Plant Productions - Articles List

Identification of Effective Traits on Forage Yield in Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.)

Ehsan Rahimi; Reza Mohammadi; Alireza Pourmohammad; Ali Asghar Aliloo

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 419-430

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28151.1704

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Introduction of high yielding forage cultivars for different climates is necessary to use in pasture establishment and rangeland renovation. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Introduction of high yielding forage cultivars for different climates is necessary to use in pasture establishment and rangeland renovation. Thus, increasing forage yield is one of the most important goals in cool-season grass breeding programs. Tall fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.) is a perennial cool-season grass adapted to a wide range of growing conditions. Tall fescue is one of the most drought, heat, and wear tolerant species among perennial cool-season grasses. Due to its large and deep root system, it is able to take up water in dry periods when other grasses have stopped their growth. Then it could be a good choice for pasture establishment and rangeland renovation in Iran. This study was carried out to identify important traits which are effective to increase forage yield in the tall fescue in East Azarbaijan region of Iran. Materials and Methods For this purpose, 32 tall fescue genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications in research farm of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Northwest and West region of Iran- Tabriz in 2016. Each replication contained 5 spaced single plants 60 cm apart. Eleven agro-morphological characteristics were measured. Results The correlation coefficients showed that total dry forage yield and seed yield had significant and positive correlation with all traits except days to heading and days to pollination. Total dry forage yield had significant and positive correlation with plant height, canopy diameter, stem number, and crown diameter (0.650**, 0.763**, 0.500**, and 0.750**, respectively). Stepwise regression analysis, considering the total dry forage yield as the dependent variable, showed that canopy diameter and crown diameter were entered into the model. These traits in total justified 64.1 percent of the regression model changed. Moreover, stepwise regression analysis, considering the seed yield as the dependent variable, showed that total dry forage yield, stem number, and canopy diameter were entered into the model. According to the results, canopy diameter (0.453) and crown diameter (0.394) had highest direct effects on the total dry forage yield and for the seed yield, total dry forage yield (0.797) and stem number (0.423) had highest direct effects. Discussion Based on the results of this study, canopy diameter and crown diameter had greater relative importance in determining the total dry forage yield of tall fescue. Thus, plant canopy and crown diameter cold be used as an indicator in selection of best tall fescue genotypes in breeding programs.

Effect of Various Irrigation Methods on Tuber Yield and Water Productivity of Potato Varieties

Bagher Mastalizadeh; Gholamreza khajoei-Nejad; Rooholla Moradi

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 431-442

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28244.1706

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Potato is extremely sensitive to water stress, both from inadequate or excess water, resulting in reductions of tuber yield and quality. The ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Potato is extremely sensitive to water stress, both from inadequate or excess water, resulting in reductions of tuber yield and quality. The plant has a relatively shallow root system, locating about 85% typically in the upper 30 cm of soil, which increases the sensitivity of the crop to water stress. Variation in soil moisture conditions can also lead to the occurrence of tuber physiological disorders such as brown center, hollow heart, growth cracks, bruise susceptibility, and heat necrosis, typically during the bulking period. A direct relation between low moisture conditions of soil and misshapen tubers has been reported. The aim of study was to assess the growth, yield, yield components, and water productivity of some conventional potato varieties in Bardsir region of Kerman. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the effect of various irrigation methods on growth, yield and yield components of potato varieties, an experiment was conducted as the split-plot based on the randomized complete block design with three replications at experiment station of the Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman during 2015 and 2016. The experimental treatments were irrigation methods: 1- Furrow (flooding), 2-sprinkler and 3- drip assigned to main plot and potato varieties: 1- Marfona, 2- Sante, 3- Agria and 4- Banba as the subplot. Results The results showed that the effect of irrigation method was significant (P≤0.01) on all the studied traits except in water productivity and percentage of tuber dry mater. The highest mean of tuber weight (71.55 g), number of marketable tuber (6.99), tuber yield (36.98 t ha-1), and shoot dry weight (5.97 t ha-1) were recorded in the furrow irrigation method. The lowest values of the traits were observed using the sprinkler method. The effect of variety treatment on all traits was significant (P≤0.01). For drip and sprinkler irrigation methods, the largest tuber was related to Sante variety, and regarding the surface method, it was gained at Marfona. The highest number of tuber per plant belonged to Sante variety (9.50) followed by Marfona (8.89) which had a significant difference with Banba (7.15) and Agria (6.88) varieties. Tuber percentage of dry weight for Agria variety (27.22) was significantly higher than other varieties (19.93-22.74). The tuber yield for Sante, Marfona, Banba, and Agria was 34.84, 28.91, 26.14, and 21.57 t ha-1, respectively. The maximum level of water productivity (5.93) was gained for santé variety using the sprinkler irrigation method. Discussion In general, the results indicated that Marfona variety was justly appropriate for flooding irrigation conditions, and santé variety is best for low water supply (drip and sprinkler irrigation methods).

Evaluation of the Biochemical Reaction of Sunflower Seedlings to Selenium Levels in Saline Conditions

Masoumeh Abedini; Gader Habibi; Samad Arezoomand

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 443-454

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28539.1722

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity is one of the detrimental environmental factors that limit the productivity of crop plants worldwide. Most of the crop plants are ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity is one of the detrimental environmental factors that limit the productivity of crop plants worldwide. Most of the crop plants are sensitive to salinity. Selenium (Se) has not been classified as a plant essential element, but its role as a beneficial element and its ability in amelioration of different environmental stresses has been reported in different plant species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Se on sunflower plants under salt stress conditions. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design by three replications in a hydroponic system with a temperature regime of 25/18°C, photoperiod of 14 h, and relative humidity of 70% in a growth chamber. Seeds were germinated in petri-dishes and then uniform 3-day old seedlings were transferred to 50% Hoagland solution. One week after pretreatment, plants were transferred to 100% Hoagland solution and treated with selenium) sodium selenate; 0, 5, and 10 µM) and salinity (sodium chloride; 50 and 100 mM) for two weeks. Plant's shoots were harvested 15 days after treatments, and frozen in liquid nitrogen until assays. Results The results indicated that salinity at both levels significantly increased the MDA as well as free phenol and decreased the flavonoids contents of plants. The anthocyanin, soluble sugars, and total protein contents and the activity of APX increased significantly in response to 50 mM of NaCl, while the proline, tannins, and lignin contents increased, but dry weight and height of shoot decreased significantly in response to 100 mM of NaCl. In non-saline condition, Se application at 5 µM decreased the flavonoids and lignin contents and increased the free phenols, shoot height, and POD activity significantly. Application of Se at 10 µM in non-saline conditions significantly increased the lignin and MDA contents and APX activity. In saline condition with 50 mM of NaCl, Se application at both two levels decreased the soluble sugars and APX activity, and at 10 µM decreased the lignin and increased the tannin contents significantly. In saline condition with 100 mM of NaCl, Se application at both two concentrations considerably decreased the proline, lignin, and tannin contents but increased the APX activity. Furthermore, a reduction in soluble sugars by application of 5 µM of Se was seen in plants that were in saline conditions with 100 mM of NaCl. Discussion According to the results of this study, salinity induced oxidative stress in sunflower, especially at 100 mM that was obvious by elevated level of MDA. Even though the Se application in saline condition could induce the notable changes in the phenolic compounds and promoted the activity of APX, it could not inhibit the MDA formation and dry weight falling in plants. Selenium application in non-saline conditions also could not result to the considerable benefits in sunflower plants.

