iran. It has gained popularity worldwide due to ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of the most important fruits grown on a commercial scale in Iran. It has gained popularity worldwide due to its high economic, nutraceutical, and therapeutic values. Chilling injury and weight loss are the most important limiting factors for pomegranate fruit storage. Application of an edible coating such as carnuba wax on the fruit surface imparts a glossy appearance and better color, reduces fruit weight loss, extends storage life, and prevents microbial spoilage, which is extremely important to perishable fruit. Edible coatings create a modiﬁed atmosphere around the fruit by providing a semipermeable barrier to water vapor and gases, and their use offers an effective alternative to ﬁlm packaging due to their environmentally friendly characteristic. Material and MethodsThe present study conducted a factorial design based on completely randomized design with four replications to evaluate the effect of carnuba wax on pomegranate fruit storage. The treatments included carnuba wax in three concentrations 0, 0.5%, and 1%, and storage time in 3 levels (0, 45, and 90 days). After immersion and drying, the fruits were packed in plastic baskets and kept in a cold room at 4 ± 1 °C with 85 ± 5% of relative humidity. In each sampling removal, quantitative and qualitative characteristics such as weight loss (%), electrolyte leakage (percentage), chilling index, tissue firmness, total acidity, pH, color indices (aril and skin), fruit flavor, anthocyanin, skin freshness, and overall fruit acceptance were examined. ResultsThe results showed that carnuba wax prevented weight loss until the end of the storage period (90 days) but controlled ion leakage until 45 days of storage. The skin firmness of fruits and arils was higher in carnuba than in control samples. Increasing the concentration of carnuba wax resulted in lowering vitamin C but did not affect the antioxidant capacity. According to the panelists', the flavor, skin freshness, and pomegranate fruits' appearance in both carnuba treatments were better than the control samples. DiscussionThe results of this study showed that carnuba-coated fruit has protective quantitative and qualitative characteristics during cold storage. Moreover, exogenous application of carnauba wax showed improvement in pomegranate storability at 4 °C, which otherwise leads to chilling injury and reduction in quality. The treatment with carnauba wax preserves fruit weight, total acidity, and skin freshness. Pomegranate carnuba-coated fruit exhibited a signiﬁcantly lower chilling rate as compared to the control samples. According to the results, carnuba 0.5% maintained most qualitative and quantitative properties of pomegranate fruit until 90 days at 4°C.

Research Paper

Study of Silique Shattering Tolerance Genetic and Related Traits in Winter Oilseed Rape Genotypes Using Diallel Cross Method

Mostafa Eidi Kohnaki; ghaffar kiani; Bahram Alizadeh; Ghorban Ali Nemat Zadeh; Hassan Amiri Oghan

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 65-76

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28332.1714

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAlthough the opening of the silique is a valuable mechanism for the distribution of seeds in nature, it is also a significant problem in oilseed rape ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAlthough the opening of the silique is a valuable mechanism for the distribution of seeds in nature, it is also a significant problem in oilseed rape cultivation. Seed shedding from siliques at and after maturity is commonly referred to as pod shatter, and it reduces the grain yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). This factor, also called dehiscence, can cause losses of up to 50% of potential grain yield if harvesting is delayed and in adverse weather conditions. As a general consideration, canola is susceptible to shattering, and there is little genetic diversity associated with silique shattering tolerance in its commercial lines hence, increasing shatter tolerance is an important breeding objective. Materials and MethodsIn the present study, eleven parents were used to generate 55 hybrids. The experiment was carried out as a complete randomized block design with three replications at the seed and plant improvement institute. Silique Shattering Tolerance Index (SSTI) using Random Impact Test (RIT) and other related traits were measured during 2018. Griffing's model I of method II was used for the analysis of variance and the estimation of genetic parameters. Correlation coefficients for the studied traits and other calculations were performed using the SPSS software and Excel program. ResultsAnalysis of variance of genotypes showed high genetic diversity for the studied traits. Similarly, the general and specific combining ability variances were significant for most traits such as grain yield and the silique shattering tolerance index. This indicates the contribution of additive and non-additive effects in the genetic control of these traits. The general heritability of the studied traits was observed in the range of 78.81% to 93.87%. Correlation coefficients of traits showed a positive and significant correlation between silique shattering tolerance index with grain yield and oil content. Moreover, Zarfam and ES Artist with a good performance and silique shattering tolerance index are considered the best general combiners. Okapi×Zarfam, Nafis×ES Artist, Ahmadi×Nafis, Ahmadi×ES Neptune, Zarfam×ES Neptune, Nafis×ES Natalie, and Nima×ES Natalie are recommended as the best specific combinations for mechanized oilseed rape harvest and improvement of the shattering tolerance trait. DiscussionLow specific heritability of grain yield can be due to the more outstanding contribution of non-additive effects than additive effects. Various research studied variable estimation for general and specific combining ability and other parameters due to the difference in genetic materials and different weather conditions.

