Plant Productions - Articles List

Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) Management in Sugarcane Fields of Subtropical Iran

Farkhondeh Eskandari; Batool Keramat; Yousef Filizadeh; Amir Aynehband

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 123-132

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33905.1919

Abstract

IntroductionAmong all weeds, cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) has been identified as a problematic weed in the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields of Iran for over ... Read More IntroductionAmong all weeds, cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) has been identified as a problematic weed in the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields of Iran for over 20 years since 1996. Failure to control of cogongrass regrowth during spring develops it rapidly and, in turn, reduces the sugarcane yield in subtropical Iran. In effect, the identification of weak points in cogongrass phenology and frequency is deemed to help decision makers adopt effective controlling strategies in optimum time. Storage of carbohydrate reserves by plants is, in turn, the best mechanism for optimizing the timing of management strategies when reserves are at the lowest levels in storage organs. Glyphosate has been also widely used in Iran to control of weeds in the sugarcane fields. Currently, despite double spraying, the spring control of cogongrass is not satisfactory in the sugarcane fields in subtropical Iran. Materials and MethodsTwo studies were carried out in Salman Farsi Agro-Industrial Company in about 40 km south-west of the center of Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz, Iran, in 2017. In the first experiment, monthly (February–November) total nonstructural carbohydrate allocation patterns of cogongrass were evaluated to determine carbohydrate low points in the seasonal phenological cycle. To that end, glyphosate (00, 0.92, 1.84, 2.76 and 3.68 L a.i ha-1) was applied in April and June, 2017, in a 10×2 factorial design under randomized complete block designs with four replications. Data were analyzed using standard ANOVA procedures with the subsequent use of Least Significant Difference test (Little and Hills 1978( to separate means. Results and DiscussionThe occurrence of carbohydrate low points (CLPs) (88.69±13.15 mg g-1) was considered from May to August, CLP was found to have two important points with the potential control of cogongrass reported. The first and second points were in May (579 GDD) and August (2683GDD), respectively. The suppression of cogongrass (58-100%) was achieved with the three highest rates (1.84, 2.76 and 3.68 L a.i ha-1) in both application times, although substantial regrowth occurred in all plots by 5 months after the first treatment. Double spraying with a 60-day interval did not result in the effective control of such a troublesome weed in the sugarcane fields. Applying glyphosate two times in the spring and mid-summer (the end of CLP, 2683 GDD) was determined effective for the long-term control (>6 months) of cogongrass. The results suggest that glyphosate 1.84 L a.i ha-1 should be performed on cogongrass in the spring for improved control. ConclusionWe concluded that frequent spring spraying may be excluded to control of cogongrass in the sugarcane fields and only spraying should be made on twice the growth seasons. The first use of glyphosate in its minimum optimum dose (1.84 L a.i ha-1) is made on early spring. The second is sprayed in its maximum optimum dose (3.68 L a.i ha-1) at the midsummer, once the single-sprayed cogongrass gets appropriate leaf surface for transferring the herbicide.

Construction of Critical Nitrogen Dilution Curve Based on Stem Dry Matter in Rapeseed

SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Abolfazl Derakhshan

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 143-156

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31971.1854

Abstract

IntroductionThere are mathematical equations to distinguish nitrogen (N) status based on the concept of critical nitrogen (Nc), the lowest N concentration required to achieve maximum ... Read More IntroductionThere are mathematical equations to distinguish nitrogen (N) status based on the concept of critical nitrogen (Nc), the lowest N concentration required to achieve maximum growth. The Nc demonstrates the ideal N status in crops. Whenever crop N concentration is greater than the Nc, at that time N is in surplus, but if it is less, then N is inadequate. The contribution of the stem dry matter (SDM) toward total crop dry matter is significantly higher than that of other tissues, therefore, it is the most determinant factor for N dilution of the whole plant. The objectives of this research were to construct a Nc dilution curve based on SDM and to evaluate the plausibility of this curve for assessment of the N nutrition status of spring rapeseed. Materials and MethodsA field experiment was conducted with seven levels of N fertilizer application (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg N ha-1) in which the amount of the SDM and stem N concentration (SNC) of two spring rapeseed cultivars (Hyola 401 and Dalgan) were measured during the growing season. The approach proposed by Justes et al. (1994) was used to construct the SDM basis Nc dilution curve. The N nutrition index (NNI) on each sampling date was calculated by dividing actual SNC by stem Nc concentration. The accumulated N deficit (Nand) in rapeseed stems for each sampling date was determined by subtracting the N accumulation in stems under the Nc condition from actual N accumulation in stems under different N fertilizer application rates. Results and DiscussionOverall, both SDM and SNC showed an increasing and decreasing trend with increasing crop age, respectively, regardless of fertilizer treatment. The Nc dilution curve of both cultivars during the growing season was described by the equation Nc = 5.71SDM-0.29. Both NNI and Nand criteria were able to diagnosis the N deficiency or excess in the spring rapeseed cultivars studied. At all of the crop growth stages, there was a significant positive correlation between the difference value of the N application rate (∆N) and the difference value of NNI (∆NNI). For both cultivars studied, however, the positive correlation between ΔN and differences in Nand among N fertilizer treatments (ΔNand) was not significant at early growth stages. In any case, for accurate management of N fertilizer during the growing season, it is sufficient to determine only one of the two NNI or Nand criteria per day from planting to silique formation, and then the N fertilizer required for maximum growth is calculated based on the equations presented to describe the relationships between ΔN and ΔNNI or between ΔN and ΔNand. The most important application of the Nc dilution curve is to determine the N requirement of crops during the growing season under variable field conditions. These curves can be used as ideal and economically efficient tools for accurate management of fertilizer in the field, which is very important from the aspect of environmental protection and human health. Both NNI and Nand were well able to distinguish the N status of spring rapeseed. ConclusionThe present Nc dilution curve based on SDM provides an insight into N nutrition status in spring rapeseed crop and can serve as a novel tool to improve N fertilization management in spring rapeseed.

Investigation of the Growth and Physiological Reactions of Kochia Plant to Simultaneous Stress of Salinity and Cadmium

Mohadeseh Shamsaddin Saied; Nasibeh Pourghasemian

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 459-474

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36646.1967

Abstract

IntroductionNowadayes, due to the increasing use of phosphorus fertilizers in agricultural lands, the salinity of the soil ,along with contamination with heavy elements such as cadmium, ... Read More IntroductionNowadayes, due to the increasing use of phosphorus fertilizers in agricultural lands, the salinity of the soil ,along with contamination with heavy elements such as cadmium, has increased sharply. Plants' response to a particular stress is different from when they experience multiple stresses simultaneously. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the simultaneous effect of salinity and cadmium stresses on morphological and physiological characteristics of Kochia. Materials and MethodsFor this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in the educational-research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Valiasr University of Rafsanjan in 1397/2019. Experimental factors included four different levels of salinity stress (0, 6, 12 and 18 dS/m) and cadmium concentration in soil (0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil). The studied traits included dry weight of branches, stems and leaves, RWC, concentration of chlorophyll a, b and a + b, enzymes activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, the concentration of cadmium, iron, zinc, manganese, calcium and magnesium. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that due to increasing salinity to 18 dS/m the dry weight of branches, leaf and stem dry weight and leaf area, RWC, concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids decreased by 56.8, 48.01, 50, 46.09, 21, 53.76, 56.91, 53.75 and 51.21 percent, respectively. By increasing the cadmium concentration to 10 mg/L, the dry weight of lateral branches, leaves, stems and leaf area decreased by 24.32, 31.89, 28.45 and 41.24%, respectively, but the concentration of leaf cadmium compared to the control treatment 1.7 times increased. The activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase enzymes in treatment of 18 dS/m salinity alongside with 10 mg/L cadmium were 1.83, 1.4 and 4.7 times higher than the control treatment, respectively. Leaf iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased by 73.07%, 51.51, 51.8%, 0.17 and 0.26% with increasing salinity stress to 18 dS/m, respectively, and with increasing cadmium concentration to 10 mg/L increased iron concentration by 37.32% and zinc and magnesium concentrations decreased by 28.70 and 0.12%, respectively. The highest dry matter of Koshia in salinity and cadmium stress treatments belonged to the control treatment and the lowest dry matter were obtained from 18 dS / m salinity and 10 mg / kg cadmium in soil. ConclusionThe results of the present study revealed that in Kochia in the presence of cadmium stress, the concentration of cadmium in the leaves and shoots increased and this indicates the potential of this plant for phytoremediation (removal of heavy metals by the plant) from saline soils contaminated with cadmium. Kochia's proper performance in high cadmium accumulation appears to be due to the detoxification of cadmium in cells. The presence of salinity along with cadmium increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which is probably one of the plant's solutions to stress. Decreased nutrients due to increased cadmium and salinity stress can be a reason for reduced yield and lead researchers to the direction that in the face of these stresses, nutrients can be used as fertilizer so that the plant does not suffer from nutrient deficiencies.