The Effects of Biological and Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizers and Iron Micronutrient on Forge Quality and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Hoda Mohammadi; Gholamreza Heidari; Yousef Sohrabi

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 185-198

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27736.1678

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesImproving forage yield and quality is a major concern for the producer. Sustainable crop production requires careful management of all nutrient ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesImproving forage yield and quality is a major concern for the producer. Sustainable crop production requires careful management of all nutrient sources in agroecosystems. Biological fertilizers, including Azospirilum, Azotobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas bacteria, can increase plant growth and yield through biological nitrogen fixation and increased solubility of macro elements such as phosphorus. Iron is the most important micro element for crops. Iron is required to perform many plant metabolism and growth activities. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers combined with chemical fertilizers and iron micro element on yield and quality of maize (MV 500 cultivar) forage. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots consisted of different levels of urea fertilizer: Nitrokara biofertilizer, 150 kgha-1 urea + Nitrokara biofertilizer (Azorhizobium caulinodans), Super Nitro Plus biofertilizer (Azospirillum, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens), Super Nitro Plus biofertilizer + 150 kgha-1 urea without nitrogen fertilizer 450 kgha-1 urea, Nitrokara biofertilizer +300 kgha-1 urea, and Super Nitro Plus biofertilizer + 300 kgha-1 urea. The subplots consisted of two iron levels, including 10 kgha-1 iron chelate (Fe EDTA) and without iron application. The measured traits were crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, leaf to shoot ratio, ear to plant ratio and forage yield. Data were analyzed using MSTATC software. ResultsAnalysis of variance showed that the interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer sources and iron levels were significant on crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, ear/plant ratio and forage yield. The highest crude protein and ash of maize forage were obtained from supernitroplus + 300 kgha-1 urea and iron application. Control treatment (without nitrogen and iron fertilizers) produced the most ADF and NDF values. The highest dry forage yield belonged to Super Nitro Plus + 300 kgha-1 urea with iron fertilizer and the lowest value obtained from control treatment without N and iron fertilizers. DiscussionThe results of this study showed that the combined application of supernitroplus biofertilizer and urea fertilizer along with iron micro element increased maize forage quality and yield compared to the sole application of urea chemical fertilizer. Microorganisms constituting biofertilizers are very benefitial to the plant. They have the ability to enhance plant growth through increasing nutrient availability and uptake with minimal contribution to the environmental pollution, unlike the use of pure mineral fertilizers. The integration of biofertilizers and moderate mineral N fertilizer application accompanied with iron micro element is highly recommended in the production of maize forage.

Genetic Diversity Study of Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) Genotypes for Agro-morphological Traits Under Normal and Drought Stress Conditions

Ali Saremi-Rad; Khodadad Mostafavi

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 227-240

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.27588.1671

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesAs the world's population grows, increasing demand for edible oils is inevitable. In addition to plant genetics, environmental variability plays ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesAs the world's population grows, increasing demand for edible oils is inevitable. In addition to plant genetics, environmental variability plays a key role in plant yield. Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses that reduce the productivity of sunflower and other crops. Understanding the nature of phenotypic traits that improve performance under stress conditions and identifying the complex physiological and genetically mechanisms is fundamental to plant stress. Improving drought tolerance and increasing water productivity in plants is one of the most important goals of the breeders. Gaining knowledge of the amount of phenotypic and genetic parameters in the plant species for genetic and plant breeding studies is very important for the exact selection of the genotypes according to the objectives of the breeding programs. Understanding the nature of morphological, physiological, genetic and molecular mechanisms under the influence of drought tolerance can play an important role in the development of drought tolerant genotypes for cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas. The main aims of this study included investigation of genetic diversity of sunflower germplasm (to understand the relationships between morphological traits and their heritability) and accurate identification of the most important traits that affect the sunflower yield in each of the normal conditions and drought stress. Materials and MethodsAn experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in normal and drought stress conditions in 2014 growing season on 12 sunflower genotypes in a research field of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch. Each block consisted of 12 plots and each plot contained five rows. Each row was 5 meters length with 60 cm spacing, and plant spacing on rows was 20 cm. The studied traits included grain yield, seed length, seed width, seed diameter, leaf length, leaf width, plant height and stem diameter. ResultsThe results of combined analysis of variance confirmed the significant diversity among genotypes for most traits. Grain yield showed higher values for parameters of genetic efficiency, genotypic and phenotypic variation coefficients under drought stress and non-stress conditions compared to other traits. While the highest percentage of heritability in the normal condition belonged to grain yield, it belonged to plant height in the stress conditions. Plant height, leaf width, stem diameter and leaf length showed the highest change in terms of traits in stress conditions compared to normal conditions. Dendrograms derived from cluster analysis classified genotypes into three groups based on studied traits under both drought stress and non-stress conditions. According to the cluster analysis, under drought stress condition, the Sor and Progress genotypes were identified as tolerant genotypes and, in contrast, genotypes of Favorite, Record, SHF81-90, Master and Lakomka were recognized as sensitive genotypes. DiscussionIn the combined analysis of variance the significance of the environmental effect shows that drought stress has significantly affected all traits. Therefore, the applied stress reveals the differences between the cultivars and the evaluation of the cultivars in the stress environment can lead to the selection of suitable cultivars. The effect of genotype was not significant for some traits, which suggests that the selection of cultivars for these traits is complex because the differences between the cultivars are not clearly defined. Selection is more reliable for traits that are significant, such as grain yield. The interaction between genotype and environment also increases the complexity of selection, which was significant only for plant height in this study. The high coefficient of phenotypic variation for traits indicates that the expression of these traits is greatly affected by the environment. Also, the high coefficient of genotypic and phenotypic variation for some traits indicates the wide range of changes for these traits. In general, the correspondence of the phenotypic coefficient and the genotypic coefficient in some traits indicates that the environmental effects on trait expression are negligible. However, when the phenotypic variation coefficient is higher than the genotypic variation coefficient, it indicates a high environmental effect. The low difference between the phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for some traits suggests that these traits are more controlled by genetic factors. Therefore, the selection of parents for these traits is appropriate for hybridization programs.

Investigating the Effect of Foliar Application of Glycine Betaine on Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Mint (Mentha spicata L(. under Salinity Stress

Zeinab Joushan; Hamid Sodeizadeh; Mohammad Ali Hakimzadeh Ardakani; Rostam Yazdani Biouki; Sareh khajahhosseini

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 267-280

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27413.1666

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesSpearmint is a perennial plant with creeping and underground stems, which belongs to the Labiatae family. After drought, salinity is the second ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesSpearmint is a perennial plant with creeping and underground stems, which belongs to the Labiatae family. After drought, salinity is the second most common environmental agent that restricts agricultural production. Glycine betaine is the most widely used organic solution known for its quadrature ammonium compounds and the largest and most abundant compound in response to stress. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of glycine betaine on some quantitative and qualitative properties of mint under salinity stress. Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017-18. Experimental factors included salinity stress (4 levels, control, 30, 60 and 90 mM NaCl) and glycine betaine (at 3 levels of 0, 100 and 200 mM). In the present study, some growth traits, height of plant, fresh weight and dry weight of shoot, root volume, fresh and dry weight of root, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b and total), protein, proline and soluble sugars were measured. ResultsThe results showed that salinity stress was significant for all characteristics, so that by increasing levels of salinity all traits were reduced except chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugars. Salinity reduced plant height (29.47%), fresh weight of shoot (49.56%), dry weight of shoot (56.87%), root volume (47.89%), fresh weight of root (52.15%), dry weight of root (43.92%), photosynthetic pigments (a) (18%) and (b) (29.41%), protein content (17.79%), proline (30.98%) and soluble sugars (3.58%). Application of glycinebetaine reduced the negative effects of salinity stress, but it caused reduced height (9.16%) and chlorophyll b (26.31%) compared to control. Also, interactions between salinity stress and foliar application of glycinebetaine were significant for shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weigh, root dry weight, proline, protein (p < 0.01), root volume and soluble sugars (P<0.05). The highest values of the studied traits were obtained for the interaction between 7 mM NaCl and 200 mM glycinebetaine. DiscussionSalinity stress reduces the growth of plants through osmotic stress, ion toxicity and nutritional imbalance. However, glycine betaine, as an important osmolite in plants, increases the osmotic potential and improves the water relations and increases the activity of photosynthesis and the production of hydrocarbon materials. In this way, glycine betaine can protect against the stress of salinity by increasing the mechanisms of tolerance to salinity and will provide better conditions for plant growth in a saline environment.