Research Paper

The Effect of Anti-Transpiration and Plant Protective Materials on Vegetative and Physiological Traits of (Hyssopus officinalis L.) under Drought Stress

Sarah Khajeh Hosseini; Farzad Fanoodi; S.A Tabatabaee; Rostam Yazdani Biouki; Jafar Masoud Sinaki

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 77-88

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28805.1734

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is a perennial and belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Drought is the most critical environmental stress that adversely ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is a perennial and belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Drought is the most critical environmental stress that adversely affects crop plant performance. The use of anti-transpiration and plant protective materials is one way that has recently been raised to improve plant resistance under stress conditions. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of anti-transpiration and plant protective materials on vegetative and physiological traits of Hyssop under drought stress and foliar application time. Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted as a split-plot factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in 2016-2017. The experimental treatments included irrigation in three levels: 25% water available from the soil (control), 50% water available from the soil (mild stress), and 75% water available from the soil (severe stress) Were the main plots. Foliar application in four levels: water (control), kaolin (2.5%), chitosan (0.4 g/ l) and glycine amino acid (2.5 per thousand), and foliar application time: (vegetative and flowering, flowering) were the subplots. In the present study, dry leaf weight, flower dry weight, essential oil yield, shoot dry weight, economic yield, harvest index, proline, and soluble sugar were measured. ResultsThe results showed that at control stress level, the foliar application of water had the highest leaf dry weight (81.3 g/m2), shoot dry weight yield (140.5 g/m2), essential oil yield (9.40 g/m2), economic yield (81.3 g/ m²), and proline content (8.558 (µM/g FW). Moreover, during flowering and vegetative + flowering, kaolin's foliar application during vegetative+flowering had the highest dry flower weight (53 g/m2). At mild stress level, the foliar application of water during vegetative+flowering included the highest amount of soluble sugar (0.396 mg/g FW), and glycine foliar application at the flowering time had the highest harvest index (79%). Also, kaolin spraying during vegetative+flowering had the highest economic yield (73 g/m), and chitosan foliar application during vegetative+flowering had the highest shoot dry weight (111 g/m²) and essential oil yield (7.55 g/m2). DiscussionDue to the beneficial effects of antiperspirants and plant protection, they can be used as suitable solutions to increase plant production and reduce drought stress in arid and semi-arid regions.

Research Paper

Effect of Seed Priming on Grain Yield and Some Shoot and Root orphophysiological Characteristics of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Potted Planting Conditions in Farm