Evaluation of Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Response to Different Irrigation Regimes and Spraying of Zn and Mn Nano-Fertilizers

Majid Ghanbari; Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli; Kamran Mansour Ghanaei-Pashaki; Parniyan Talebi-Siah Saran

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 475-488

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33041.1886

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual plant belonging to the genus Helianthus and Astraceae (Kazi et al., 2002). Among abiotic stresses, drought stress is ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual plant belonging to the genus Helianthus and Astraceae (Kazi et al., 2002). Among abiotic stresses, drought stress is considered to be the most influential type of stress in the production of oil seeds in the world and can greatly reduce production on many arable lands. One of the primary effects of drought is the reduction of water content of plant tissues (Ghanbari et al., 2016). Nutrient spraying is one of the common methods of supplying nutrients to higher plants, whose efficiency is greater than soil fertilizer use when soil conditions are poor (Hay and Porter, 2006). Mn, as an activating factor in many enzymes, especially the enzymes involved in photosynthetic processes in plants. Manganese deficiency reduces growth, causing necrosis, and early fall of leaves (Tewari et al., 2005). Zn acts as part of the enzyme structure or as a cofactor. It is used to make RNA, DNA metabolism of carbohydrates, oils and proteins (Shahrokhi et al., 2012). To investigate the effect of Zn Nano-fertilizer in combination with Mn Nano-fertilizer on improving sunflower resistance under water deficit conditions by measuring changes in yield, yield components and biochemical properties of sunflower were studied here to see the reults Materials and MethodsThis research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Lahijan Agricultural Jihad Research Farm in 2019. Factorial combinations of four treatments of water deficit stress (15% (un-stressed control), 30% (mild stress), 45% (moderate stress) and 60% (severe stress) of FC depletion) and four spraying (Control (distilled water), Zn, Mn and Zn+Mn Nano-fertilizer) with 4 mg.l-1 concentration were examined. Drip irrigation (T-tape) applied the row length in each experimental plot was 6 m, 50 cm apart. The distance between the plots and between the repetitions was 1 and 3.5 m, respectively. Results and DiscussionThe results revealed that the interaction between irrigation regime and spraying was significant in harvest index, peroxidase, seed protein, seed oil and oil yield; in other traits the main effects were significant. Co-application of Zn and Mn Nano-chelates in panicle and stem diameter, grain yield, photosynthesis rate and protein yield increased by 26.69, 29.77, 34.37, 61.30 and 57.17%, respectively. Spraying of zinc and manganese nano-chelates also improved grain yield and protein yield by 17.86 and 36.68%, respectively, under severe stress conditions. ConclusionIn general, it can be concluded that the application of Zn and Mn Nano-fertilizers is effective in increasing grain yield, protein and oil yield and photosynthesis under stress conditions and it is very effective in resistance to sunflower plant by reducing the activity of stress enzymes and reducing severe yield loss. Finally, co-application of zinc and manganese Nano-fertilizers depending on the stress areas is recommended for optimal performance under drought stress condition.

Effect of the Vertical and Non-Vertical Spray of Flat Fan Nozzle Types on the Control Efficacy of Winter Wild Oat (Avena sterilis subsp. ludoviciana Durieu.) by Haloxyfop-R-methyl

Akbar Aliverdi; Samira Karami

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 331-344

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32527.1875

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSince the leaves of a grass species are perpendicularly oriented to the ground, spraying an ACCase inhibitor with a conventional hydraulic nozzle can ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSince the leaves of a grass species are perpendicularly oriented to the ground, spraying an ACCase inhibitor with a conventional hydraulic nozzle can not cause an adequate control. In such a situation, it is well established that a large endo-drift of the spray droplets can be occurred. Recently, a new spray technique, angled spray, has been introduced to maximize the deposition of spray droplets on a vertical target surface (i.e., grassy species). This technique is simple, inexpensive, and available to farmers. Therefore, it can be noteworthy to them. This reserech aimed to study the effect of many angled sprays by three flat fan nozzle types on the efficacy of haloxyfop-R-methyl against winter wild oat.Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted as dose-response bioassay at the research greenhouse of Bu-Ali Sina University in 2019. Haloxyfop-R-methyl at seven doses (0, 5.06, 10.12, 20.25, 40.5, 60.75, and 81 ml a.i. ha-1) were sprayed at 300 kPa spray pressure using three flat fan nozzle types having different atomization quality (standard (Fine: 144–235 µm), anti-drift (Medium: 236–340 µm), and air induction (Extremely Coarse: 503–665 µm)) in seven angled sprays (vertical spray and non-vertical sprays with 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60° forward) on winter wild oat at the three-leaf stage. The haloxyfop-R-methyl dose required to give a 50% reduction in dry weight of winter wild oat (ED50) was detected. ResultsThe ED50 values were significantly affected by the nozzle type and the spray angle. With a vertical spray, the ED50 values of 32.51, 44.05, and 53.98 ml a.i. ha-1 was obtained from the flat fan nozzles of standard, anti-drift, and air induction, respectively. The best efficacy of haloxyfop-R-methyl was obtained using a 30° forward angled spray by standard flat fan nozzle (ED50 = 15.10 ml a.i. ha-1), a 40° forward angled spray by anti-drift flat fan nozzle (ED50 = 17.13 ml a.i. ha-1), and a 50° forward angled spray by air induction flat fan nozzle (ED50 = 17.61 ml a.i. ha-1). DiscussionFrom this experiment, the following points were obtained: 1) with a vertical spray, there is a negative correlation between the herbicide efficacy and the spray droplet size; 2) with a non-vertical spray, there is a neutral correlation between the herbicide efficacy and the spray droplet size; 3) when the droplets produced by a nozzle is larger, the more non-vertical spray is required to obtain maximoum herbicide efficacy.

Evaluation of Adaptation and Sustainabilit of Winter Oilseed Rape Mutant Lines in Cold and Mild Cold Regions of Iran by GGE Biplot Method

Mehrzad Ahmadi; Mansoor Omidi; Bahram Alizadeh; Ali Akbar Shah nejat Bushehri

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 345-347

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.33627.1912

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionOilseed rape is the third most important oil crop in the world after oil palm and soybean. The world's oilseed rape production was 4.6 million tons in 2018-2019 ... Read More AbstractIntroductionOilseed rape is the third most important oil crop in the world after oil palm and soybean. The world's oilseed rape production was 4.6 million tons in 2018-2019 and has the ability to compensate for the lack of edible oil in Iran (containing 40-45% oil). The production of this crop is mainly done by using two zero cultivars with a low level of glucosinolate in the feed and the absence of Erucic acid in the oil. Two types of oilseed rape are cultivated in Iran, spring and autumn. Spring type is cultivated in warm regions of the Caspian Sea coast and southern regions of the country and its autumn type is mostly cultivated in cold and mild cold regions. Materials and MethodsIn this study 16 rapeseed mutant lines obtained through Gama radiation of three rapeseed cultivars Talaye, Zarfam and Express with 800, 900 and 1200 gray dose rates, followed by 7 selfing generation, are compared during two years for earliness, seed and oil yield and other important agronomic traits in four regions Karaj, Kermanshah, Esfahan and Zarghan with three check varieties. The oil content of rapeseed varieties and lines were determined by NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) at chemic laboratory of Oilseed Crops Research Department of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute. Finally, the highest yield early maturity lines were defined. Each treatment was sown in plot with four rows, four meters lenght and 30 cm between row distances. The experimental field was prepared in late summer and chemical fertilizer were given to it. The sowing experiment were planned for late week of September until the first week of October.At the end of each cropping year, the yield of each plot was harvested separately and the statistical calculations were carried out after the gathering of two years results by GGE biplot method. Results and DiscussionResults of combined ANOVA showed that main effects of year and genotype, interaction of location ×genotype; year × location, and interaction of year, location and genotype had significant effects on grain yield. The genotypes showed the highest and the lowest grain yield in Kermanshah 4016 kg/ha and Zarghan 2886 kg/ha stations, respectively. Line T-900-4 produced the highest grain yield 3840 kg/ha in all locations. To study the interaction of genotypes and environments, GGE biplot method was used. Based on the polygonal graphs related to genotypes, line Z-800-6, Z-900-7, Okapi and Z-800-3 produced the highest yield in Karaj, Zarghan, Kermanshah and Esfahan, respectively. Regarding the imaginary ideal genotype graph and biplot of genotypes and environments and seed yield ranking, line Z-900-7 were identified as the best genotypes due to its higher yield and stability. ConclusionIn Iran, 70% of rapeseed production is done in warm regions and only 30% in cold regions. Therefore, breeding cold-tolerant cultivars by using mutations will increase rapeseed cultivation in the cold region of Iran.

