اثر سیلیس و سیتوکینین بر عملکرد دانه و برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیک کنجد (.Sesamum indicum L) در شرایط تنش کم‌آبی

خارکشی, علی محمّدی; رحیمی پطررودی, الیاس; شیردل شهمیری, فضل; مبصر, حمیدرضا; دانشمند, علیرضا

doi:10.22055/ppd.2025.48974.2253

اثر سیلیس و سیتوکینین بر عملکرد دانه و برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیک کنجد (.Sesamum indicum L) در شرایط تنش کم‌آبی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - دانه های روغنی

نویسندگان

علی محمّدی خارکشی ¹

الیاس رحیمی پطررودی ²

فضل شیردل شهمیری ²

حمیدرضا مبصر ²

علیرضا دانشمند ²

¹ دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زراعت، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قائم‌شهر، قائم‌شهر، ایران

² استادیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قائم‌شهر، قائم‌شهر، ایران

10.22055/ppd.2025.48974.2253

چکیده

خشکی یکی از مخرب‌ترین تنش‌های غیرزیستی است که بر ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی گیاهان زراعی تأثیر منفی دارد. سیلیس نقش مهمی در حفاظت گیاهان در برابر تنش‌های زیستی و غیرزیستی دارد. علاوه بر این، هورمون سیتوکینین‌ می‌تواند آسیب‌های ناشی از تنش‌های غیرزیستی را در گیاهان کاهش دهد. این آزمایش به صورت طرح اسپلیت فاکتوریل بر پایۀ طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال‌های زراعی 400-1399 و 401-1400 در شهر ساری انجام شد که شامل رژیم رطوبتی در سه سطح (ظرفیت زراعی و آبیاری پس از 100 و 200 میلی‌متر تبخیر از تشت تبخیر کلاس A) در کرت‌های اصلی، سیلیس (شاهد، سیلیکات کلسیم خاک کاربرد به میزان 400 کیلوگرم در هکتار و محلول‌پاشی نانوسیلیس با غلظت 60 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) و سیتوکینین (شاهد و محلول‌پاشی کینتین با غلظت 80 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) در کرت‌های فرعی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد در سطح کم‌آبی شدید، محتوای کلروفیلa و b برگ به ترتیب 13/1 و 10/8درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش یافتند. بیشترین محتوای کلروفیل a با 2/18 و 2/12 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن تر به ترتیب با محلول‌پاشی نانوسیلیس و کینتین و کاربرد سیلیکات کلسیم و کینتین به دست آمد. بیشترین فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز برگ در سطح کم‌آبی شدید با محلول‌پاشی نانوسیلیس و کینتین به 0/419 میلی‌گرم واحد آنزیمی بر گرم پروتئین‌های محلول در دقیقه رسید. همچنین، بیشترین فعالیت آنزیم گایاکول‌پراکسیداز برگ در سطح کم‌آبی متوسط با استفاده از همین تیمارها (0/287 میلی‌گرم واحد آنزیمی بر گرم پروتئین‌های محلول در دقیقه) به‌دست آمد. در هر دو سال‌ زراعی، حداکثر محتوای پرولین برگ با محلول‌پاشی نانوسیلیس به دست آمد. همچنین، در سال زراعی 401-1400، حداکثر محتوای پرولین با 0/442 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن تر در تیمار محلول‌پاشی کینتین حاصل شد. کم‌ترین غلظت سیلیس برگ (1064 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) در سطح کم‌آبی شدید مشاهده شد. محلول‌پاشی نانوسیلیس و کینتین غلظت سیلیس برگ را به ترتیب 38/6 و 11/3 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش دادند. رژیم رطوبتی کم‌آبی شدید سبب افزایش معنی‌دار محتوی اولئیک اسید روغن (1/3 درصد) و کاهش معنی‌دار عملکرد دانه (32/7 درصد) کنجد نسبت به تیمار شاهد شد. بیش-ترین عملکرد دانۀ کنجد با 1647 کیلوگرم در هکتار با محلول‌پاشی نانوسیلیس به دست آمد. همچنین، محلول‌پاشی کینتین باعث افزایش معنی‌دار (6/6 درصد) عملکرد دانه نسبت به تیمار شاهد شد. برهم‌کنش رژیم رطوبتی با سیلیس و کینتین اثر معنی‌داری بر کیفیت روغن و عملکرد دانه کنجد نداشت. با این حال، در تیمار کم‌آبی شدید، برخلاف اسید اولئیک، محتوای کلروفیل a و b، غلظت سیلیس و عملکرد دانه به‌طور معنی‌دار نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافتند. استفاده از سیلیس (به ویژه نانوسیلیس) و کینتین محتوای کلروفیل b، غلظت سیلیس و عملکرد دانه را افزایش داد. در این میان، محلول‌پاشی نانوسیلیس و کینتین در سطوح متوسط و شدید کم‌آبی به ترتیب منجر به بیش‌ترین فعالیت آنزیم‌های گایاکول‌پراکسیداز و کاتالاز شد. علاوه بر این، نانوسیلیس منجر به بالاترین محتوای پرولین شد. براساس نتایج، استفاده از نانوسیلیس و کینتین نه‌تنها به افزایش عملکرد دانه، بلکه به ارتقای فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان در شرایط تنش کم‌آبی و احتمالاً بهبود تحمل گیاه کنجد کمک می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