Effect of Green Manure under Different Conditions of Tillage on Weed Characteristics and Corn (Zea mays L.) Yield

Mohammad Sorkheh; Faezeh Zaefarian; Mohammad hossain Gharineh

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 281-294

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27385.1665

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesHigh degree of evaporation from soil surface (due to high temperature of environment and low relative humidity), poor soil organic content and ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesHigh degree of evaporation from soil surface (due to high temperature of environment and low relative humidity), poor soil organic content and instability of soil structure are considered indicators of arid regions of Iran. It seems that in a regional management, conservation of plant residues with irrigation operations in the absence of a negative effect on yield can be used as a way to improve the above-mentioned conditions. The management of plant residues has been interesting to researchers in recent decades due to its various effects on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. On the other hand, protective tillage can help to maintain more soil moisture, reduce erosion and less use of agricultural machinery, thereby achieving sustainable agriculture and reducing costs. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of application of wheat residues and green manure along with different tillage systems on corn. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted in Shush, Khuzestan Province in 2015-2016, as strip-plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. The main treatment consisted of conventional and minimum tillage methods. The sub-plot treatment applied mulches such as wheat residue, two types of green manure (mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)) and control (no fertilizer application). The characteristics in this research included grain yield, biological yield, number of rows in corn, number of kernels per row, 100 grains weight, and weed growth indices (density, variety and dry weight in two stages: 4 to 6 leaf and maturity of corn). ResultsMaximum grain yield of corn was obtained in wheat residue (10399.27 kg ha-1). Also, there was no significant difference in plants treated with green manure of cowpea (10013.49 kg ha-1). The lowest economic yield was seen in control (7382 kg ha-1). Similar to grain yield, the highest biological yield of corn occurred with application of minimum tillage (16139.14 kg ha-1), wheat residue (17170.89) and cowpea green manure (16790.37 kg ha-1). Besides, the best treatment to reduce the number, variety and dry weight of weeds, was achieved with green manure in minimum tillage. Based on the results, the dominant weed of the field in conventional tillage in 4 to 6 leaf stage was physalis (Physalis alkekengi) while it was common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) in the minimum tillage. In maturation of corn, both in conventional tillage and minimum tillage, the dominant weed was physalis, which had the highest dry weight of weeds in every stage. DiscussionBased on the results of this research, application of wheat residues and cowpea green manure combined with minimum tillage can be a suitable way to increase corn yield and reduce weed diversity and biomass in sustainable agriculture.

The Effect of Thermal Shock, Burial Depth and Seed Position on Germination of eeds of Heteromorphism Hedge Parsley (Torilis arvenis)

Rezvan Payamani; Iraj Nosratti; Masoomeh Amerian

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26379.1621

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Weeds are one of the most important factors that affect and reduce the yield of crops. Hedge parsley produces two shapes of seeds, fluffy and ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Weeds are one of the most important factors that affect and reduce the yield of crops. Hedge parsley produces two shapes of seeds, fluffy and non-fluffy, of their germination behavior little information is available. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seed position, burial depth, thermal shock and seed polymorphism on germination percentage of hedge parsley. Materials and Methods The experiments were conducted based on factorial experiment in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications at campus of agriculture and natural resources during years 2016-2017. In the first experiment, the factors included seed position (high, middle and low plants), temperature (20 and 25 C°) and seed shape (fluffy and non-fluffy). In the second experiment, the factors were thermal shock (100, 150 and 200 C°), burial depth (0, 2 and 4 cm) and seed shape (fluffy and non-fluffy). Results In the first experiment, with increasing temperature from 20 to 25 C° germination percentage decreased and at 20 C° the highest germination percentage (73.33%) was observed. Seed shape also affected seed germination percentages. In the second experiment, the burial depth had a positive effect on seed germination and with increasing burial depth, seed germination percentage increased. Interaction of thermal shock and burial depth showed that increasing burial depth and temperature increased the percentage of germination (57.14%). In both shapes of seeds, germination percentage increased with increasing burial depth and the highest germination percentage was observed in the maximum burial depth (4 cm). Discussion The results of this study showed that this weed is capable of germination in a wide range of environmental conditions. Germination percentage of hedge parsley increased with increasing burial depth. The optimum temperature for seed germination of hedge parsley is 20 C°. Seed shape was affected on seed germination percentage of hedge parsley.

Assessment of Yield and Agronomic Characteristics of Promising Lines of Rice

Elnaz Khalil Khalili; ghafar kiani; seyed kamal kazemi tabar

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 107-116

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26920.1643

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of morphological characteristics of different promising lines of rice and the effects they have on yield can be considered a ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of morphological characteristics of different promising lines of rice and the effects they have on yield can be considered a good tool for identification of preferable lines with ideal agronomical traits. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the most important characteristics of cultivars affecting yield in 2017, a field experiment was conducted in a research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, in a randomized complete block design with three replications, in 5 square meters plots with 25×25 space between them. Morphological characteristics include plant height, panicle length and number measured before harvest in the farm, as well as other characteristics after harvest in laboratory. At the end of growth season, panicles were harvested and collected in separate bags and were selected randomly for measurement of their morphological characteristics. Mean comparisons were calculated with Duncan method in 5% level of possibility. Also, variance analysis was calculated for all the traits. Cluster analysis was calculated with ward method. The genotypes were 30 promising lines of rice. In this study, 10 traits including plant height, panicle length, panicle number, total number of grains, number of filled grains, grain length, grain diameter, grain length to width ratio, 1000 grain weight and yield were evaluated. Results Correlation analysis results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between yield and number of panicles, number of filled grains and 1000 grain weight, but the length of the grain had a negative significant correlation with yield.The results of path analysis showed that the number of filled grains had the highest direct effect (0.67), and, after that, the number of panicles (0.59) and grain width (0.47) had the highest effect on yield.Therefore, based on the results obtained from this study, number of panicles and number of filled grains as selection index on rice yield improvement were identified.The results of cluster analysis of the studied lines were also classified into four groups. The genotypes in the second and the third, in addition to the higher yields, had the lower height, number of tillers and more grain number.The average deviation of clusters from total mean was calculated for these lines and the existence of this deviation can demonstrate diversity. The genotypes in the second group add up to 57% of all the genotypes, which is above the total mean in traits including panicle number, grain length, grain diameter, 1000 grain weight and yield. Discussion According to the results of this study, the highest lines in terms of yield and other agronomical characteristics were 8, 13, 14, 15 and 28. Also, traits including number of panicles and filled grain number can be considered selecting factors for improvement of rice yield. Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of morphological characteristics of different promising lines of rice and the effects they have on yield can be considered a good tool for identification of preferable lines with ideal agronomical traits. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the most important characteristics of cultivars affecting yield in 2017, a field experiment was conducted in a research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, in a randomized complete block design with three replications, in 5 square meters plots with 25×25 space between them. Morphological characteristics include plant height, panicle length and number measured before harvest in the farm, as well as other characteristics after harvest in laboratory. At the end of growth season, panicles were harvested and collected in separate bags and were selected randomly for measurement of their morphological characteristics. Mean comparisons were calculated with Duncan method in 5% level of possibility. Also, variance analysis was calculated for all the traits. Cluster analysis was calculated with ward method. The genotypes were 30 promising lines of rice. In this study, 10 traits including plant height, panicle length, panicle number, total number of grains, number of filled grains, grain length, grain diameter, grain length to width ratio, 1000 grain weight and yield were evaluated. Results Correlation analysis results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between yield and number of panicles, number of filled grains and 1000 grain weight, but the length of the grain had a negative significant correlation with yield.The results of path analysis showed that the number of filled grains had the highest direct effect (0.67), and, after that, the number of panicles (0.59) and grain width (0.47) had the highest effect on yield.Therefore, based on the results obtained from this study, number of panicles and number of filled grains as selection index on rice yield improvement were identified.The results of cluster analysis of the studied lines were also classified into four groups. The genotypes in the second and the third, in addition to the higher yields, had the lower height, number of tillers and more grain number.The average deviation of clusters from total mean was calculated for these lines and the existence of this deviation can demonstrate diversity. The genotypes in the second group add up to 57% of all the genotypes, which is above the total mean in traits including panicle number, grain length, grain diameter, 1000 grain weight and yield. Discussion According to the results of this study, the highest lines in terms of yield and other agronomical characteristics were 8, 13, 14, 15 and 28. Also, traits including number of panicles and filled grain number can be considered selecting factors for improvement of rice yield. Keywords: Cluster analysis, Correlation,New lines

