تولیدات گیاهی

تولیدات گیاهی

راهکارهای ژنومی بهبود محتوای روی و آهن دانۀ گندم

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان
گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
چکیده
کمبود عناصر کم‌مصرفی مانند روی (Zn) و آهن (Fe) یکی از چالش‌های جدی سلامت عمومی در جهان به‌شمار می‌رود که به بروز «گرسنگی پنهان» و پیامدهایی نظیر کم‌خونی، ضعف سیستم ایمنی و اختلال در رشد منجر می‌شود و حدود دو میلیارد نفر را در سراسر جهان تحت تأثیر قرار داده است. این عناصر در ساختار بسیاری از آنزیم‌ها و پروتئین‌ها نقش دارند و در فرایندهایی مانند تنفس سلولی، فتوسنتز، سنتز DNA و انتقال الکترون ضروری هستند. گندم، به‌عنوان یکی از منابع اصلی تغذیه‌ای، به‌ویژه در کشورهای در حال توسعه، سهم قابل‌توجهی در تأمین انرژی و پروتئین دارد؛ با این حال، محتوای روی و آهن در دانه آن نسبتاً پایین است. ازاین‌رو، افزایش غلظت این عناصر در دانة گندم از طریق زیست‌غنی‌سازی ژنتیکی عنوان راهکاری پایدار و اقتصادی برای مقابله با کمبود این ریزمغذی‌ها مطرح شده است. در سال‌های اخیر، مطالعات متعددی به بررسی سازوکارهای جذب و انتقال روی و آهن در گیاهان، واکنش‌های مورفولوژیک، فیزیولوژیک و مولکولی به کمبود این عناصر، و نقش میکروارگانیسم‌های ریزوسفری در افزایش تحمل گیاه به این تنش پرداخته‌اند. گیاهان برای مقابله با کمبود این عناصر، از سازوکارهای متنوعی بهره می‌برند که به افزایش جذب و حفظ عملکرد آن‌ها کمک می‌کند. از جمله این سازوکارها می‌توان به تغییرات مورفولوژیک و توسعة سیستم ریشه‌ای، ترشح اسیدهای آلی و ترکیبات حل‌کننده، همزیستی با میکروارگانیسم‌های ریزوسفری، تنظیم ذخیره و توزیع عناصر، و تولید ترکیبات آنتی‌اکسیدانی اشاره کرد. در سطح مولکولی، ژن‌ها و خانواده‌های ژنی کلیدی مانند ZIP، YSL، NAS  و HMA به‌عنوان عوامل اصلی در تنظیم جذب، انتقال و ذخیرة این فلزات شناخته شده‌اند که بیان آن‌ها تحت کنترل شبکه‌ای پیچیده از عوامل رونویسی، از جملهWRKY، bZIP و NAM-B1 قرار دارد. در سال‌های اخیر، توسعة فناوری‌های ژنومی تحولی اساسی در اصلاح صفات پیچیده گیاهان ایجاد کرده است. استفاده از روش‌های پیشرفته ژنومی، به‌ویژه برای صفاتی مانند محتوای روی و آهن دانه که تحت تأثیر عوامل ژنتیکی و محیطی متعددی قرار دارند، ضرورت یافته است. بهره‌گیری از فناوری‌های نوین نظیر نقشه‌برداریQTL ، مطالعات همبستگی در سطح ژنوم (GWAS)، ویرایش ژن با استفاده از CRISPR/Cas9 و انتخاب ژنومی، افق‌های نوینی را برای بهبود ژنتیکی گندم و افزایش پایداری محتوای روی و آهن در دانه فراهم کرده است. با وجود این پیشرفت‌ها، چالش‌هایی مانند برهم‌کنش ژنوتیپ و محیط، محدودیت‌های فنی، و ملاحظات اجتماعی و قانونی همچنان وجود دارد. در این راستا، مقاله حاضر با ارائه مروری جامع بر سازوکارهای فیزیولوژیک، مولکولی و ژنومی مرتبط با جذب و انتقال روی و آهن در گندم، فرصت‌ها، چالش‌ها و چشم‌اندازهای آینده زیست‌غنی‌سازی ژنتیکی را مورد بحث قرار می‌دهد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Genomic strategies for improving zinc and iron content in wheat grain

نویسندگان English

Babak Abdollahi Mandoulakani
Soraya Pirmohammadi Balanji
Samaneh Yari Kamelabad
Zeynab Mahmoodian
Sevda Abolfathyar
Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
چکیده English

Deficiencies of essential micronutrients such as zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are a serious public health challenge worldwide, contributing to the phenomenon of “hidden hunger” and leading to serious health consequences including anemia, weakened immunity, and growth disorders. These deficiencies currently affect about 2 billion people worldwide. These elements play a critical role in the structure of numerous enzymes and proteins and are essential in vital biological processes such as cellular respiration, photosynthesis, DNA synthesis, and electron transport, thereby influencing critical metabolic and physiological processes. Wheat, as one of the primary sources of nutrition, particularly in developing countries, makes a significant contribution to the energy and protein supply; however, its grains have low levels of Zn and Fe. Therefore, increasing the concentration of these elements in wheat grain through genetic biofortification is a sustainable and economical solution to address the global deficiency of these elements. In recent years, several studies have investigated the mechanisms of Zn and Fe uptake and transport in plants, the morphological, physiological, and molecular responses of plants to these element deficiencies, and the role of rhizosphere microorganisms. Plants employ a range of morphological, physiological, and molecular strategies to address the deficiency of these elements, thereby enhancing their absorption and sustaining optimal performance. These mechanisms encompass morphological changes and root development, secretion of organic acids and solubilizing compounds, coexistence with rhizosphere microorganisms, regulation of element storage and distribution, synthesis of antioxidant compounds, and stress responses. Key gene families, such as ZIP, YSL, NAS, and HMA, are central to the uptake, transport, and storage of these micronutrients in plants, with their expression regulated by transcription factors including WRKY, bZIP, and NAM-B1. The application of innovative genomic technologies, such as QTL mapping, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, and genomic selection, has opened up exciting new horizons for the genetic enhancement of wheat and the improvement of Zn and Fe content stability in grains. Despite these advances, significant challenges remain, including genetic-environment interactions, technical limitations of current methodologies, and various social regulatory, and legal considerations persist. This article provides a comprehensive and in-depth review of the physiological, molecular, and genomic mechanisms involved in the uptake, transport and homeostasis of zinc and iron in wheat, thoroughly addressing the current opportunities, challenges, and promising future possibilities for genetic biofortification. 

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Biofortification
Gene editing
GWAS
Micronutrients
Transcription factors
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