The Effects of Additives on the Efficacy of Herbicides of Othello, Topik+ Granstar, Total and Apirus in Controlling Wild Oat and Charlock Mustard as Dominant Weeds of Wheat

Abbas Rahpeyma; Mehdi Madandoust

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 503-514

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33688.1913

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionAdding an adjuvant facilitates the uptake of herbicides through the aerial parts of plants and reduces the selective state of the herbicide. If the amount of adjuvants ... Read More AbstractIntroductionAdding an adjuvant facilitates the uptake of herbicides through the aerial parts of plants and reduces the selective state of the herbicide. If the amount of adjuvants is more than the amount needed to moisturize the surface of the plants, the penetration of herbicides will increase. The experiment reported here was conducted to determine the best additives on increasing the effectiveness of herbicides in controlling wheat weeds. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm in Fasa (28° 56' N, 53°38′E) during 2017-2018. The factors consisted of herbicides in four levels of Mesosulfuron+ Iodosulfuron+ Diflufenican (Othello), Clodinafop Propargyl (Topik)+ Tribenuron–Methyl (Granstar), Sulfosulfuron+ Metsulfuron Methyl (Total) and Sulfosulfuron (Apirus) in recommended doses and type of additives in 4 levels, Ammonium Sulfate 2%, soybean oil 1.25%, cleaner liquid as surfactant Anionic 0.5% and without additive as control. Wheat seeds of Chamran cultivar with vigour of 98% at rate of 150 kg.ha-1 were planted in rows of 10 cm. The dimensions of each experimental plot were 2´4 m. Herbicide application time was also in the wheat tillering and 2-4 leaf weeding stages. The experimental sprayer was used with a manual pump, having a nozzle with a spray angle of 30 degrees, a constant pressure of 50 psi and a spray height of 20 inches (50 cm) calibrated for spraying. Characteristics such as dry weight of narrow weeds included wild oat (dominant weed) along with canary grass and Ryegrass, broad-leaf weeds including charlock mustard (dominant weed) along with fumitories were measured. Number of spikes per square meter, number of seeds per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and wheat harvest index were measured too. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that among the additives used, 2% Ammonium Sulfate had the greatest effect on reducing the dry weight of weeds, narrow-leaf (34.05%) and broad-leaf (31.57%) weeds. The herbicides Othello, Topik+ Granstar and Total had performed well on wheat grain yield, but did not result in significant differences. The combination of additives with herbicides compared to no adjuvant control increased grain yield (on average, 607.73 kg.ha-1). Finally, Othello herbicide was identified as the best treatment for this test due to its consumption of 2% Ammonium Sulfate additive. The effect of herbicides application of Othello, Topik+ Granstar and Total on grain yield can be due to their effect on decrease of weed dry weight. The results indicate that Ammonium Sulfate 2% increased the uptake of herbicides ,accordingly it increases the effectiveness of herbicides in weed control and grain yield increase. ConclusionCombining each of the adjuvants with herbicides increased the grain yield of wheat. Among the additives, Ammonium Sulfate was the most effective. 2% Ammonium Sulfate with an average yield of 6203 kg.ha‑1 showed the highest effect. The results of the means revealed that the herbicides Apirus, Othello and Total had the greatest effect on increasing wheat grain.

Meta-Analysis of Root Yield and Sugar Yield of Sugar Beet Genotypes in Karaj Region

Parviz Fasahat; Mohsen Aghaeezadeh; Mozhdeh Kakueinezhad; Leila Jabbari

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 357-368

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32307.1870

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionFood security is affected by many factors, including increased demand, high input prices, soil degradation, the need to limit greenhouse gas emissions, and increased ... Read More AbstractIntroductionFood security is affected by many factors, including increased demand, high input prices, soil degradation, the need to limit greenhouse gas emissions, and increased competition for land and non-potable water. In addition, climate change is expected to have an increasing impact on performance, with statistical analysis of product performance indicating that such an event is taking place. The purpose of plant breeding programs is to develop new varieties with improved characteristics such as yield and nutritional quality. Sugar beet is a root crop specific to temperate regions mainly produced as a sucrose source for human diets. Sugar beet can be planted on any continent except Antarctica, but it performs best in temperate climates. Worldwide production of sugar beet is relatively stable. Studies on the effect of environment and year on sugar beet yield has a long history in Iran. However, it is difficult to achieve a general conclusion due to the dispersion and disparity in the results of various studies. In this study, a meta-analysis method was used to integrate and re-analyze results of independent experiments to achieve a single result. Materials and MethodsTwenty-one experiments carried out at Motahhari Research Station in Karaj, Iran during 2002-17 were evaluated. The effect size was calculated and studies were weighted by replication. Then, the mean effect sizes were estimated followed by confidence intervals, effect size back-transforming and graphs were designed. Results and DiscussionAmong studied years, the highest mean root yield of 89.5, 89.1 and 87.8 t ha-1 were obtained in 2018, 2006 and 2012, respectively. Results integration showed that in 2006, 2011, 2014, and 2017, root yield of sugar beet increased by 19.2%, 2.2%, 2.8% and 18.6%, respectively. Different parameters can be used to describe improved agricultural productivity; one of which is the yield increase over time attributed to advances in plant breeding as well as changes in crop operations and environmental conditions (especially climate). Another parameter is the yield potential of a crop described as the performance of a cultivar grown in compatible environments without nutrient and water restrictions and under the effective control of pests, diseases, weeds, and other stresses. Meta-analysis results showed that increase in sugar yield of sugar beet genotypes was similar to the root yield, with the difference that in the years 2006, 2011, 2014 and 2017, variations in percentage was less than root yield. One of the most important results in this study was the illustration of the reduction in slope of negative relationship between root yield and sugar yield in commercial cultivars. ConclusionIn this study, trials were performed under normal conditions and in a disease-free environment. According to the obtained results, use of meta-analysis method in breeding programs to estimate the effect of year on performance along with other statistical methods is recommended.

