تولیدات گیاهی

تولیدات گیاهی

تأثیر همزیستی اکتومیکوریزی بر فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان فندق (.Corylus avellana L) و ژینکو (.Ginkgo biloba L) در شرایط تنش خشکی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - میوه های معتدله

نویسندگان
1 گروه جنگل‌شناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده علوم جنگل، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، شهر گرگان، ایران
2 بخش خاک مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گلستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گرگان، ایران
3 گروه زیست شناسی سلولی و مولکولی، دانشکده علوم و فناوری زیستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
4 اداره تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گلستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گرگان، ایران
چکیده
تنش خشکی یکی از چالش‌های جهانی است که تأثیرات نامطلوب زیادی بر جامعه، اقتصاد و محیط‌زیست دارد. قارچ‌های اکتومیکوریزی می‌توانند از طریق سازوکارهای فیزیولوژیکی و بیو‌شیمیایی به گیاهان کمک کنند تا بهتر با این تنش مقابله کنند. با این حال، هنوز اطلاعات کاملی درباره فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان در همزیستی اکتومیکوریزی، به ویژه در قارچ‌های ترافل، در دست نیست. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر قارچ اکتومیکوریز Tuber aestivum Vittad. بر فعالیت دو آنزیم آنتی‌اکسیدان (کاتالاز و پراکسیداز) در برگ‌های فندق و ژینکو تحت شرایط تنش‌کم آبیاری انجام شد. این مطالعه بین سال‌های ۱۳۹۹ تا ۱۴۰۱ در دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان و در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی با دو تیمار (تلقیح‌شده با قارچ و شاهد بدون‌تلقیح) اجرا شد. برای مایه‌زنی نهال‌ها، طبق دستورالعمل‌ شرکت سازنده، ماده پودری تلقیح در آب مقطر معلق شد؛ به طوری که هر بسته 15 گرمی از هاگ قارچ Tuber aestivum در 3/5 لیتر آب مقطر حل شد. سپس ۲۵۰ سی‌سی از این سوسپانسیون به هر گلدان اضافه گردید. طی سه مرحله مایه‌زنی ، یک گرم از ماده تلقیح با غلظت  108 به خاک اطراف هر نهال افزوده شد و میزان کلنیزاسیون با دو روش چشمی و تلاقی خطوط‌مشبک ارزیابی گردید. تنش‌کم آبیاری با قطع آبیاری تا زمانی اعمال شد که نهال‌های تلقیح‌شده به نزدیکی نقطه پژمردگی برسند و گروه شاهد در تمام طول آزمایش به‌طور کامل آبیاری می‌شد. بعد از اعمال تنش، تأثیر تلقیح قارچی بر تحمل به خشکی از طریق اندازه‌گیری فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی در برگ‌ها بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که نهال‌های ژینکو و فندق به-ترتیب ۱۴ و ۱۳ روز قادر به تحمل شرایط تنش کم آبیاری بودند. در ارزیابی چشمی، میزان کلنیزاسیون برای فندق ۶۹ درصد و برای ژینکو ۶۳ درصد برآورد شد، در‌حالی‌که روش تلاقی خطوط‌مشبک این مقادیر را به ترتیب ۵۸ درصد (فندق) و ۵۵ درصد (ژینکو) نشان داد. یافته‌های این مطالعه همچنین نشان داد که فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز در نهال‌های تلقیح‌شده با T. aestivum تحت تنش‌کم آبیاری، نسبت به گروه شاهد در هر دو گونه گیاهی، افزایش معنی‌داری داشت (P < 0/001). این افزایش برای ژینکو ۲۷ درصد و برای فندق ۱۴۳ درصد بود. افزون بر این، فعالیت آنزیم پراکسیداز هم در نهال‌های تلقیح‌شده هر دو گونه افزایش معنی‌داری نشان داد (P < 0/001)؛ به‌طوری‌که این افزایش در ژینکو ۶۷ درصد و در فندق ۵۸ درصد گزارش شد. این افزایش چشمگیر در فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان در حضور T. aestivum نشان می‌دهد که این قارچ همزیست می‌تواند سازو‌کار‌های دفاعی گیاه میزبان را در شرایط کم‌آبی تحریک و تقویت نماید. این نتایج تأیید می‌کنند که قارچ مذکور نقش مؤثری در کاهش تنش اکسیداتیو و افزایش تحمل گیاهان به شرایط نامساعد دارد و بنابراین می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک عامل زیستی کارآمد در مدیریت تنش‌های محیطی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. البته برای اطمینان از عملکرد این همزیستی در مقیاس‌های بزرگتر و شرایط طبیعی، هنوز به پژوهش‌های تکمیلی در سطح مولکولی نیاز است؛ از جمله بررسی الگوی بیان آنزیم‌ها و تغییرات ژنی در گونه‌های مختلف گیاهی. مطالعه حاضر، چهار‌چوب نظری مناسبی را برای درک بهتر سازو‌کار‌های فیزیولوژیکی و بیو‌شیمیایی بر‌هم‌کنش گیاه و قارچ در واکنش به تنش‌کم آبیاری فراهم می-کند.
 