Stochastical Analysis of Phenological Timing Traits of Rainfed Wheat in Golestan Province Using Climate Parameters

kami kaboosi

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 143-158

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26579.1633

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Considerng stochasticalnature of precipitation and temperature and high dependence of the eco-phenological timing traits on them, the present ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Considerng stochasticalnature of precipitation and temperature and high dependence of the eco-phenological timing traits on them, the present study was conducted with the aim of estimating eight eco-phenological traits of rainfed wheat including planting date, emergence date, flowering date, maturity date and length of each stage of growth in Golestan province. Materials and Methods First, studied traits were determined by daily data of maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation of 33 meteorological stations in the 26-year common statistical period (1991-2016). Then, these traits were calculated based on frequency analysis by SMADA software package for 25, 50, 75, 85 and 95 percent occurrence probability level. Planting date was determined based on the first precipitation equal to or more than 25 mm over a period of 10 consecutive days in December. Also, length of each growth stages was determined based on the concept of Growing Degree-Days (GDD). Finally, zoning maps of eco-phenological traits for different occurrence probability level were produced by ArcGIS software. In order to verify estimated eco-phenological traits values, findings from various field scale researches in Golestan province were used. The results showed that estimations and zoning maps wrere done with good precision. Results The results showed that the effect of occurrence probability level was significant on all variables, so that with increasing occurrence probability level several important changes were observed: first, a significant postponement of dates of planting, emergence, flowering and maturity; second, a significant increase in the length of planting to emergence; and finally, a significant reduction in the length of the emergence to flowering, flowering to maturity and planting to maturity stages. Zoning maps showed that the suitable planting date for rainfed wheat in 90 percent of Golestan province area for occurrence probability levels of 25, 50 and 75 percent was before 10 December and for 85 and 95 percent occurrence probability levels in 78 and 90 percent of the province area was from 1-20 December and 21 December to 9 January, respectively. Emergence date of rainfed wheat in more than 90 percent of the Golestan province area for the occurrence probability levels of 25 to 95 percent was calculated until 20 December, until 4 January, 21 December to 19 January, 5 January to 3 February and 20 January to 18 February, respectively. Also, flowering date of rainfed wheat was obtained 4 April to 4 May in 95 percent of the province's area for 25 percent occurrence probability level, 5-20 May in 86 percent of the province's area for 50 percent occurrence probability level, 20 April to 20 May in 95 percent of the province's area for 75 percent occurrence probability level, 5-20 May in 75 percent of the province's area for 85 percent occurrence probability level, and 5 May to 4 June in 93 percent of the province's area for 95 percent occurrence probability level. In terms of maturity date, the results showed that this date in more than 90 percent of the Golestan province's area was 21 May to 4 June for 25 percent occurrence probability level, 21 May to 20 June for 50 percent occurrence probability level, 5-20 June for 75 percent occurrence probability level, and 5 June to 5 July for 85 and 95 percent occurrence probability levels. Discussion Based on the average of all weather stations, the increase in occurrence probability level from 25 to 95 percent (risk reduction from 75 to 5 percent) delays the suitable planting date, dates of germination, flowering, and maturity of rainfed wheat by 37, 56, 35 and 28 days, respectively. It also increases the length of planting to germination stage by 19 days while decreases the length of germination to flowering, flowering to maturity stages, and total season by 22, 8 and 10 days, respectively.

Evaluating the Effect of Integrated Nutrition on Quantitative Yield and Essential Oil Percentage of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)

Mohammad reza Mirzajani; Majid Majidian; Gholam reza Mohsenabadi

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 469-482

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25695.1594

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives An important requirement of agronomic planning is to evaluate different plant nutrition systems in order to achieve high yield and quality, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives An important requirement of agronomic planning is to evaluate different plant nutrition systems in order to achieve high yield and quality, especially in medicinal plants. With the correct method of increasing soil fertilization and plant nutrition, it is possible to reduce the erosion and conservation of biodiversity, preserve the environment, and increase the efficiency of inputs. This research was carried out with the aim of improving the quantitative and qualitative performance of lemon balm with bio fertilizers such as mycorrhiza fungi, biophosphate fertilizer, and vermicompost. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in spring and summer of 2016 in a field covered by Agriculture Jihad of Guilan, located in Khoshkabijar District of Rasht, Iran. In this research, the experiment was conducted considering three factors: factorial contains mycorrhizal inoculation (M1 = non-inoculated and M2 = inoculated), phosphate biofertilizers (p < sub>1 = 0, p < sub>2 = 50 and p < sub>3 = 100 kg ha-1) and vermicompost (V1 = 0, V2 = 5 and V3 = 10 tons ha-1) layout based on a randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replications. Also, one plot was allocated to control in each replication and only chemical fertilizers (use of 90 kg ha-1 of fertilizer of urea, triple super phosphate 90 kg ha-1 and potassium sulfate 90 kg ha-1) and data obtained from control plot, mycorrhizal, phosphate biofertilizers, and vermicompost were used based on a randomized complete block. Results According to the results of this experiment, the highest number of leaf yield, essential oil percentage, biological yield, essential oil yield, total chlorophyll and carotenoids in inoculation with mycorrhiza was obtained. The application of 100 kg of phosphate biofertilizers had a significant effect on all measured biofertilizers. Fertilizer treatment of 100 kg ha-1 had the best result in all measured traits. Also, the best result was obtained with the use of 10 tons of vermicompost per hectare in biological yield (4808.2 kg ha-1), essential oil (0.13%), and total chlorophyll (1.54 mg gr-1FW). There were positive and synergic interactions between factors. For example, positive interaction between inoculation of mycorrhiza and phosphate biofertilizers on leaf yield and essential oil yield, and synergic interaction between mycorrhiza and vermicompost on biological yield were obsereved. Discussion The results of this study show that the treatment of inoculums with mycorrhiza, consumption of 100 kg of phosphate biofertilizers and 10 tons of vermicompost per hectare could provide the best situation to achieve the highest quantitative (5290 kg ha-1) and qualitative yield (0.26% essential oil) of lemon balm in a sustainable agricultural system.

Evaluating the Effect of Pendimethalin Herbicide Residue on Wheat and Barely

Taj Mohammad Khajavi; Zeinab Avarseji; Ebrahim Gholam Alipour Alamdari; Abbas Biabani

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 483-494

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25477.1589

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Nowadays, herbicides are crucial for modern agricultural systems. Yet, improper application of herbicides will have dangerous consequences. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Nowadays, herbicides are crucial for modern agricultural systems. Yet, improper application of herbicides will have dangerous consequences. For example, there will be crop damage due to long lasting herbicide residue or herbicide drift on neighbor crops if applied on non-target species. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the sensitivity of wheat and barley to pendimethalin residue by using bioassay. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate soil residue of pendimethalin, experiments with completely randomized designs were carried out in the greenhouse at Faculty of Agricluture and Natural Resources of Gonbad Kavous University. In this experiments, different doses of pendimethalin (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75 and 100 % of recommended dose) were applied on wheat and barley in order to measure the dry weight of root and shoot of crops. The concentration of herbicides was made by dilution of stock solvent. Three/four-parameter log-logistic curves were used for fitness of the data. Results Results indicated that almost all data followed the three-parameter logarithm logistic curve. Results of separate fitness of data showed that the residue of pendimethalin always caused reduction of dry weight of the evaluated crops. Fifty percent reduction of shoot dry weight of wheat and barley was obtained from 400.5 and 623.05 g.a.i.ha-1 of pendimethalin and the ED50 values of root dry weight of wheat and barley were 65.88 and 269.66 g.a.i.ha-1 of pendimethalin, respectively. Discussion Generally, the results of simultaneously fitted data shows that wheat is always more sensitive to pendimethalin rather than barley. Based on results, even the very little portion of herbicides can cause damage to crops, thus, considering the sensitive crop in rotation is so important since this residue can stay active even in two-season crops and make crop injuries. The selection between 3 and 4 Logarithm logistic model was based on: 1. Lack of fit test significance 2. Significance of estimated parameters, especially the parameters and the way of distribution of data around the curve (graphical observation).

Comparison of Carbohydrates and Delta12 and delta15 Genes Expression in Tetra and Hexa Ploid Wheat under Cold Acclimation and Cold Stress

Leila Nejadsadeghi; Reza Maali-Amiri; Hasan Zinali khangah

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 387-400

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22457.1481

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Plant cells often increase cold tolerance by reprogramming their genes expression, which results in adjusted metabolic alternations, a process ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Plant cells often increase cold tolerance by reprogramming their genes expression, which results in adjusted metabolic alternations, a process enhanced under cold acclimation (CA). In this study, responses of Carbohydrate alteration and delta12 and delta15 genes expression to cold stress (CS) phases were comparatively studied in three genotypes of bread and durum wheat differing in sensitivity. Two of them (Norstar, bread wheat and Gerdish, durum wheat) were tolerant to CS and the other one, SRN (durum wheat) was sensitive to CS. Materials and Methods Seeds of Norstar (hexaploid, bread wheat) and the two genotypes of Gerdish and SRN (tetraploid, durum wheat) provided by Dryland Agriculture Research Institute (DARI) of Iran were soaked in distilled water and then germinated in Petri dishes on filter paper for 72 h at 25 C in a thermostat. Subsequently, the seedlings were planted in pots. The cooling regime adopted in our experiments allowed us to differentiate the examined genotypes in terms of their tolerance to CS. In our experiment, the plants were moved from control conditions immediately into the acclimated temperature of 4–5 ºC for 14 days with the same photoperiod and irradiance. Leaf samples of genotypes were harvested and analyzed after 14 days under these conditions. After 14 days of CA, the plants were placed into a climatic chamber chilled preliminary to 0 ºC. During further treatments, the temperature was lowered gradually to -5 C (at the rate of 0.5 ºC min-1 ), and the plants were incubated at this temperature for 12 and 24 h. Total cellular RNA was extracted by Biozol method (Fersion Pooyesh, Tehran, Iran) using 80 mg FM leaflets. Applying fermentase reverse transcriptase enzyme instruction, the first strand of cDNA was produced after DNase treatment. Primers were designed using primer 3 to obtain 18–21 bp length. Carbohydrate extraction and determining the carbohydrate concentration were done by 80% ethanol and the AOAC method, respectively. Results These responses confirmed the existence of a wide range of genetic capacity in durum wheat to increase cold tolerance particularly in Gerdish. The findings of the present study showed that under experimental treatments, the carbohydrate content significantly changed so that cold stress in acclimated plants increased sucrose, glucose and fructose contents particularly in Norstar and Gerdish as compared to the SRN plants. Increasing expression of delta12 and delta15 genes under cold stress in Norstar and SRN genotypes in comparison with SRN indicates the capacity of cells in increasing cold stress. Discussion The results may be a sign for associating other metabolite or enzyme activities to create relative tolerance against cold-induced oxidative stress. Also, these responses showed high genetic diversity for cold tolerance in durum. Eventually, assessing the dynamics of cell responses after CS without CA phases could profitably be a novel path in plant stress response investigations in the short run.