Effect of Seed Treatment on Physiological Traits of Two Safflower Cultivars under Defoliation

Mina Pedram; Ali Hatami; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; Zahra Tahmasebi

Volume 43, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 507-516

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31631.1845

Abstract

ABSTRACT Introduction:To evaluate the effects of priming and defoliation on some physiological traits of two safflower cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted as a randomized ... Read More

Effects of Application and Type of Amino Acids on the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes, Proline Content and Seed yield of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

Ali Heidarzadeh; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 381-394

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31327.1834

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionLentil is used mainly for human consumption as a source of protein and carbohydrates in soups, stews and vegetarian dishes. It is grown to improve economical returns ... Read More AbstractIntroductionLentil is used mainly for human consumption as a source of protein and carbohydrates in soups, stews and vegetarian dishes. It is grown to improve economical returns to producers, diversify and lengthen crop rotations and reduce the requirement for nitrogen fertilizer. Lentil, a member of the legume family, Leguminosae, can supply a significant part of its Nitrogen requirement by fixing Nitrogen from the air when inoculated with the appropriate rhizobial inoculant. The pattern of nutrients in the proximal composition of lentil is similar to that of other grain legumes, but seed protein content (19.5–35.5%) is less than in soybean. Fiber concentration is low and is largely within the seed testa, so the fiber in lentil meal can be reduced if it is de-hulled before grinding. In addition to high-quality protein, essential amino acids, and major minerals, the seed contains iron up to 505 mg kg-1 and zinc up to 330 mg kg-1 on a whole seed basis. Amino acids are help in tissue protein formation. Some amino acids are not synthesized in the body and it is necessary to take them in diet. Lentils contain different amino acids that can be used by most people. This research was carried-out to study effect of different amino acids on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, Proline content and seed yield of lentil in delayed planting. Materials and MethodsThe research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, through May to July, 2018. The studied factors included mode of application (priming, spraying and priming + spraying) and type of amio acids (Arginine, Aspartic acid, Proline, trade amino acid (proamin) and distilled water (control). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and also mean comparisons were accomplished using the general linear model (GLM) procedure. LSD procedure at a probability level of 0.05 was used to determine statistically significant differences among treatment means. Results and and DiscussionThe results showed that the highest total dry weight was obtained from the application of Arginine spraying (2330 kg ha-1), priming + spraying aspartic acid (2388 kg ha-1) and trade amino acid (2219 kg ha-1). The highest amount of catalase (CAT) activity was observed in the treatment of distilled water by foliar application and its least effective activity was observed in the application of Arginine as priming. The application of aspartic acid as acidic acid with 888.7 kg ha-2 produced the highest yield. As a result, it is more than three times the performance of using distilled water (control). The application of Arginine (555.1 kg ha-2), commercial amine (444.0 kg ha-2) and Proline (327.8 kg ha-2) were established in the next rank, respectively. According to the results of this study, amino acids can reduce the stress of heat. In the absence of amino acid, yield reduction will be higher. Although amino acids are a Nitrogen source, the routine concentrations involved in exogenous supply are so low that its positive effects can be attributable to an increase in Nitrogen availability. ConclusionAspartic acid and Arginine due to their role in the Nitrogen cycle and also, due to the fact that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, improved lentil yield. Therefore, it is recommended to use amino acids to increase the yield of lentils. The application of aspartic acid via both priming and spraying is suggested as the best treatment.

Effect of Drought Stress on Photosynthetic Parameters, Yield and Yield Components of Tropical Alfalfa Genotypes

Ahmad Ali Shoushi Dezfuli; Mohammad khorramian; Ali Assareh

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 545-558

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.35110.1942

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionWater resources limitation and plant stress due to water shortage is one of the important and common environmental stresses in agricultural production, including ... Read More AbstractIntroductionWater resources limitation and plant stress due to water shortage is one of the important and common environmental stresses in agricultural production, including forage production in hot and dry areas. Therefore, the selection and development of drought-tolerant cultivars are very important. In irrigated lands of Iran, the average of irrigation efficiency is 37% and water productivity is 0.8 kg per cubic meters, which is lower than the world average. For increasing water efficiency, maintaining the production capacity and creating sustainable agriculture, it is necessary to identify the effective factors on the reduction of irrigation water productivity and provide an appropriate solution. In arid regions such as Khuzestan province, by using both a proper irrigation program and irrigation levels below the water requirement, obtaining an acceptable yield of alfalfa could be expected. In order to achieve these objectives, determination of the irrigation water productivity of tropical alfalfa cultivars and their drought tolerance under different irrigation regimes were the main aims of this study. Materials and MethodsFor evaluating tropical alfalfa genotypes under different drought stresses, an experiment was carried out based on split plots design with three replications in Safiabad Agricultural Research Center, Dezful, Iran, during 2019-2020. The main factor was four levels of irrigation (25, 50, 75 and 100% of water requirement) and the second factor was five alfalfa cultivars (Baghdadi, Nikshahri, Yazdi, Mesasirsa, and Omid). In this experiments, plant characteristics including dry and wet forage yield, percentage of dry forage, leaf to stem weight ratio, chlorophyll index (SPAD), electrolyte leakage from the leaf cell membrane (EL), relative leaf water content (RWC), and Maximum quantum yield in the dark-adapted conditions (ΦPSɪɪ) were determined. Results and DiscussionThe results revealed that by applying drought stress, wet and dry forage yields, RWC, and ΦPSɪɪ decreased but the percentage of dry forage, leaf to stem weight ratio, EL, and SPAD increased. Among the studied genotypes, the Baghdadi genotype had the highest dry forage yield in all situations; non-stress conditions (16.9 t/ha), mild drought stress (15.094 t/ha), moderate drought stress (9.58 t/ha) and severe drought stress (4.664 t/ha). The Yazdi genotype had the lowest dry forage yield; 9.9, 9.7, 5.7 and 3.6 t/ha for non-stress, mild, moderate, and severe drought stresses conditions, respectively. In our experiment, the Baghdadi genotype showed a high-stress tolerance index (STI) and we highly recommend planting it in the north of Khuzestan province, but the Yazdi alfalfa genotype despite low dry forage yield under both non-stress and drought stress conditions is not recommended due to low production. We suggest using Yazdi genotype in eugenic plans due to high yield stability index (YSI) under drought stress conditions and having some favorable physiological and photosynthetic parameters associated with drought stress tolerance. ConclusionIn this study, Baghdadi alfalfa cultivar was identified as a desirable cultivar in tropical regions of Iran such as Khuzestan. Yazdi alfalfa cultivar had favorable physiological and photosynthetic components. Thus, it can be used as a favorable parent in breeding programs such as synthetic alfalfa production (through the transfer of genes associated with drought stress tolerance).

Comparison of Physiological Indices in Response to Cold Stress in Wild Tomato (Solanum habrochaites) for Screening of Cold Tolerant Lines

Zahra Nemati; seyed hosein nemati; Amin Mirshamsi Kakhki; Jafar Nabati

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 395-406

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31274.1833

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionMany plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum ... Read More AbstractIntroductionMany plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum L. is affected by cold stress at all stages of growth; however, wild tomato species such as S. habrochaites rapidly improve after exposure to the cold stress through various changes in physiological processes. In this study, the short-term stress method was used for rapid screening and cold tolerance selection of tomato lines instead of long-term stress at 4 °C. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Iran in 2018. Experimental factors included two levels of cold stress (0 and 2 °C) and three tomato lines (LA1777, LA3969 and LA4024). In the study, electrolyte leakage, MDA, anthocyanin, phenol, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH, total soluble carbohydrate content, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX were measured. Results and DiscussionAccording to the results of this experiment, LA1777 line showed the lowest leaf wilting after exposure to low temperatures. There was a significant difference between these lines in terms of electrolyte leakage. Under cold stress conditions, lowest electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) were obtained from wild line LA1777 that compared to sensitive line LA4024. LA1777 and electrolyte leakage at LA4024 at 0 and 2˚C were 14 and 11% higher than LA1777, respectively. Inhibition of DPPH radical activity of tolerant line LA1777 were higher than sensitive line LA4024 at 0 and 2 °C (43 and 45% respectively). Anthocyanin content of LA1777 and LA3969 lines were 49% higher than LA4024 at 0 °C. Under cold stress, the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX significantly increased in wild line LA1777, indicating better hydrogen peroxide scavenging system. After cold stress, LA1777 and LA3969 had the highest maximum efficiency of photosystem II, respectively, in light-adapted conditions (F'v / F'm), which may be due to higher cell membrane stability. The results showed that instead of long-term cold stress at 4˚C, the short-term stress method can be used for rapid screening of tomato lines for cold tolerance selection. Assessment of physiological parameters such as chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, MDA level, DPPH radical scavenging, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes showed that these indices can be used to detect cold stress and to quantify the stress in tomato lines. ConclusionBased on our data, we conclude that this short-term stress method is a useful method for rapid assessment of tomato chilling tolerance. The physiological parameters used in this study showed adequate difference between tomato lines.