kianoush safari; Yousef Sohrabi; Adel Siosemardeh; Shahryar Sasani

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 89-102

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28875.1736

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSeed priming is a relatively new, inexpensive, and straightforward technique to improve germination percentage, germination rate, early seedling establishment, ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSeed priming is a relatively new, inexpensive, and straightforward technique to improve germination percentage, germination rate, early seedling establishment, and other plant's morphophysiological characteristics under normal and stress conditions. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different seed priming treatments on some morphophysiological characteristics of three bread wheat cultivars in potted planting conditions on the farm. Materials and MethodsIn this study, three bread wheat cultivars (including "Rijaw," "Sardari," and "Karim") and 11 seed priming treatments (including hormonal priming, osmo-priming, nutritional priming, and hydro-priming with distilled water) and one untreated control treatment were investigated using an experiment conducted as factorial based on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates at Mahidasht Agricultural Research Station, Kermanshah (AREEO) during 2016-2017 cropping seasons.ResultsCultivar and different seed priming treatments were significant on all the studied traits at a 1% probability level. "Karim" cultivar had the highest leaf relative water content (79.58%), flag leaf area (15.19 cm2), root volume (30.9 cm3), root dry weight (4.6 g/tube), shoot dry weight (26.7 g/tube) and root/shoot ratio (0.17) compared to the other cultivars. "Sardari" cultivar was superior to other cultivars regarding the plant height (98.4 cm) and root length (118 cm). "Rijaw" cultivar with plant height, root length, and flag leaf area equal to 84.4 cm, 113.7 cm, and 13.53 cm2 was identified as a suitable cultivar for dryland conditions which can be recommended along with "Sardari" as drought stress-tolerant cultivars. "Rijaw" cultivar had the highest chlorophyll index (46.3). The highest leaf relative water content, plant height, flag leaf area, and chlorophyll index belonged to nutritional treatments of urea with 4g/L (81.51%, 89.9 cm, 16.84 cm2, and 47) and zinc sulfate with 0.3% concentration (80.75%, 88.8 cm, 16.13 cm2 and 46), respectively. DiscussionThe cultivar "Karim" had the highest values of the all shoot and root measured traits. In the current study, seed priming treatments of urea with 4 g/L concentration and zinc sulfate with 0.3% concentration were identified as suitable and superior seed priming treatments in wheat for dryland conditions. It is suggested that appropriate and ideal treatments obtained from the experiment and other bread and durum wheat varieties should be tested for further studies in different countries with similar climates.

Research Paper

The effect of synthesis nanosilver by plant extract on morphological and antioxidant properties of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) under salinity stress

Hanieh Shahraki; Nafiseh Mahdi Nezhad; Barat Ali Fakheri

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 103-114

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.29011.1746

Abstract

Introduction:Salinity stress is one of the environmental factors limiting the growth of plantsand has a negative effect on their physiological processes. The harmful effects of salinity ... Read More Introduction:Salinity stress is one of the environmental factors limiting the growth of plantsand has a negative effect on their physiological processes. The harmful effects of salinity appear in plants in various ways such as death or reduction of production. Artichoke is a plant with lowdemand and resistance to salinity. The Artichoke is a perennial plant; the height of the stem is about 2 meters. Its leaves are wide, long and white in color. One of the pillars of sustainable agriculture is the use of nano fertilizersin crop ecosystems to remove or reduce the use of chemical input. Using nano fertilizers Compared to traditional fertilizerscan lead to benefits like efficiency and quality increase due to high absorption velocity, prevention of leaking waste, availability even during growth and complete absorption by plants because of appropriately fast nutrition release, reduction of plants toxicity and any other stress deriving from high concentration of local salty areas in soil, yield increase due to efficient nutrition condition of plants. Salinity stress disturbs nutritional balance in plants. Iron is one of the essential elements in plants. The balanced consumption of this element increases the yield and quality of plants.Using micronutrients through soil or sprayingimproves plant growth under stress conditions. Foliar application of elements, which prevents soil contamination, is a useful method for rapidly absorbing elements in plants.Material and methods:In order to investigate the effects of salinity and nanosilver on morphological and physiological traits of artichoke, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in the greenhouse of Zabul University Institute. Salinity stress in 3 levels (0, 6, and 12 mM) and nanosilver spraying in 3 levels (0, 40, and 80 mM) were considered as treatments. The nanosilver spraying was performed at seedling stage (6-8 leaves).The control was distilled water. Application of salinity stress began in the seedling stage and continued until sampling. Sampling and evaluation of the fresh weight plant, and fresh and dry weight of root were done at the beginning of the flowering. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed by SAS software (version 9.1) based on all data. Then means of results were compared with LSD test at P < 0.05 level.Results and discussion:The main effects of salinity stress, nanosilver and their interaction on all traits were significant at 1% probability level. Maximum numbers of leaves (5 numbers), fresh weight of plant, fresh and dry weight of root (8.82, 5.93, 0.64 g per plant, respectively) and plant height were obtained by using nanosilver and lack of salinity.Conclusion:Nanosilver foliar application reduced the effects of salinity and increased the physiological and morphological characteristics of Artichoke.