Evaluating Quality Indices of Extracts in Green and Burnt Sugarcane Harvesting

Reza Moradi; SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Abdolreza Siahpoosh; Abdulmahdi Bakhshandeh; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 402-415

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25618.1595

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives International forces and public pressure to prevent environmental pollution have changed burnt sugarcane harvesting to green sugarcane harvesting ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives International forces and public pressure to prevent environmental pollution have changed burnt sugarcane harvesting to green sugarcane harvesting in most important sugarcane-producing regions of the world. In the major countries that produce sugarcane, sufficient research has been done on green sugarcane harvesting. Due to climate difference between Iran and other countries, it is essential to investigate all the aspects of green cane harvesting such as the quality indices of extracts in Khuzestan, Iran. Materials and Methods To compare extract quality in burnt and green sugarcane harvesting, a test was performed in 2015-2016 at Emam Khomeini Agro industry company (latitude 31,44o N, longitude 48,44o E and 24 m asl). A spilet plot design was used. Three sugarcane varieties with different ripeness durations were considered as the main plot and five harvesting methods and ratooning including burnt harvesting, green cane harvesting without rationing, green cane harvesting with rationing, green cane harvesting with one reshape replication and green cane harvesting with two reshape replications with four replications were considered as the sub plot. Trash percent, extraction percent (Ex), total solid material solute in extract (Brix), sugar percent in extract (Pol), extract purity degree (Pty), recovery sugar percent in factory (R.S) and the yield were studied. Results Results showed the varieties had a significant difference regarding all the parameters except Ex. Maximum Ex (%41.863), and the yield (93 t/ha) belonging to Cp69-1062 varieties. Cp73-21 had the maximum Brix (%20.35) and Pol (%18.16). Methods of harvesting and ratooning caused a significant difference as to the trash percent, R.S, the yield and Brix. The mean of trash in green harvesting was 7 %but it was 4% in burnt harvesting. Maximum Brix belonged to the burnt but had no significant difference with that of the green harvesting. Pol percent in the burnt was not significantly different from the two green harvesting methods. The average yields of burnt and green harvestings were 83 t/ha and 74 t/ha respectively. Finally, green harvesting increased Pty. Discussion The results of this study show that in green cane harvesting, as compared with burnt cane harvesting, the trash is increased and the yield is decrease. Because the trash prevents the recovery sugar, we expected that quality indices in green cane harvesting to be worse than burnt cane harvesting. However, due to having fresh cane in green cane harvesting, the parameters of quality, especially the purity, were higher than those in burnt cane harvesting. In the executive phase, the difference between the green and burnt harvesting is more than this experiment because a cane field that has been burnt for harvesting is usually detained for more than 12 hours for transporting the cane to the factory, resulting in much lower quality. The benefits of green cane harvesting will better be understood now if the trash is decreased in green cane harvesting by setting and changing the harvesters.

Evaluation of Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Reaction of Strawberry to Drought Stress and Dust

Farzad Marivani; Nasser Ghaderi; Taimoor Javadi

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 535-550

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26308.1618

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives In recent years, dust has been identified as a major source of adverse environmental and agricultural effects in west and southwest of Iran. ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives In recent years, dust has been identified as a major source of adverse environmental and agricultural effects in west and southwest of Iran. Reducing light penetration, decreasing photosynthesis, changing stomatal performance, and reducing flowering are some of the adverse effects of air pollution on plants. Strawberries have a shallow root system, high leaf area, and are sensetive to drought stress. Kurdistan province is the major producer of strawberries in Iran. Since in Kurdistan dust occurs mostly in the spring and during the strawberry flowering and fruit production, we investigated the interaction effect of dust and drought stress on some physiological characteristics of two strawberry cultivars (cvs. Paros and Queen elisa) during 2013-2014. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four treatments (control, -1.2 MPa soil water potential as drought stress, dust and dust + drought stress) and three replications. In this experiment, leaf relative water content, membrane stability index, proline, soluble carbohydrates, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activity were evaluated. Results Results showed that relative water content and membrane stability index decreased in response to dust and drought in both cultivars. Also, the amount of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and activity of antioxidant enzymes increased by dust and drought treatments. Most increase was obsereved in the proline and total soluble carbohydrates, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes was obtained by dust + drought stress. Drought stress + dust had the highest levels of POD and APX. There was a significant difference between the two cultivars, so that Paros cultivar had higher activity of POD and APX compared to queen elisa. Dust and drought treatments reduced shoot and root dry weigth in both years and both cultivars. Discussion Probably due to the stress caused by dust, the total leaf soluble sugars increased in the first year. In this condition, the plant can continue to absorb water from the soil by increasing the soluble carbohydrates through osmotic regulation. In the second year, the long-term reduction in photosynthesis led to a reduction in total soluble carbohydrates, due to prolonged exposure to dust or damage to light absorption pigments resulting from dust accumulation and its negative effects on stomatal function. Dust and drought stress decreased relative water content (RWC) through decreasing water absorption by the strawberry plants, and the decrease of water led to the increase of H2O2. With the increase of H2O2 in dust and drought stress, membrane lipid degradation increased and led to the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA). The increase of MDA indicates cell wall destruction, which is accompanied by the decrease of memberan stability index MSI). MDA increased in all treatments in Queen Eliza cultivar, which could indicate the higher sensitivity of this cultivar to dust and drought stress. In this study, Paros showed higher antioxidant enzyme activity accompanied with lower H2O2 content and consequently a lower MDA, thus, more resistance to drought and drought stress. In conclusion, dust had negative effects on evaluated characteristics, and drought stress exacerbated these effects. Adverse effects of dust and drought were observed on dry matter production in both years. Reducing the dry matter of the roots and the shoot might be due to increased free radicals, reduced leaf water content and, consequently, loss of photosynthesis of the leaf.

Effect of Plant Density on Some Physiological and Phenological Indices of Oat (Avena sativa L.) Genotypes in Climatic Conditions of Ahvaz

Maryam Dolatabadi; Payman Hassibi; Habibolah Roshanfekr Dezfuli; Behzad Sorkhi

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 415-428

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24683.1561

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives This study aimed at determining growth indices and temperature requirements at different stages of plant growth in order to optimize the ecology ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives This study aimed at determining growth indices and temperature requirements at different stages of plant growth in order to optimize the ecology of plants to increase yield due to the availability of appropriate access to many agro technological issues, including appropriate planting dates, timely irrigation, appropriate time of harvesting, proper time to control the pests and diseases, the selection the appropriate cultivars, and achieving the highest yield of crops. The study also aimed at determining the growth indices and the growth rate of oat based on the BBCH scale. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during 2013-2014 growing season. Five oat genotypes (V1, V2, V3, V4, and V5) were grown under three different planting densities (including 300, 400, and 500 plants.m-2) using factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Growing Degree Days (GDD) of the different growing stages, according to the BBCH scale, and the daily temperature were calculated. Several physiological traits such as CGR, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), SPAD value and total dry matter yield were evaluated. Results The treatments had different effects on growth indices and physiological traits such as plant growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilasion rate (NAR), leaf chlorophyll content, chlorophyll meter number, and dry matter yield. The results of the mean comparison showed that V2 had the highest level of NAR, RGR, CGR and TDW among oat genotypes, with an average of 1.40 g.m-2.day-1, 0.0015 g. g-1.da, 6.34 g.m-2.day and 39.87 g.m-2.day respectively, at a density of 300 plants / m2. In contrast, V1 had the lowest total dry matter yield with an average of 22.95 g.m-2 day. Among the genotypes, V2 had the lowest growth period with a density of 300 plants.m-2 with an average of 162 days of planting and 1899 days of growth (GDD in degrees C) and V4 had the highest growth period among the studied genotypes at a density of 500 plants.m-2 with the average of 175 days of sowing and 2178 days of growth. Discussion Reducing CGR at high densities can result in reduced photosynthetic energy in the growth of organs, or increased respiration or poor nutritional transmission of the growth of leaves from the root (Moradpour et al. 2013). Because of the decreasing RGR trend and the increasing density, dry matter accumulation was mainly attributed to undifferentiated tissues, as well as the shading of leaves on each other. Moreover, the increase in the age of the leaves can be considered effective in this decrease. Reductions in NAR during the increase in density can be attributed to the rapid addition of assimilates to seeds and the aging of the leaves. Considering the results of this research, it is suggested that using a GDD scale can lead to better at the growing season by estimating the time table as well as the time of phenological stages of oat in order to manage agricultural production, and therefore to determine the necessary conditions for plant growth.