Effect of Gamma Amino Butyric Acid on Morpho-Physiological Traits and Seed Yield of Quinoa under Salinity Stress

Abdol-Amir Hatami; Roghaye Aminian; Sudabeh Mafakheri; Morteza Soleimani Aghdam

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 559-572

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.35988.1960

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSalinity and accumulation of salts in the soil are among the most important non-biological stresses that limit agricultural production in arid and semi-arid ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSalinity and accumulation of salts in the soil are among the most important non-biological stresses that limit agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. To minimize the effects of stress foliar application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can make a differencw. Therefore, due to the adverse effects of salinity stress on the growth and yield of many plants, including quinoa, it is necessary to use methods to increase plant resistance to improve growth, production, and crop yield. The present study was conducted to study the effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on reducing the effects of salinity stress and improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of quinoa. Materials and MethodsTwo-factor factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications, was conducted during 2018-2019 in the research greenhouse of Imam Khomeini International University in Qazvin, Iran. The experimental factors included salinity of irrigation water at three levels (0, 8 and 16 dS / m sodium chloride) and GABA at five levels (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mM). Quinoa seeds were obtained from the Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. After seedling establishment in the four-leaf stage, salinity was applied by adding sodium chloride to irrigation water. Some morphological and physiological traits such as main stem diameter, number of spikes per plant, grain yield, 1000-seed weight, harvest index; SPAD, leaf relative water content, leaf water loss and membrane stability percentage were also measured. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that salinity had a reducing and significant effect on plant growth and development indices. Application of gamma-amino butyric acid improved the traits of SPAD, plant height, stem length, number of spikes, and harvest index. Therefore, foliar application of GABA under salinity stress conditions is recommended as a compatible osmolyte that reduces salinity damage in quinoa. The salinity × GABA interaction was significant for all traits except relative water loss, SPAD index, plant height and number of spikes per plant. At salinity of 16 dS / m, the best GABA treatment increased the leaf relative water content (10%), membrane stability index (29%), stem diameter (11%), 1000-seed weight (37%), grain yield (36 %), plant dry weight (70%), potassium content (58%), potassium to sodium ratio (168%) and decrease in sodium content (117%) compared to non-use of GABA conditions. The maximum leaf SPAD index (39.88), the highest plant height (55.15 cm), and the highest number of spikes per plant (15.03) were obtained in plants treated with 10 mM GABA. ConclusionQuinoa is a plant with very high nutritional value that can be an important part of our diet in a near future. The results of this study revealed that although this plant has a high resistance to salinity, increasing the salinity of irrigation water may cause a significant reduction in its growth and development. On the other hand, the use of GABA as a natural factor that improves plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, proved influential to greatly compensate for the damage caused by saline water and significantly increased the resistance of quinoa to salinity.

Integrated Mechanical Weeding and Herbicide Application in Weed Management of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

Yousef Rezaie; Elham Elahifard; Seyed Ataollah Siadat; Sasan Abdolahi Lorestani

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 171-182

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30228.1788

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionWeeds are among the most important factors reducing sugarcane yield in Khuzestan province. Sugarcane has a vegetative stage susceptible to weed competition, which ... Read More AbstractIntroductionWeeds are among the most important factors reducing sugarcane yield in Khuzestan province. Sugarcane has a vegetative stage susceptible to weed competition, which is about 3 to 6 weeks from the time of planting in a warm and humid season. Therefore, the control of weeds in the early part of the growing season before the canopy closure of sugarcane and covering more than half the rows of planting is very critical. In order to investigate the effect of combination of mechanized weeding and application of three herbicides including indaziflam, 2,4-D + MCPA + metribuzin, on weed control and sugarcane yield, a field experiment was conducted in Ratoon2 field in 2017-2018 growing season in Dehkhoda Sugarcane Plantation and Industry Company, Khuzestan, Iran. Materials and MethodsThe experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Mechanical weeding at three levels (sweep cultivator, rotavator, and no cultivation) was considered as the main plots. Herbicide application was considered as sub plot at three levels [indaziflam (50 ml ai ha-1), 2,4-D + MCPA + metribuzin (675 ml ai ha-1 + 1050 g ai ha-1) and no herbicide application (as weedy control)]. A weed- free check was included for comparison. Herbicide applications were made using backpack sprayer with TeeJet 11004 flat fan nozzle calibrated to deliver 250 L ha-1 at pressure of 2.5 atm. Sugarcane cultivar was CP-614. Weed sampling was carried out 60 days after treatment. Single stem weight, cane yield, final sugar yield, brix, pol, sugar purity and recoverable sugar were measured at the end of growing season and after sugarcane harvest. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that mechanical weeding treatments lead into reduced weed dry weight. As a result, weed control was more effective in rotavator treatment than cultivator. Maximum reduction weed dry weight (52.47%) was observed in integrated rotavator and indaziflam treatment. The results of the quantitative traits of sugarcane showed that using mechanized weeding and herbicide application, caused an increase in weight of single stem and yield of cane compared to the control. The greatest single stem weight was observed in cultivator treatment plus 2,4-D + MCPA + metribuzin (1.65 Kg m-2), rotavator + 2,4-D + MCPA + metribuzin (1.63 Kg m-2) and indaziflam (1.61 Kg m-2). The final sugar yield (9.79 t ha-1) in indaziflam treatment was greater than other treatments (except weed -free treatment). However, the measured values of Brix, pol, sugar purity and recoverable sugar did not differ significantly among treatments. Results showed that the use of mechanized weeding combined with herbicide applications would have an effective role in improving sugarcane yield and inhibition of sugarcane weeds. ConclusionThe use of herbicides at the beginning of the sugarcane growing season led to more effective weed control; As a result, competition between sugarcane and weeds in access to food resources decreased, which led to the growth and development of sugarcane. However, the indaziflam did better than 2,4-D + MCPA + metribuzin due to its slight superiority in single-stem weight and cane yield. In general, it can be said that the use of mechanical weeding has an important role in controlling sugarcane weeds and the use of rotivator had a significant advantage over cultivator. According to the results of single stem weight, the use of combination weeding with herbicides will play an effective role in improving the weight of sugarcane.

Investigating the Effect of Mycorrhizal Arbuscular Fungus and Vermiculus Solubilizing on Morphological and Physiological Traits of Gazania under Drought Stress Conditions

Leila Moradi Dastjerdi; Sepideh Kalateh jari; Foad Fatehi; Marzieh Ghanbari Jahromi

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 195-210

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.29791.1773

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionDrought is one of the major environmental constraints that limits plant growth and productivity more than any other environmental factors. Recent Mycorrhizal arbescular ... Read More AbstractIntroductionDrought is one of the major environmental constraints that limits plant growth and productivity more than any other environmental factors. Recent Mycorrhizal arbescular application to affeviate drought stress in many plants has been reported. Vermiwash can be used in two forms of foliar application or drench. It contains several enzymes, plant growth hormones, vitamins and macro and micro nutrients which can enhance plants tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, as well as crop yield efficiency. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate Mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi and Vermiwash foliar application on Gazania (Gazania rigens L.) growth and flowering characteristics under drought stress a greenhouse experiment with factorial design was conducted based on complete randomized blocks by considering three factors including MA fungi in two levels (incubation with MA and non- incubated plants), Vermiwash foliar application in four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm) and imposing drought stress in three levels (irrigation based on 40, 70 and 100% field capacity) with three replications in the greenhouse and laboratory of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Tehran University in 2018. Studied traits involved plant height, number and leaf area, flower diameter and number, aerial fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and carotenoid amount, N, P and K quantity of leaves. Analysis of variance’s results indicated that the influence of main effect of droughtt stress, MA and Vermiwash on the measured traits were considerably functional. Results and DiscussionThe maximum value of leaf’s carbohydrate was achieved in drought stress with the high severity in 40% of FC witch was 32.46 mg/gr. MA caused elevation in macro elements amount of the leaves. Foliar application of Vermiwash increased flower number and dimention and macro elements amounts as well. Among the Vermiwash treatments, foliat application of 200 ppm treatment reduced the negative effects of drought stress on plants. Comparison of the mean of dual effect of vermicompost in drought stress showed that the highest plant height in 200 ppm Vermiwash was 100% irrigation and the lowest value was in 50 ppm Vermiwash in irrigation 40% of field capacity. The lowest amount of chlorophyll a was observed in 40% water capacity and no Mycorrhizal fungi application. The highest leaf carbohydrate content was observed in irrigation treatments with 40% and 200 ppm Vermiwash. Conclusionvegetative growth decreased with increasig drought stress intensity from optimal irrigation level to severe stress. The use of Mycorrhiza and Vermiwash was positive compared to the control (Non-use), consumption of 100 and 200 ppm Vermiwash has better performance than other levels. Gazania responds to intense stress with more intensity than mild stress. It is recommended to prevent severe stress during the plant growth period. In this regard, the use of symbiotic fungi as well as Vermiwash foliar application (100 and 200 ppm) can help maintain plant growth by increasing plant tolerance to increasing stress intensity.

