تولیدات گیاهی

تولیدات گیاهی

اثر قطع آبیاری در مراحل مختلف فنولوژیک بر صفات رشدی و عملکردی ارقام تجاری کنجد مقاوم به ریزش دانه

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - تنش محیطی یا زیستی

نویسندگان
1 دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی ارشد، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
چکیده
مدیریت مناسب آبیاری کشت‌های تابستانه به ویژه در فصل پرتنش تابستان، در بیشتر مناطق کشور اجتناب ناپذیر است، زیرا حساسیت گیاهان زراعی به کمبود آب در مراحل مختلف فنولوژیک متفاوت است. بر همین اساس، این آزمایش با هدف بررسی اثر قطع آبیاری در مراحل مختلف فنولوژیک بر برخی صفات رشدی و عملکردی ارقام کنجد مقاوم به ریزش دانه (ناشکوفا) در جنوب استان خوزستان (شهرستان شادگان) اجرا شد.  این پژوهش در سال زراعی 1401 به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. سه زمان قطع آبیاری در مراحل مختلف فنولوژیک شامل قطع آبیاری در مرحلۀ میانی گلدهی تا انتهای گلدهی، قطع آبیاری در مرحلۀ انتهای گلدهی تا رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک، قطع آبیاری از رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک تا رسیدگی کامل و بدون قطع آبیاری (شاهد) در کرت‌های اصلی و سه رقم تجاری جدید کنجد ناشکوفای مهاجر، برکت و چمران در کرت‌های فرعی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که بیش‌ترین عملکرد دانه (1362 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در شرایط قطع آبیاری در مرحلۀ رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک تا رسیدگی کامل رقم چمران و کم‌ترین میزان (510 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار قطع آبیاری در مرحلۀ انتهای گلدهی تا رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک رقم برکت مشاهده شد. بیش‌ترین شاخص برداشت در تیمار قطع آبیاری در مرحلۀ انتهای گلدهی تا رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک و قطع آبیاری در مرحلۀ رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک تا رسیدگی کامل در رقم چمران (به ترتیب 28 و 24 درصد) و کمترین میزان در تیمار قطع آبیاری در مرحلۀ انتهای گلدهی تا رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک در رقم برکت (10 درصد) مشاهده شد. بیش‌ترین و کم‌ترین تعداد شاخۀ فرعی با میانگین 6 و 4 ‏عدد به ترتیب در تیمار شاهد و تیمار قطع آبیاری در ‏مرحلۀ میانۀ گلدهی تا انتهای گلدهی شمارش شد. ‏بیش‌ترین‏ میزان ارتفاع محل ظهور اولین کپسول (26/3 ‏سانتی‌متر) در تیمار قطع آبیاری در مرحلۀ انتهای گلدهی ‏تا رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک در رقم برکت مشاهده شد. بیش‌ترین تعداد کپسول در بوته (58 عدد) در تیمار قطع ‏آبیاری در مرحلۀ رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک تا رسیدگی ‏کامل در ارقام مهاجر و برکت بود‏.‏ بیش‌ترین میزان درصد روغن دانۀ کنجد نیز در رقم چمران در تیمار شاهد با میزان 53 درصد به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد که برای مدیریت منابع آب در فصل پرتنش تابستان، ارقام جدید کنجد مقاوم به ریزش دانه نیازی به آبیاری از مرحلۀرسیدگی فیزیولوژیک تا انتهای رسیدگی کامل نداشته و قطع آبیاری در این بازۀ زمانی منجر به کاهش معنی‌دار عملکرد دانه نمی‌شود. همچنین رقم چمران نسبت به سایر ارقام برای کشت در نواحی دارای محدودیت منابع آب در انتهای فصل زراعی، به ویژه نواحی جنوبی استان خوزستان مناسب‌تر تشخیص داده شد. 
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Effects of withholding irrigation in different phonological stages on growth and yield traits of commercial seed shatter-resistant sesame cultivars

نویسندگان English

Foroogh Motallebiyan 1
Payman Hassibi 2
Mohammad Reza Siahpoosh 2
1 M.Sc. Graduate, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده English

Introduction
Oilseed plants hold an important position among crops by providing the energy and calories required by humans and animals. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), a member of the Pedaliaceae family, is one of the oldest cultivated oilseed crops in the world, particularly thriving in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Sesame seeds contain the highest oil content, holding special significance due to their wide range of applications in food, medicine, and industry. In most regions of Iran, effective irrigation management is crucial for summer crops, especially during the summer. The susceptibility of crops to water scarcity varies across different phenological stages, making precise irrigation practices essential for sustaining growth and maximizing yield.
Materials and Methods
This study aimed to investigate the impact of withholding irrigation at different phenological stages on growth and yield traits of indehiscent sesame cultivars. The experiment was conducted using a split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design with four replications during the 2021-2022 growing season in the southern regions of Khuzestan province. The main factor included three irrigation-limitation treatments; irrigation withheld from mid-flowering to late flowering, from the end of flowering to physiological maturity, and from physiological maturity to full maturity, and a control with no irrigation withholding. The sub-plot factor consisted of three new commercial indehiscent sesame cultivars; Mohajer, Barekat, and Chamran.
 Results and Discussion
In the treatment where irrigation was withheld from physiological maturity to full maturity, the Barekat cultivar exhibited the greatest plant height (87 cm) and the highest number of capsules per plant (58). In contrast, the Chamran cultivar showed the lowest number of capsules per plant (27) under irrigation withholding from the end of the flowering stage to physiological maturity. The average seed weight per capsule ranged from 0.12 g in the treatment where irrigation was withheld from mid-flowering to late flowering to 0.30 g in the control treatment. Notably, the maximum seed yield (1362 kg. ha⁻¹) was achieved in the Chamran cultivar under irrigation withholding from physiological maturity to full maturity, whereas the Barekat cultivar showed the lowest seed yield (510 kg. ha⁻¹) when irrigation was withheld from the end of flowering to physiological maturity. The highest harvest index (28%) was also recorded in the Chamran cultivar under irrigation withholding from the end of flowering to physiological maturity, while the lowest harvest index (10%) observed in the Barekat cultivar under the same treatment. In addition, the greatest seed oil content (53%) was also obtained in the Chamran cultivar under the control treatment.
 Conclusion
This cultivar has shown promising results in terms of growth, yield traits, and oil content under the specified irrigation conditions, making it a suitable choice for cultivation in this region. The findings indicate that under water-limited conditions, withholding irrigation at specific phenological stages may not lead to a substantial reduction in sesame seed yield. This implies that the potential for implementing strategic irrigation practices that optimize water use efficiency without sacrificing yield performance. Given the climatic conditions of the southern regions of Khuzestan Province, the indehiscent Chamran cultivar is recommended for cultivation. This cultivar showed superior growth, yield attributes, and oil content under the evaluated irrigation regimes, making it a suitable option for cultivation in this region.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Number of capsules
Number of seeds
Oil percentage
Resistance to seed shattering
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