Research Paper

Effect of Permissible Inhibitors from Mixing of Several Medicinal Plants on Weed Seed Bank to a Depth of 20 cm Soil

vahid Chamani; Elnaz Farajzadeh-Memari-Tabrizi

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 115-128

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.28826.1748

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWeed seed bank in the soil is an essential source of weeds that enables them to be present in the fields. The seed bank density in a crop may reach ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWeed seed bank in the soil is an essential source of weeds that enables them to be present in the fields. The seed bank density in a crop may reach a million seeds per square meter. Depending on the crop operation, crop rotation, and herbicide selection, the weed seed bank differs according to the location and time. Due to the economic benefits and improved crop ability, plant remains have become an attractive and acceptable way in agriculture. Allelopathic plant remnants can have a beneficial effect on weed control. The allelopathy of these plants plays a vital role in controlling the seed bank of weed soils. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of mixing different amounts of residues of three medicinal herbs on the potential of the weed seed bank in the Malekan region. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out at Malakan Azad University labs in 2018. Treatments included mixing different amounts of residues (0, 50, 100, and 150 g / m2), and three medicinal plants were cumin, seaweed, and marjoram. Samples had taken from a depth of 0 to 20 cm in an ocher system (7 cm radius) to measure the soil's seed bank. Weeds were isolated, and their species were identified. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the germination strength of these seeds. This part of the experiment was carried out with three replications in a completely randomized design. ResultsIn total, 53915 weed seeds were detected per square meter. The highest seeds in the soil belonging to weed carnivorous and lambspeed were 33254 and 12457 seed per square meter of soil, respectively. The seeds of these two weeds included 95.4% of the seed bank of soil weeds. In this study, the remnants of seaweed and marigold caused a significant decrease in germination characteristics and the growth of seedlings of these weeds. Remains of cumin have little effect on the traits studied. Seed germination and seedlings growth of these weeds decreased by 44.7% and 84.9%, respectively. Discussion By increasing the amount of application of the remains, a more significant reduction in germination and weed growth was achieved. The remnants of the two herbs had a similar effect on germination and seedling growth. Overall, this study showed that the remnants of medicinal plants could reduce the diversity and abundance of seed banks of soil weeds.

Research Paper

Comparison of Salinity Tolerant of Three Cultivars of Commercial Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

Zahra Jamaati; Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani; Ali Momenpour; Mostafa Shirmardi