Evaluation of the Interactive Effects of Nitrogen Sources and Sodium Bicarbonate on The Growth and Some Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Garlic in Hydroponic System

Mahdiyeh Shojaei Khanisi; Hamid Reza Roosta; Mahmoudreza Roozban; Hamidreza Soufi

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 221-234

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31011.1821

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSoil salinity and alkalinity seriously affect about 932 million hectares of land globally, reducing productivity in about 100 million hectares in Asia. Plants in ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSoil salinity and alkalinity seriously affect about 932 million hectares of land globally, reducing productivity in about 100 million hectares in Asia. Plants in alkaline soil must cope with physiological drought and ion toxicity, and also maintain intracellular ion balance and regulate pH outside the roots. Alkaline stress result into decrease in chlorophyll concentration, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and inhibite the growth of plant. Nitrogen sources affect the pH of nutrition solution, which can affect plant growth, so nitrate increases the pH of nutrient solution while ammonium decreases pH of nutrition solution. Materials and MethodsIn order to evaluate the effect of nitrogen sources on vegetative growth, physiological and chlorophyll fluorescence of white and purple garlic genotypes under sodium bicarbonate stress, an experiment was carried out as factorial base on completely randomize desigen with three factors; sodium bicarbonate at three levels (0, 10 and 20 mM), nitrogen sources (5 mM ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate in nutrient soulotion) and genotypes (white and purple) with three replications in 2017 in Greenhouse of Faculty of a Agriculture, University of Vali-e-asr Rafsanjan. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that shoot and root fresh and dry weight decreased by increasing sodium bicarbonate from 10 mM to 20 mM in nutrient solution and application of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate sources decreased the negative effect of sodium bicarbonate on shoot and root fresh and dry weights. Among nitrogen sources, ammonium sulfate produced the highest soluble sugar content in both garlic genotypes. Proline content was enhanced by increasing sodium bicarbonate concentration in nutrient solution. The highest photosynthetic pigments were absorbed in plant that nourished by ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, respectively. The sources of nitrogen, sodium bicarbonate and their interaction had no significant effect on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, but genotype had significant effect on these traits. ConclusionAccording to the results of this experiment, the use of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate sources has a better performance on growth and yield of garlic under bicarbonate stress conditions.

The Impact of Pseudomonas putida and Chemical Phosphorus Fertilizer on Some Vegetative, Reproductive and Biochemical Characteristics of Two Species of Basil (O. sanctum L and O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora)

Naeimeh Enayatizamir; Mohammad Mahmoodi Sourestani; Mojtaba Momeni Monfared

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 235-246

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31636.1844

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionOcimum basilicum L. (O. basilicum) or sweet basil belongs to the family Lamiaceae which has been used as a medicinal plant and its essential oils are used to flavor ... Read More AbstractIntroductionOcimum basilicum L. (O. basilicum) or sweet basil belongs to the family Lamiaceae which has been used as a medicinal plant and its essential oils are used to flavor foods, in dental and oral products and in fragrances. One of the methods to increase yield and availability of minerals in the soil, with the decreased use of inorganic fertilizers, is to apply biological fertilization, which also affects the essential oil of aromatic plants. Hence, this study was carried out to describe detailed growth and chemical investigation of basil essential oil affected by chemical and biological fertilization. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor involved plant (O. basilicum var. Thyrsiflora and O. sanctum.L ) and the second factor was fertilizer types (0%, 50% and 100% of the plant phosphorus requirement, only bacteria, bacteria with 50% of plant phosphorus requirement, bacteria with 100% of plant phosphorus requirement). The pots filled with five kilograms of soil. Phosphorus fertilizer was added to the pots from the triple super phosphate source based on the experimental treatments. Overnight culture of Pseudomonas putida in nutrient broth was prepared and applied under each seed. At full bloom stage, the leaves and inflorescences of each plant were completely separated and their number counted. Extraction of leaf samples was performed using 70% methanol solvent to measure phenolic compounds and the flavon and flavonol content of the extract was read by measuring the absorbance at 425 nm. The amount of phosphorus content of plant leave was also determined. Results and DiscussionShoot dry weight, number and length of inflorescence were significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of fertilizers and plant species. The highest shoot dry weight, number and length of inflorescence were recoded with only bacteria without the use of phosphate fertilizer treatment and followed with samples treated with bacterial + 50% chemical fertilizer. The maximum phosphorus concentration in both basilicum and sanctum leaves (4.92 and 4.82 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively) and phenols, flavonoids and flavonoid compounds were obtained in treatments containing only bacteria without using phosphate fertilizer and followed with samples treated with bacterial + 50% chemical fertilizer, as well. The highest percentage inhibition of free radicals was recorded in basilicum and sanctum (67 and 75 percent respectively), in the presence of the bacteria without using phosphorus fertilizer. Applied bacterium in this research improved the quantity and quality of basil, thus to recommend it as a biological fertilizer considering its potential needs to be examined at farm conditions. ConclusionAccording to the results, using biofertilizer in this research reduced the demand for phosphorous fertilizer and improved the quantity and quality of basil; so as a result to recommend it as a biological fertilizer considering its potential needs to be examined at farm conditions.

Effect of N Fertilizer and Growth Stimulating Bacteria on Growth of Sugar Beet in Delayed Sowing

Nasrullah Nusrat; Morteza Goldani; Javad Rezai

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 295-304

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30457.1811

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionConcurrency of cereals late-season irrigation with early irrigation of sugar beet season and lack of water resources at this time, has made some farmers to ... Read More AbstractIntroductionConcurrency of cereals late-season irrigation with early irrigation of sugar beet season and lack of water resources at this time, has made some farmers to delay sugar beet cultivation. The planting date plays a key role in growth, quality and yield of sugar beet. Delayed cultivation leads to reduced sugar beet yield. In late cultivation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), the use of nitrogen fertilizer and growth promoting bacteria can be of great importance in accelerating growth and compensating for lost time. The aim of this study was to find a sustainable way to increase the growth rate of sugar beet in delayed cultivation, so as to compensate for the delayed growth season as possible. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted as a split split plot in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications on Arta sugar beet cultivar at the Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2018. The factors included planting date (regular and delayed sowing) as main factor, nitrogen fertilizer (based on recommendation and 25% less than recommended) as sub-factor and Nitrobacter application and non-Nitrobacter were considered as sub-factors. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the inoculation effect of Nitrobacter on leaf area, total dry matter, root yield and sugar content increased by 13, 20, 9 and 8 percent, respectively. Also, Nitrobacter treatment had the least effect on the amount of sodium, potassium and nitrogen of root in both sowing dates. For delayed planting date, using nitrogen fertilizer plus growth promoting bacteria can offset the delay in planting date. Therefore, this recommendation can reduce water consumption by reducing sugar beet growing season and reduce fertilizer use. It seems that the combination of chemical and biological fertilizers is effective on sugar beet delayed cultivation in order to compensate for lost time. ConclusionThe combination of chemical and biological fertilizers is effective on sugar beet delayed cultivation in order to compensate for lost time.