Estimation of Yield Gap of Rice by Comparative Performance Analysis (CPA) in Amol and Rasht Regions

Ebrahim Habib; Yosoof Niknezhad; Hormoz Fallah; Salman Dastan; Davood Barari Tari

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 551-562

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26083.1607

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of more than half of the world’s population and has an important role in feeding, income and ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of more than half of the world’s population and has an important role in feeding, income and job creation in the world, especially Iran. Yield gap analysis provides little estimation of increased production capacity which is an important component in designing food-providing strategy in regional, national and global scales. The existing heated discussions regarding food security have increased the number of necessary studies that estimate the quantity of yield gap and the reasons behind it through appropriate statistical methods in Iran and the rest of the world. It seems that by defining the effectiveness of each management parameter regarding the amount of presented yield gap and, consequently, the farmer’s knowledge on that matter the distance between actual yield and attainable yield can be reduced. In this research, estimation of potential yield, yield gap, and determining yield restricting factors and each of their portions in creating rice yield gap have been investigated. Materials and Methods Research was done in 100 paddy fields in Amol and Rasht regions in 2016 and 2017. All managerial practices from nursery preparation to harvest for local rice cultivars were recorded through fields monitoring. Field selection was done in a way that included all main production procedures with variation in management viewpoint. To define yield model, the relationship between all measured variables and the final model was designed by controlled trial and error method, which could quantify the effect of yield limitations. The average yield was calculated by placing the observed average variables (Xs) in the fields under study in the yield model. Thereafter, by putting the best observed value of the variables in the yield model the maximum obtainable yield was calculated. The difference between these two has been considered yield gap. Different procedures of the software SAS version 9.1 were used for analysis. Results Data analysis revealed that from 155 variables under study, the final model in Amol and Rasht regions with seven and six independent variables was chosen. In Amol yield model, maximum and average yield were 4798 and 6505 kg ha-1, respectively that estimated yield gap was 1707 kg ha-1. In Rasht yield model, maximum and average yield were 4443 and 6377 kg ha-1, respectively, which estimated that yield gap was 1934 kg ha-1. In Amol region, the amount of increased yield related to transplanting date, top-dressing and nitrogen after flowering variable was 364, 292 and 416 kg ha-1 which equals to 21, 17 and 24 percent of total yield increase. In Rasht region, the yield increase related to the effect of potassium and nitrogen before transplanting, and N after flowering was 644, 325 and 730 kg ha-1 which equals to 33, 17 and 38 percent. Discussion According to the findings, we suggest that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimating the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each constraints yield variables. Furthermore, considering the fact that the calculated yield potential is reached through actual data in each paddy field, it is suggested that this yield potential is attainable.

The Effect of Dust Particles on Grain Yield and Some of the Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Wheat in West of Iran

Zeynab Sharifi; Mohsen Saeidi; Eiraj Nosrati; Hasan Heidary

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 149-164

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.21856.1470

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives In recent years, the desertification caused by climate change and human activity is one of the most important causes of dust particles. The ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives In recent years, the desertification caused by climate change and human activity is one of the most important causes of dust particles. The occurrence of dust during the growth of crops (especially wheat) is one of the most substantial risks in crop production in western and southern regions of Iran. Thus, in these areas, an accurate estimate of dust-particle damage in crop production has great importance. Therefore, the study of the effects of dust particles on crop growth is very important. Materials and Methods In order to study the effects of dust on grain yield and physiological and biochemical traits of wheat, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the research field, the campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University, Kermanshah in 2013-2014. The first factor included two bread wheat cultivars (Pishgam and Zarin) and one durum wheat cultivar (Behrang) and the second factor was applied with the aim to simulate the effect of sprinkler irrigation on the removing of dust particles on the leaf surface with two levels: washing and non-washing treatments of wheat C. Results With respect to the results, in the canopy non-washing treatment, Pishtaz and Behrang cultivars had the highest (6.91 ton ha-1) and the lowest (4.97 ton ha-1) grain yield respectively. The canopy washing treatment compared to the non-washing treatment significantly increased grain yield (18% on average) and its components (without 1000 grains weight), biological yield, harvest index, and some physiological traits, including leaf photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, maximum efficiency of photosystem II, survival index, and some biochemical traits, such as leaf soluble proteins, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, but it had no significant effect on transpiration rate. The lowest and the highest reduction in grain yield under air dust particles are related to Pishgam (13%) and Behrang (28%) respectively. Particles with 0.3 micrometers diameter or less formed most of the dust particles in the air. Discussion It seems that the deposition of this size of particles in stomata pores is the main reason for stomatal plugging, and therefore, the reduction in stomatal conductance and the reduction of leaf photosynthesis rate and the decrease of grain yield reduction. Stomatal plugging by dust particles may cause less water loss and the increase in relative water content as a result. These findings suggest that, in the case of dust-particle occurrence, leaf washing with sprinkler irrigation compared with traditional irrigation method may cause significant increase in grain yield and its components and physiological and biochemical traits in wheat in this area and similar areas.

The Effect of Nitrogen on Yield and Yield Components of Different Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Varieties under Weed Competition

Soraya Haghanian; Alireza Yadavi; Hamidreza Balouchi; Ali Moradi; Yaeghoub Behzadi

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 195-210

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22805.1497

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Competition, as one of the key issues and complex phenomena, is in the ecophysiological discussions of plant communities and is influenced ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Competition, as one of the key issues and complex phenomena, is in the ecophysiological discussions of plant communities and is influenced by many factors that can be attributed to weed interference with the crop and the use of fertilizer inputs. Considering that nowadays the use of plant oils and sesame cultivation has increased, the aim of this study was to investigate the response of sesame cultivars to nitrogen increase in competition with weeds to identify the limitations and benefits of nitrogen use. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Omidieh (Khuzestan Province) during the summer of 2013. The main plot consisted of nitrogen fertilizer application levels (control [non-use] and use of 50 and 100 kg/ha nitrogen from urea form) and subplots were in a factorial combination of sesame varieties (Behbahan landrace, Yellow-white, tn-238, and tn-240) and weed competition in two levels (weed free and weed infest). In this experiment, morphological traits, harvest index, yield, and yield components of sesame were measured. Results The results showed that the effect of different amounts of nitrogen, weed competition, and sesame varieties on yield and yield components were significant. The interaction effects of nitrogen and sesame varieties on the leaf area index, number of capsules per plant, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index of sesame were significant. Increasing nitrogen improved LAI but weed interference reduced the number of capsules per plant by 23 percent. The effect of weed on 1000 grain weight showed that weed competition decreased this trait by 7.5 percent. The effects of nitrogen, cultivar, and weed competition on grain and biological yield were significant, so that the highest grain yield (158.06 gm-2) belonged to the 100 kg N treatment and between different varieties of sesame obtained from the Behbahan local variety(151.38 gm-2). Compared to the control (no nitrogen) the highest level of nitrogen treatment increased 31 percent in biological yield. In weed-free conditions, the Biological yield was more than the weed-infested treatment, so that the weed control increased the biological yield by 24 percent. Discussion Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the cultivation of Behbahan local variety with the application of 100 kg N, under Omidieh regional conditions, has been Improved many traits of sesame, including plant height, leaf area index, number of capsules per plant, and 1000 grain weight that this improvement was due to the get maximum yield.