اسید چرب

آنزیم‌های آنتی اکسیدان

پرولین

محلول‌پاشی

نانوذرات

موضوعات

A: دانه های روغنی

عنوان مقاله English

Effect of silica and cytokinin on seed yield and some physiological properties of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under water deficit stress conditions

نویسندگان English

Ali Mohammadi Kharkeshi ¹

Elyas Rahimi Petroudi ²

Fazl Shirdel Shahmiri ²

Hamid Reza Mobasser ²

Alireza Daneshmand ²

¹ Ph.D. Student, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran

² Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran

چکیده English

Introduction
Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is an important oilseed crop valued for its high oil content, antioxidants, and proteins. Drought is one of the most destructive abiotic constraints, adversely affecting both quantitative and qualitative traits. Silicon has been shown to enhance plant defense mechanisms by stimulating the synthesis of phytoalexins and phenolic compounds under abiotic stress conditions. Similarly, cytokinins play a crucial role in regulating plant growth, maintaining photosynthetic stability, and modulating physiological processes under drought stress. Therefore, this study examines the effects of silicon and cytokinin application on seed yield and physiological traits of sesame grown under water deficit stress conditions.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with a split-factorial arrangement and three replications during the 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 growing seasons in Sari, Mazandaran Province, northern Iran (36°48′ N, 53°05′ E; 8 m a.s.l.). Irrigation regimes were assigned to the main plots and included irrigation at field capacity (control) and irrigation after 100 mm and 200 mm of evaporation from a Class A pan, representing moderate and severe water deficit stress, respectively. Subplots consisted of a factorial combination of silica application (no silica soil application of calcium silicate at 400 kg ha⁻¹, and foliar application of nano-silica at 60 mg L⁻¹) and cytokinin application (no cytokinin and foliar application of kinetin at 80 mg L⁻¹). Measured traits included chlorophyll and cartenoid content, antioxidant enzyme activities, proline content, silica concentration, oleic and linoleic acid contents, and seed yield.
Results and Discussion
Under severe water deficit conditions, leaf chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents decreased by 13.1% and 10.8%, respectively, compared with the control treatment. The highest chlorophyll a content (2.18 and 2.12 mg g⁻¹ FW) were recorded following foliar application of nano-silica and kinetin, as well as the combined application of calcium silicate and kinetin, respectively. Under severe water deficit stress, the maximum catalase activity in leaves (0.419 mg EU g⁻¹ SP min⁻¹) was observed in plants treated with foliar-applied nano-silica and kinetin. Similarly, under moderate water deficit conditions, the highest guaiacol peroxidase activity (0.287 mg EU g⁻¹ SP min⁻¹) was obtained with the same treatments. Across both growing seasons, the maximum proline content was obtained through foliar application of nano-silica; additionally, in the 2021–2022 season, the highest proline concentration (0.442 mg g^-¹ FW) was recorded following kinetin application.The lowest leaf silica content (1064 mg kg⁻¹) was observed under severe water deficit conditions. Foliar application of nano-silica and kinetin increased leaf silica concentration by 38.6% and 11.3%, respectively, compared with the control treatment. Severe water deficit stress significantly increased oleic acid content in sesame oil by 1.3%, while causing a significant reduction in seed yield (32.7%) relative to the control treatment. The highest seed yield (1647 kg ha⁻¹) was obtained from plants receiving foliar nano-silica application. Moreover, foliar application of kinetin led to a significant increase in seed yield by 6.6% compared with the control treatment (1454 kg ha⁻¹).
Conclusion
In general, the interaction among moisture regime, silica, and kinetin did not have a significant effect on sesame seed yield and oil quality. However, under severe water deficit conditions, the concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, silica, and seed yield were significantly reduced compared with the control treatment, whereas oleic acid content increased. Application of silica (especially nanosilica) and kinetin enhanced chlorophyll b content, leaf silica content, and seed yield. Among the treatments, the combined foliar application of nano-silica and kinetin under moderate and severe water deficit conditions resulted in the highest guaiacol peroxidase and catalase activities in sesame leaves, respectively. Furthermore, nanosilica led to the highest proline content. These findings indicate that foliar application of nano-silica and kinetin not only improves seed yield but also enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms under water deficit conditions, thereby potentially improving drought tolerance in sesame.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Antioxidant enzymes

Fatty acid

Foliar application

Nanoparticles

Proline

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