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 129-142

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.29239.1752

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an economically important commercial fruit plant species belonging to the family of Punicaceae. Saline irrigation ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an economically important commercial fruit plant species belonging to the family of Punicaceae. Saline irrigation water is currently one of the most severe limiting factors in the cultivation area. In recent years, nearly 7% of the global cultivated lands are affected by salinity, and soil salinization aggravating has been a more significant threat to the healthy and sustainable development of agriculture worldwide. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the effects of salt stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics in pomegranate cuttings to better understand the salt resistance of pomegranate and offer a reference for pomegranate cultivation on saline lands. Materials and MethodsA pot experiment was conducted for nine months to evaluate and compare three Iranian cultivar salinity tolerance of commercial pomegranate in 2017-2018. The experiment was arranged in factorial based on a completely randomized design with two factors included water salinity in 5 levels of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 dSm-1 and three commercial pomegranate genotypes (‘Shishehcap Ferdos,’ ‘Malas Saveh’ and ‘Malas Yazdi’) in 4 replications and generally with 60 pots. At the end of the experiment, the vegetative yield and fresh and dry weight of leaves, ion leakage, relative water content, chlorophyll a, b and total were also measured. In addition, leaves were analyzed for Na+, K+, Cl–, and Na/K ratio elements. ResultsResults showed that cultivar and salinity levels were affected by morphological and physiological characteristics, and concentration of nutritional elements. In all the three studied cultivars, an increase in the salinity levels led to a significant decrease in the growth characteristics, the relative water content of leaves, and chlorophyll. Moreover, the percentage of leaf necrosis, fall, and ion leakage increased considerably. Also, with increasing salinity levels, Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- significantly increased. In the highest level of salinity (9 dS.m-1), the maximum growth characteristics, fresh and dry weight of leaves, green leaves, the relative water content of leaves, chlorophyll, and potassium, and the lowest percentage of leaf necrosis, ion leakage, Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- were obtained in a cultivar of ‘Malas Yazdi.’ DiscussionGenerally, among the investigated cultivars, ‘Malas Yazdi’ and ‘Malas Saveh’ were the highest and the lowest tolerants, respectively. Our study showed that the adverse effects on physiological and morphological indexes aggravated over stress time. We inferred that it was one of the mechanisms for pomegranate alleviating the detrimental effects of salt stress. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation and utilization of pomegranate plants on saline soil.

Research Paper

Weed Population and Nutrient Uptake by Wheat as Influenced by Different Tillage Practices and Weed Management Options in Ahvaz

Rahim Nor Aftab; Ali Monsefi; Afrasiyab Rahnama Ghahfarokhi; Amir Aynehband

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, Pages 143-156

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34868.1938

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWeeds often pose severe constraints in the potential yield of wheat, if not controlled at a critical period of the first 30 days after sowing. Several ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWeeds often pose severe constraints in the potential yield of wheat, if not controlled at a critical period of the first 30 days after sowing. Several methods are developed to control weeds, viz. cultural, mechanical, and chemical have their own merits and demerits. Tillage is an age-old practice to control weeds. Tillage influences weed infestation, and thus interactions between tillage and weed control practices are commonly observed in crop production. Good tillage delays the emergence of weeds and provides a more favorable environment for early crop establishment. So, the competition for nutrients will be less. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to investigate the weed population and evaluate the nutrients uptake by wheat and weed in a split-plot design with three replications in the research farm of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in the year 2018-19. Tillage at three levels, including conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and zero tillage, as the main plot and weed control at six levels (uncontrolled, hand weeding, bromoxynil + MCPA herbicide, crop residue + Atlantis, Atlantis, and metribusin) as Post-emergence were considered in sub-plots applied on wheat of Mehregan cultivar. ResultsIn terms of the weed population, the highest weed population was observed in the zero tillage compared to conventional tillage and minimum tillage. In this regard, under uncontrolled treatment, the highest weed populations with an average of 16.3, 14.2, and 12.5 plants per square meter were observed at 30, 60, and 90 days after sowing, respectively. In the case of an interaction effect, it was found that in all three tillage systems, the highest amount of nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, absorbed by weeds was in the uncontrolled treatment. The reason was due to higher dry matter production and higher competition with wheat as it was incremental. DiscussionIn general, considering the higher weed population in the zero tillage as compared to the conventional tillage, it seems that weed control in the zero tillage and minimum tillage, at least in Khuzestan province, is preferable to prevent moisture content and soil structure. Nutrient depletion by weed is less in conservation tillage so that nutrient availability will be as much as plant requirements.

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Volume & Issue: Volume 44, Issue 1, June 2021, Pages 1-156

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