The Influence of PGPRs and Planning Methods on Yield Quantity and Quality of Sesame in Ahvaz

Fariba Mazrae; Amir Aynehband; Esfandiar Fateh; Aram Gorooei

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 239-252

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24474.1551

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives The cropping pattern will influence the crop yield due to better use of light, better crop arrangement within and between rows, and also higher ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives The cropping pattern will influence the crop yield due to better use of light, better crop arrangement within and between rows, and also higher access to soil nutrients (Weiss, 2000). In sesame, high water use efficiency was gained when it was planted over and even under rows rather than when it was planted as a flat form (Aggarwal, 2003). Also, biofertilizers could compensate some of the plant’s need for nutrients like nitrogen, but apparently, it’s not sufficient. So the integrated chemical and biological fertilizer will increase plant height, pod per plant, 1000 seed weight, and grain yield (Kumar et al., 2009). Therefore, the goal of this research is the evaluation of the effect of PGPR as an integrated fertilizer management and planting method on sesame yield quantity and quality. Materials and Methods This study was carried out at the summer of 2016 in the experimental field station of Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The experimental design was a split plot based on RCB with three replications. Three planting methods placed on the main plot and sub-plot, including four fertilizer management. Sesame grain yield and yield components were measured. The data were subjected to ANOVA with SPSS and Duncan test was used to distinguish the mean differences which were significant. Results Results showed that the maximum pod per plant (177 cm), biological yield (5110 kg ha-1), grain yield (1825 kg ha-1), and harvest index (35.7 %) were obtained from the alternative planting on the top row with full chemical fertilizer management. Chlorophyll index was significantly affected by the fertilizer methods. While comparing the chlorophyll index between chemical (56) and the integrated 1and 2 (44 and 48) fertilizer management, it became evident that the decline of chemical nitrogen caused a significant reduction in this index. In other words, applying a biological fertilizer or the activity of PGPRs can’t compensate for the effect of chemical N reduction. In following, reducing the chlorophyll content likely had a negative effect on the plant photosynthesis potential which caused lower 1000 grain weight in integrated treatments than the full chemical fertilizer method. In addition, the planting method had no significant effect on oil percentage, but the highest and lowest oil yield belonged to the alternative planting on the top row (710 kg ha-1) and planting under row (482 kg ha-1), respectively. Based on our data, the change in panting method had no significant effect on oil percentage, but applying chemical N had significantly increased the oil percentage. Also, planting on top of the row increased both oil percentage and grain yield, which had direct positive effects on oil yield. Both oleic and linoleic acid were increased more by PGPRs than chemical N form, but these unsaturated fatty acids were not significantly affected by the planting method treatment. Discussion We find that both the highest grain yield (1441 kg ha-1) and oil percentage (52.24%) belonged to the planting a row on top of row treatment. Between the integrated fertilizer management, the heights (1674 kg ha-1) and lowest (1068 kg ha-1) grain yield belonged to the full chemical fertilizer and integrated 1 treatment, respectively. In contrast, both oleic and linoleic acid were the highest at integrated fertilizer management in all planting methods with chemical treatment. We concluded that the present sesame cultivars are more adaptive to high-input systems, so we must be breeding new cultivars which are more suitable for sustainable agriculture.

Chemical Control of Cynanchum acutum in Sugarcane Plant Fields

Iman Ahmadi; Mohammad hossain Gharineh

Volume 42, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 103-114

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.24376.1545

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Weeds are the most important factors in sugarcane yield loss. Successful weed control is essential for economical sugarcane production. Weeds ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Weeds are the most important factors in sugarcane yield loss. Successful weed control is essential for economical sugarcane production. Weeds can reduce suercane yields by competing for moisture, nutrients, and light during the growing season. Weed control is most critical early in the season prior to sugarcane canopy closure over the middle rows middles. Herbicides can be useful and economical tools in sugarcane production. Indaziflam is an alkylazine herbicide that is labeled for use in turf, for perennial crops and for nonagricultural situations for preemergent control of grasses and broad leaf weeds. The objective of this research was evaluation of the efficacy of indaziflam on control of Cynanchum acutum in sugarcane fields in Khouzestan, Iran. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in 2015 growing season in a sugarcane field Shoaeibiyeh, Shoushtar, Khouzestan, Iran. The trial was randomized in complete block design with four replications. Variety and type of culture were Cp69-102 and plant, respectively. Treatments were 1-indaziflam (75 g ai ha-1, as preemergence); 2-indaziflam (50 g ai ha-1 as preemergence); 3- Trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn (1875 g ai ha-1,as postemergence); 4-2,4-D+MCPA (1687.5 g ai ha-1); 5-glyphosate + Ammonium sulfate 6- weeding and 7- weed infested. The herbicides were applied with backpack sprayer equipped with flooding and T-jet nozzles calibrated to deliver 300 L ha-1. Every two weeks, dry weight and density reduction percentage of Cynanchum acutum were measured and 90 days after herbicide applying, stem length, stem weight, the middle internode diameter and length of sugarcane and also purity, pol and recoverable sugar of sugarcane were determined. Statistical calculations were accomplished through the SAS 9.2 software and graphs were drawn by the Excel software. Results However, indaziflam efficacy was reduced over time. Other herbicides such as indaziflam as50 g ai ha-1 and trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryn indicated a good effect in Cynanchum acutum control compared with 24-D + MCPA and glyphosate + Ammonium sulfate. Single stem weight (0.72 kg), the middle internode diameter (1.85 cm), number of internode (18. 2 cm) and cane yield (117.90 t ha-1) were the greatest in indaziflam (75 g ai ha-1). The greatest brix (21.48%), invert sugar (0.533%), recoverable sugar (11.26%) and the lowest fiber content (12.61 t ha-1) were obtained in indaziflam treat (75 g ai ha-1). Discussion The present research indicatedindaziflam could control Cynanchum acutum in sugarcane field although indaziflam efficacy was reduced over time. However, there were no adverse effects of indaziflam rates on sugarcane observed; therefore, this herbicide could be used in sugarcane fields. Since highly intensive use of herbicides in fields causes to herbicide resistance, herbicides with different mechanisms of action should be registered for weed control of sugarcane. Because of low volume of indaziflam as compared to current herbicide of sugarcane, this is a good candidate for application in sugarcane fields in rotation or mixture with other recommended herbicides.

Evaluation of Succeptibility of Some Phenological Stages of Wheat Genotypes in Response to Drought Stress

Ahmad Naderi; Mohammad Reza Eslahi

Volume 42, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 133-148

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.19143.1379

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Wheat is ihe most important crop in Khoozestan proviance. Under such a condition wheat experience drought stress in response to both low water ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Wheat is ihe most important crop in Khoozestan proviance. Under such a condition wheat experience drought stress in response to both low water resource limitaion and respiration. Detremination of tolerant trais, is one of the most important goals in wheat breeding programs under stress conditions. This research was carried-out to study the susceptibilty of some phenological stages of wheat genotypes based on grain yield and its components. Materials and Methods The research was conducted in split plot experiment using complete randomized block desgin with three replications, in 2010-11 and 2011-12 cropping seasons. The main plots included full irrgation as the check and irrigation withholding at tillering, stem elongation, heading and grain filling stages, and the sub plots consisted of four wheat genotypes. Days to some phenological stages, grain yield and yield components were measured. Planting seeds of each genotype was conducted based on 400 seeds per square meter in six planting lines with six meters in length and 20 cm spacing between lines. By monitoring the meteorological forecast, in case of probability of rainfall, for protection of the field from possible rain, a metal guard with 1.2m height and covered with transparent polyethylene was used. Results The effect of year was not significant for any of the studied traits. The effect of irrigation stress treatment on grain yield and its components was significant. Except for biological yield and number of grain per spike, the differences between genotypes were significant for all traits, and the interaction of irrigation × genotype treatment for all traits studied in this study was significant.Results indicated that grain yield in normal irrigation was 4919 Kg/ha and in irrigation withholding at tillering, stem elongation, heading and grain filling growth stages were 4109, 4442, 3988 and 4455 Kg/ha respectivley. Heading stage was evalated as the highest susceptible, for biological yield, grain yield, haevest index, grain per spike and grain per unit area with succeptibilty indices of 1.47, 1.39, 1.33, 4.80 and 1.75 respectivley. Discussion According to the results of this study, due to the more severe effect of drought stress on grain yield at spike emergence stage, irrigation is important at this stage. In the absence of irrigation at the mentioned stage, yield reduction will be higher than non-irrigation at other stages. Thus, based on succeptibilty index, compared to other stages, heading and grain filling stages were evaluated as the highest and lowest susceptible stages in response to water dificit respectivley.