The effect of synthesis nanosilver by plant extract on morphological and antioxidant properties of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) under salinity stress

Hanieh Shahraki; Nafiseh Mahdi Nezhad; Barat Ali Fakheri

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 103-114

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.29011.1746

Abstract

Introduction:Salinity stress is one of the environmental factors limiting the growth of plantsand has a negative effect on their physiological processes. The harmful effects of salinity ... Read More Introduction:Salinity stress is one of the environmental factors limiting the growth of plantsand has a negative effect on their physiological processes. The harmful effects of salinity appear in plants in various ways such as death or reduction of production. Artichoke is a plant with lowdemand and resistance to salinity. The Artichoke is a perennial plant; the height of the stem is about 2 meters. Its leaves are wide, long and white in color. One of the pillars of sustainable agriculture is the use of nano fertilizersin crop ecosystems to remove or reduce the use of chemical input. Using nano fertilizers Compared to traditional fertilizerscan lead to benefits like efficiency and quality increase due to high absorption velocity, prevention of leaking waste, availability even during growth and complete absorption by plants because of appropriately fast nutrition release, reduction of plants toxicity and any other stress deriving from high concentration of local salty areas in soil, yield increase due to efficient nutrition condition of plants. Salinity stress disturbs nutritional balance in plants. Iron is one of the essential elements in plants. The balanced consumption of this element increases the yield and quality of plants.Using micronutrients through soil or sprayingimproves plant growth under stress conditions. Foliar application of elements, which prevents soil contamination, is a useful method for rapidly absorbing elements in plants.Material and methods:In order to investigate the effects of salinity and nanosilver on morphological and physiological traits of artichoke, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in the greenhouse of Zabul University Institute. Salinity stress in 3 levels (0, 6, and 12 mM) and nanosilver spraying in 3 levels (0, 40, and 80 mM) were considered as treatments. The nanosilver spraying was performed at seedling stage (6-8 leaves).The control was distilled water. Application of salinity stress began in the seedling stage and continued until sampling. Sampling and evaluation of the fresh weight plant, and fresh and dry weight of root were done at the beginning of the flowering. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed by SAS software (version 9.1) based on all data. Then means of results were compared with LSD test at P < 0.05 level.Results and discussion:The main effects of salinity stress, nanosilver and their interaction on all traits were significant at 1% probability level. Maximum numbers of leaves (5 numbers), fresh weight of plant, fresh and dry weight of root (8.82, 5.93, 0.64 g per plant, respectively) and plant height were obtained by using nanosilver and lack of salinity.Conclusion:Nanosilver foliar application reduced the effects of salinity and increased the physiological and morphological characteristics of Artichoke.

Effect of Permissible Inhibitors from Mixing of Several Medicinal Plants on Weed Seed Bank to a Depth of 20 cm Soil

vahid Chamani; Elnaz Farajzadeh-Memari-Tabrizi

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 115-128

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.28826.1748

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWeed seed bank in the soil is an essential source of weeds that enables them to be present in the fields. The seed bank density in a crop may reach ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWeed seed bank in the soil is an essential source of weeds that enables them to be present in the fields. The seed bank density in a crop may reach a million seeds per square meter. Depending on the crop operation, crop rotation, and herbicide selection, the weed seed bank differs according to the location and time. Due to the economic benefits and improved crop ability, plant remains have become an attractive and acceptable way in agriculture. Allelopathic plant remnants can have a beneficial effect on weed control. The allelopathy of these plants plays a vital role in controlling the seed bank of weed soils. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of mixing different amounts of residues of three medicinal herbs on the potential of the weed seed bank in the Malekan region. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out at Malakan Azad University labs in 2018. Treatments included mixing different amounts of residues (0, 50, 100, and 150 g / m2), and three medicinal plants were cumin, seaweed, and marjoram. Samples had taken from a depth of 0 to 20 cm in an ocher system (7 cm radius) to measure the soil's seed bank. Weeds were isolated, and their species were identified. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the germination strength of these seeds. This part of the experiment was carried out with three replications in a completely randomized design. ResultsIn total, 53915 weed seeds were detected per square meter. The highest seeds in the soil belonging to weed carnivorous and lambspeed were 33254 and 12457 seed per square meter of soil, respectively. The seeds of these two weeds included 95.4% of the seed bank of soil weeds. In this study, the remnants of seaweed and marigold caused a significant decrease in germination characteristics and the growth of seedlings of these weeds. Remains of cumin have little effect on the traits studied. Seed germination and seedlings growth of these weeds decreased by 44.7% and 84.9%, respectively. Discussion By increasing the amount of application of the remains, a more significant reduction in germination and weed growth was achieved. The remnants of the two herbs had a similar effect on germination and seedling growth. Overall, this study showed that the remnants of medicinal plants could reduce the diversity and abundance of seed banks of soil weeds.

Comparison of Salinity Tolerant of Three Cultivars of Commercial Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

Zahra Jamaati; Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani; Ali Momenpour; Mostafa Shirmardi

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 129-142

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.29239.1752

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an economically important commercial fruit plant species belonging to the family of Punicaceae. Saline irrigation ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an economically important commercial fruit plant species belonging to the family of Punicaceae. Saline irrigation water is currently one of the most severe limiting factors in the cultivation area. In recent years, nearly 7% of the global cultivated lands are affected by salinity, and soil salinization aggravating has been a more significant threat to the healthy and sustainable development of agriculture worldwide. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the effects of salt stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics in pomegranate cuttings to better understand the salt resistance of pomegranate and offer a reference for pomegranate cultivation on saline lands. Materials and MethodsA pot experiment was conducted for nine months to evaluate and compare three Iranian cultivar salinity tolerance of commercial pomegranate in 2017-2018. The experiment was arranged in factorial based on a completely randomized design with two factors included water salinity in 5 levels of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 dSm-1 and three commercial pomegranate genotypes (‘Shishehcap Ferdos,’ ‘Malas Saveh’ and ‘Malas Yazdi’) in 4 replications and generally with 60 pots. At the end of the experiment, the vegetative yield and fresh and dry weight of leaves, ion leakage, relative water content, chlorophyll a, b and total were also measured. In addition, leaves were analyzed for Na+, K+, Cl–, and Na/K ratio elements. ResultsResults showed that cultivar and salinity levels were affected by morphological and physiological characteristics, and concentration of nutritional elements. In all the three studied cultivars, an increase in the salinity levels led to a significant decrease in the growth characteristics, the relative water content of leaves, and chlorophyll. Moreover, the percentage of leaf necrosis, fall, and ion leakage increased considerably. Also, with increasing salinity levels, Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- significantly increased. In the highest level of salinity (9 dS.m-1), the maximum growth characteristics, fresh and dry weight of leaves, green leaves, the relative water content of leaves, chlorophyll, and potassium, and the lowest percentage of leaf necrosis, ion leakage, Na+, Cl- and Na+/Cl- were obtained in a cultivar of ‘Malas Yazdi.’ DiscussionGenerally, among the investigated cultivars, ‘Malas Yazdi’ and ‘Malas Saveh’ were the highest and the lowest tolerants, respectively. Our study showed that the adverse effects on physiological and morphological indexes aggravated over stress time. We inferred that it was one of the mechanisms for pomegranate alleviating the detrimental effects of salt stress. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation and utilization of pomegranate plants on saline soil.

Weed Population and Nutrient Uptake by Wheat as Influenced by Different Tillage Practices and Weed Management Options in Ahvaz

Rahim Nor Aftab; Ali Monsefi; Afrasiyab Rahnama Ghahfarokhi; Amir Aynehband

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 143-156

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34868.1938

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWeeds often pose severe constraints in the potential yield of wheat, if not controlled at a critical period of the first 30 days after sowing. Several ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWeeds often pose severe constraints in the potential yield of wheat, if not controlled at a critical period of the first 30 days after sowing. Several methods are developed to control weeds, viz. cultural, mechanical, and chemical have their own merits and demerits. Tillage is an age-old practice to control weeds. Tillage influences weed infestation, and thus interactions between tillage and weed control practices are commonly observed in crop production. Good tillage delays the emergence of weeds and provides a more favorable environment for early crop establishment. So, the competition for nutrients will be less. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to investigate the weed population and evaluate the nutrients uptake by wheat and weed in a split-plot design with three replications in the research farm of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in the year 2018-19. Tillage at three levels, including conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and zero tillage, as the main plot and weed control at six levels (uncontrolled, hand weeding, bromoxynil + MCPA herbicide, crop residue + Atlantis, Atlantis, and metribusin) as Post-emergence were considered in sub-plots applied on wheat of Mehregan cultivar. ResultsIn terms of the weed population, the highest weed population was observed in the zero tillage compared to conventional tillage and minimum tillage. In this regard, under uncontrolled treatment, the highest weed populations with an average of 16.3, 14.2, and 12.5 plants per square meter were observed at 30, 60, and 90 days after sowing, respectively. In the case of an interaction effect, it was found that in all three tillage systems, the highest amount of nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, absorbed by weeds was in the uncontrolled treatment. The reason was due to higher dry matter production and higher competition with wheat as it was incremental. DiscussionIn general, considering the higher weed population in the zero tillage as compared to the conventional tillage, it seems that weed control in the zero tillage and minimum tillage, at least in Khuzestan province, is preferable to prevent moisture content and soil structure. Nutrient depletion by weed is less in conservation tillage so that nutrient availability will be as much as plant requirements.