 
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Effect of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis on antioxidant enzyme activity in hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) under drought stress conditions

نویسندگان English

Parvin Bagherifar 1
Seyed Mohammad Waez-Mousavi 1
Mohammad Hossein Arzanesh 2
Masoud Tohidfar 3
Hojjatollah Rabbani Nasab 4
1 Department of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forest Sciences Gorgan University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resource, Gorgan, Iran
2 Soil Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Golestan, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran
3 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
4 Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Golestan, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran
چکیده English

Introduction
Drought stress is considered as a global challenge that has many adverse effects on society, the economy, and the environment. Ectomycorrhizal fungi can enhance plants to cope with such stress through physiological and biochemical mechanisms. However, comprehensive information regarding the activity of antioxidant enzymes in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, especially in truffle fungi, remains limited. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the ectomycorrhizal fungus of black summer truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.) on the activity of two antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase) in the leaves of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) and ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) under water deficit stress conditions.
Materials and Methods
This study was carried out between 2020 and to 2022 at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in a completely randomized design with two treatments (seedlings inoculated with fungus and non-inoculated controls. For seedling inoculation, the powdered inoculum was suspended in distilled water according to the manufacturer’s instructions, with each 15 g package of Tuber aestivum fungal spores dissolved in 3.5 liters of distilled water. Then, 250 mL of this suspension was added to each pot. During three inoculation stages, one gram of inoculum with a concentration of 10⁸ spores per gram was added to the soil around each seedling, and the colonization rate was evaluated using both the visual method and the grid line intersection method. Water deficit stress was imposed by withholding irrigation until the inoculated seedlings reached near the wilting point, while the control group was fully irrigated throughout the experiment. After applying stress, the effect of fungal inoculation on drought tolerance was investigated by measuring the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the leaves.
Results and Discussion
The results indicated that ginkgo and hazelnut seedlings were able to tolerate water deficit stress for 14 and 13 days, respectively. In visual evaluation, the colonization rate was estimated at 69% for hazelnut and 63% for ginkgo, while the grid line intersection method showed these values of 58% and 55%, respectively. The study also revealed that catalase (CAT) enzyme activity in seedlings inoculated with Tuber aestivum under water deficit stress was significantly higher (P < 0.001) compared to non-inoculated controls, with increases of 27% in G. biloba and 143% in C. avellana. Similarly, peroxidase enzyme activity also showed a significant increase (P < 0.001) in inoculated seedlings of both species; showing a 67% increase in G.biloba and 58% in C.avellana. This dramatic increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the presence of T. aestivum suggests that this symbiotic fungus can stimulate and strengthen the host plant’s defense mechanisms under water deficit conditions. These results confirm that T. aestivum plays an effective role in mitigating oxidative stress and improving plant tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, highlighting its potential as an effective biological agent for managing abiotic stresses.
Conclusion
To ensure the performance of this symbiosis on a larger scale and under natural conditions, further research at the molecular level is required, including investigation into the expression pattern of enzymes and genetic changes in different plant species. The present study provides a suitable theoretical framework for a better understanding of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying plant-fungus interaction in response to water deficit stress.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Black summer truffle
Catalase activity
Host plant
Stress tolerance
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