Response of New Genotypes of Rapeseed (Brassica napus) to Late Season Withholding Irrigation under Semi-Arid Climate

Hamed Eyni Nargeseh; Majid AghaAlikhani; Amir Hosein Shirani Rad; Ali Mokhtasi-Bidgoli; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modares Sanavy

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 55-68

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.22672.1491

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Water deficit stress is one of the most important environmental stresses which affect the crop production. Genetic improvement or application ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Water deficit stress is one of the most important environmental stresses which affect the crop production. Genetic improvement or application of drought tolerant genotypes is recommended to increase crop production under water restricted conditions. The objective of the current study is investigating the withholding irrigation effect in terminal stages of the growing season on agronomic performance of rapeseed new genotypes in a semi-arid climate. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted during 2015-2016 growing season in Karaj, Iran. Experimental factors (two water irrigation regimes and 17 rapeseed genotypes) were investigated with factorial arrangement of treatments based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. In this study, several different traits including plant height, number of siliqueper plant, number of grain per silique, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass, oil percentage and oil yield were measured. To determine the most tolerant genotypes, stress tolerance indices (SSI, TOL, STI and GMP) were calculated under stress (withholding irrigation from silique setting stage until the end of the growing season) and non-stress (normal irrigation) conditions. Also, agronomic water use efficiency (WUEagr) was calculated for both irrigation conditions. Results Mean comparison of the interaction between withholding irrigation and genotypes showed that the responses of genotypes were different in terms of plant height, number of siliqueper plant, number of grain per silique, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass, and oil yield at irrigation different treatments. Finally under withholding irrigation treatment from silique setting stage until the end of the growing season, Lauren hybrid was identified as the superior genotype due to suitable agronomic traits such as plant height (158.9 cm), number of siliqueper plant (158.6), number of grain per silique(18.6), 1000-grain weight (3.44 g), biomass (15471 kg.ha-1), grain yield (3854.3 kg.ha-1), oil percentage (43.33%) and oil yield (1668.3 kg.ha-1). Based on the stress tolerance indices among 17 rapeseed genotypes, the most tolerant genotypes were Lauren, Zorica, Alonso and Zlanta. Finally with considering to WUEagr (Kg.ha-1.mm-1), Zorica (0.92), Artist and Lauren genotypes (0.88) had the highest WUEagr under normal irrigation conditions, while Alonso (0.86), Lauren (0.84) and KL3721 (0.82) had the highest WUEagr under withholding irrigation conditions. Discussion Generally in this study, the amount of the studied traits was decreased under conditions of withholding irrigation compared to the full irrigation. Yield components such as silique number per plant, grain number per silique and 1000-grain weight could be considered as key traits affecting rapeseed grain yield under withholding irrigation.

Effect of sowing and irrigation cutoff date on seed yield and irrigation water use efficiency of spring berseem clover in Khouzestan

Ahmad Ali Shoushi Dezfuli; Mohammad khorramian; Ali Assareh

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 69-82

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.23152.1510

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Khouzestan province with about 1000 hectares of seed clover is the most important region for seed production of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Khouzestan province with about 1000 hectares of seed clover is the most important region for seed production of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) in Iran. Extending the cultivation area of berseem clover (BC) is important due to the favorable effects of BC on soil fertility and the necessity of this region to a desirable crop rotation. The harvest date of summer crops such as corn leads to delay in optimum sowing date of BC. Several investigators in other areas have demonstrated that early sowing dates improved yield of BC. On the other hand, the most important factor in crop yields is water irrigation; it plays an important role in sustainable agriculture. Based on the existing literature, early sowing date reduces the number of irrigation events and increases water irrigation use efficiency (IWUE). Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of spring BC sowing date and last irrigation cutoff time on seed yield and IWUE. Materials and Methods This study was carried out in Safiabad Agricultural Research Center in two years (2014-15). Soil texture of the experimental field was silty clay loam, well drained without salinity (ECe=1.2ds m-1), with 0.75 percent organic carbon. The statistical design of the experiment was split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots were allocated to sowing date including 10th Feb, 20th Feb, 2st Mar and 12th Mar, and the sub plots were assigned to irrigation cutoff dates including 5th Jun, 15th Jun and 25th Jun. Daily evaporation from class A evaporation pan of the Safiabad weather station (nearby the experimental field) was measured to calculate water irrigation depth, and BC evapotranspiration was calculated by applying a pan coefficient of 0.8. Irrigation interval was managed based on 80 mm accumulated evaporation from the pan evaporation. The measured traits included seed yield, IWUE, number of seeds per inflorescence (NSI), number of inflorescences per square meter (NI), days to flowering, straw production, total dry matter (TDM), harvest index (HI) and weighed a thousand seeds. Results There was a significant difference between the irrigation cutoff date for all traits except the number of days to flowering and HI. The results of the mean comparison showed that the, sowing date of 20th Feb and irrigation cutoff in 15th Jun, with seed yield (631 kg.ha-1) and IWUE (0.72 kg.m-3) was better than the other treatments. In this treatment, the plant growth period in the first sowing date (88.6 days), and the NI (623 numbers), and the NSI (37.1 numbers) was higher than the other treatments. The correlation between seed yield and other traits was positive and the stepwise regression analysis showed a positive and high effect of NI on seed yield in BC. Discussion The results of this trial confirm previous findings that BC early sowing dates, will had higher seed yield. Also, the results showed that delaying in irrigation cutoff is effective in decreasing IWUE, so that irrigation until 25 th June in comparison with 15 th June, In spite of significant increasing in yield, decreased IWUE significantly.

Evaluation of Physiological Characteristics in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Response to Plant Cutting and Application Methods of Zn and Ca nano-Chelates

Amin Nobahar; Marefat Mostafavi Rad; Hamid reza Zakerin; Saeed Sayfzadeh; Ali reza Valadabadi

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 97-110

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.23744.1524

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important legume crops and it is rich in oil (47-53 %) and protein (25-36 %). Peanut has very ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important legume crops and it is rich in oil (47-53 %) and protein (25-36 %). Peanut has very high nutrient requirement. On the contrary severe mineral nutrient deficiency due to inadequate and imbalanced use of nutrients is one of the major factors responsible for low yield in peanut (Kabir et al., 2013). Zinc (Zn) plays an important role in the production of biomass. Furthermore, Zn may be required for chlorophyll production, pollen function and fertilization (Kaya and Higgs, 2002; Pandey et al., 2006). Among the nutrients, Zn deficiency causes yield loss to the maximum of 40% in peanut (Arunachalam et al., 2013). Plant response to Zn deficiency occurs in terms of decrease in membrane integrity, susceptibility to heat stress, decreased synthesis of carbohydrates, cytochromes nucleotide, auxin and chlorophyll (Singh, 2007). Calcium (Ca) is required by peanut plants from the initial stage of pegs appearance until pods maturity. Ca deficiency aborts or shrivels fruit and leads to high percentage of empty pods. The comparison of the various methods of peanut plants fertilization is more important. Peanuts need full sun and topping of main stem in peanut plants could improve solar radiance penetration in to the canopy. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of plant topping, Zn and Ca nano-fertilizers and their application on peanut yield. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out in 2016 cropping season as split split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Nano-chelates including nano-chelated Zn, nano-chelated Ca and simultaneous usage of nano-chelated Zn and nano-chelated Ca fertilizers and check as the main plots, the application of methods such as the soil utilization of nano-chelates, foliar application and integrated method of the soil utilization and foliar application of fertilizers as sub plots, and topping of the main stem at 10 and 20 centimeters above the floor and no topping as control comprised the experimental treatments. Results In this experiment, the highest seed yield, biological yield, fruit (pod) yield and peanut hull production were observed as affected by simultaneous usage of Zn and Ca nano- chelates, integrated method of the soil utilization and foliar application of Zn and Ca nano- chelates and topping of the main stem at 20 centimeters above the floor. The greatest fresh forage and hay yield was shown under simultaneous usage of Zn and Ca nono- chelates integrated method of the soil application and foliar spraying of Zn and Ca nano-chelates and topping of the main stem at 10 centimeters above the floor. But the highest percentage of hollow pods per plant and fruit harvest index were achieved under no topping of the peanut stem. Discussion It seems that dividing Ca nano-chelate application could improve peanut reproductive growth. But Zn deficiency during the reproductive growth enhanced hollow pod numbers due to probable photosynthetic capability increment of peanut plant.In general, simultaneous application of Zn and Ca nano-chelates and integrated methods of their usage and topping of the main stem at 20 centimeters above the floor increased fruit and grain yield of peanut under Guilan climatic condition.

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = A: Agronomy

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