Evaluation of Yield and Advantages of Forage Legumes with Cereals Intercropping as Second Crop in Paddy Fields

mohammad rabiee; fatemeh farahdahr

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 363-374

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27838.1689

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives One of the key strategies in sustainable agriculture is to restore diversification into agricultural ecosystems and its effective management. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives One of the key strategies in sustainable agriculture is to restore diversification into agricultural ecosystems and its effective management. The results of various studies have shown that the ecological advantage of intercropping is due to the efficient use of environmental resources. The purpose of mixed cultivation experiments, especially forage plants, is to increase the yield of forage in quantitative and qualitative terms, maintain the ecological balance and stabilize the system. Materials and Methods In order to compare the forage yield and determine the best planting ratio in mixed cropping of Triticale, Barley, Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and Vicia sativa, an experiment was conducted based on the complete randomized block design with sixteen treatments and three replications in paddy fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran (Rasht) during 2012-2014 for two years. Experimental treatments included pure planting of Triticale, Crimson clover, Vicia sativa, and Barley, planting mixtures of Triticale and Crimson clover with ratios of 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70, planting mixtures of Triticale and Vicia sativa with ratios of 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70, planting mixtures of Barley and Crimson clover with ratios of 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70 as well as planting mixtures of Barley and Vicia sativa with ratios of 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70. The studied traits included plant height, number of stems, number of tillers, number of plants per m2, fresh forage yield, dry forage yield as well as land equivalent ratio (LER) values for fresh and dry forages. The obtained data were analyzed by SAS software and mean comparisons were performed using LSD test. Results The results of analysis of the variance showed significant differences between the experimental treatments in most traits. Mean comparison showed that planting ratio of 30% Vicia sativa + 70% Triticale had maximum fresh and dry forage yields with averages of 48844 and 15269 kg. ha-1, respectively. Most treatments had LER of greater than one. Planting ratio of 70% Triticale and 30% Vicia sativa showed LER values of 1.31 and 1.54 for fresh and dry forage yields. The treatment is recommended for planting in paddy fields of Guilan area due to its relative advantage with respect to other planting ratios. Discussion Considering that the main objectives of crop forage production in rice paddy fields are the optimum use of paddy fields, sustainability of rice production, production of forage for livestock, and increasing farmers' incomes, the cultivation of all treatments tested as pure and mixed crops in rotation with rice has no problem with regard to the interference of harvesting of the forages with the time of cultivating the seedling rice.

Effect of Different Seed Rates on Yield and Some Agronomic Traits of Alfalfa Mohageran Ecotype in no-till and conventional tillage Methods in Semirom Region

Masoud Torabi; Mohsen Heidarisoltanabadi

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 375-386

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27979.1690

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives In agriculture section, more than half of the consumption energy is used for tillage. No-till systems can provide optimal conditions for some ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives In agriculture section, more than half of the consumption energy is used for tillage. No-till systems can provide optimal conditions for some crops production because of less energy usage, optimal watering, and physical regime for plant and optimal microbial activities for humus synthesis. Although the climate change and the drought in recent years have restricted alfalfa cultivated area, it still provides about 40% of animal feed within 35 million hectares. Alfalfa with 20% protein is the first forage in the world. Materials and Methods In order to compare alfalfa cultivation in no-till and tillage methods with different rate of seeding, an experiment was carried out as RCBD in the form of a strip split plot plan, during 2013-2015 in Semiroum region, Esfahan province, Iran. The main strip plot (horizontal) was cultivation methods including no-till and conventional tillage methods, and strip subplot (vertical) was the four rate of alfalfa seeding including 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg/ha. The cutting time of alfalfa was the time factor in treatments. The planting operation was carried out after harvesting of barley cereals with 30% residual straw in the mid-summer. The measurable parameters in different treatment included the number of established plants in the first spring, fresh and dry forage yield divided different cuts, stem density divided different cuts, and the numbers and weight of weed. Results Variance analysis showed that there is no significant difference between no-till and conventional tillage methods in terms of fresh and dry forage production. The seeding rate as a sub-factor has significant effect (level 1%) on fresh and dry forage and number of stem per unit area, whereas the interaction effect between cultivation methods with seeding rate has not significant effect on forage production and number of stem per unit area. The plant density, and the number of weeds were affected from cultivation methods (conventional tillage and no-till), whereas the plant density and number of weeds in no-till method was superior to tillage system. The plant density was varied between different of seeding rate, whereas the number of weed has not affected from the seeding rate. Discussion The obtained results indicated that regarding the alfalfa cultivation in no-till method (with 30% residual straw), not only the forage production was equal to conventional tillage method, but also the number of plant in no-till method was higher than tillage method. It seems that the superiority of no-till method in plant referred to proper seed placement because of minimum plough of soil in no-till method. However, the number of weed in no-till method was higher than conventional tillage method, but this item had no effect on the yield and stability of alfalfa, because the presence of weeds was only related to the first cutting. Using the no-till cultivation method with 30 kg of seeding rate per hectare produced 60.76 ton/ha fresh forage and 10.77 ton/ha dry forage.

The Effect of Plant Growth Stimulous Bacteria and Amino Acids Application on Plant Characteristics, Yield Components and Quality Characteristics of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. CV Agria)

mohammad dadashzadeh; Elnaz Farajzadeh Memari Tabrizi

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 397-408

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28009.1696

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Biofertilizers are now one of the most important inputs to increase agricultural production. The use of biofertilizers in potato production ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Biofertilizers are now one of the most important inputs to increase agricultural production. The use of biofertilizers in potato production could reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers. On the other hand, previous studies have shown that the spraying of amino acids not only improves the growth and yield of plants, but also improves the activity of useful microorganisms. Materials and Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of application of biofertilizers (non-application of fertilizers, application of pseudomonas, application of azotobacter, and application of azospirilium) and spraying of amino acids (non-spraying of amino acids, spraying with 2.5, and 3.75 g /L) on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of potatoes. The study was carried out in Malek Azad University as a split plot based on the randomized complet block design with three replications in 2018. The studied traits in this study included the number of tubers per plant, length of tuber, number of tubers per plant, mean weight of tuber, tuber yield per m2, nitrogen percentage, phosphorus percentage, and tuber protein percentage. Results Based on the results of this study, all traits except the percentage of phosphorus, the interaction of two factors such as biofertilizer, and the spraying of amino acids did not have a significant effect, but each of the studied factors had a significant effect on the growth and yield of potatoes. The yield of potato plants affected by spraying with a concentration of 3.75 g / l of water increased by 44.6% due to an increase in the average weight of the tubers (7.7%) and the number of produced tubers (32.2%) was in the bush. The application of biofertilizer increased the yield of both functional components, the average weight of the tuber and the number of tubers on potato tuber yields. Azotobacter application treatments and Azosperilium application increased the potato tuber yield by 29.6 and 34.1%, respectively. Potato leaf area was not affected by amino acid spraying, but the biofertilizer had a positive effect on this trait. The percentage of protein in potato tubers also increased by the influence of amino acid spraying and the application of bio-fertilizer. Discussion Both spraying agents of amino acids and biofertilizer had a positive effect on the dry weight of potato leaves. Improving the assemilation of carbon dioxide in leaves due to the use of amino acids and biofertilizers was probably due to increased potato growth and yield. The results of this study showed that soluble treatments with a concentration of 3.75 g / L of water, application of Azotobacter and application of Azospirilium could have an effective role in increasing potato yield.

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = A: Agronomy

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