Plant Productions - Articles List

Research Paper - Agroecology

The effect of Thiobacillus spp. and bentonite sulfur application on the seed yield and physiological characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under different irrigation regimes

Hamid Alahdadi; Alireza Yadavi; Mohsen Movahedi Dehnavi; Hamidreza Balouchi

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 1-19

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47066.2174

Abstract

IntroductionSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose crop with medicinal and oil-producing applications, primarily cultivated for edible oil and industrial dyes. Its adaptability ... Read More IntroductionSafflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose crop with medicinal and oil-producing applications, primarily cultivated for edible oil and industrial dyes. Its adaptability to arid and semi-arid climates makes it a valuable crop for regions facing water scarcity. Water scarcity and drought stress significantly impact its growth and yield, particularly in arid regions such as Iran. Sulfur, the fourth most consumed nutrient by plants, plays a crucial role in photosynthesis and cell membrane integrity. However, excessive application of chemical sulfur fertilizers can lead to soil salinity, making biofertilizers a sustainable alternative. Biofertilizers, such as Thiobacillus spp., not only provide essential nutrients but also improve soil health and reduce environmental pollution. Thiobacillus spp. bacteria enhance plant growth by supplying sulfate and improving soil properties.Materials and MethodsThis study investigated the effects of chemical and biological sulfur sources, including bentonite sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria, on the shoot nutrient content (N, P, K, S, Fe, and Zn), physiological characteristics, and seed yield of safflower under water stress. The experiment was conducted in the summer of 2023 at the research farm of Yasouj University, Faculty of Agriculture, located in Dashtrom. A split-factorial design based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used. Irrigation regimes at three levels (full irrigation, irrigation cutoff from flowering to maturity as severe drought stress, and irrigation cutoff from seed filling to maturity as moderate drought stress) were the main factor, while bentonite sulfur application at three levels (0, 150, and 300 kg ha-1) and Thiobacillus bacteria application (with and without) were the secondary factors.Results and DiscussionStatistical analysis showed that bentonite sulfur fertilizer and Thiobacillus bacteria significantly improved nutrient content in shoot, physiological traits, and grain yield under drought stress. The combined application of sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria enhanced the plant’s ability to withstand water deficit conditions by improving nutrient availability and stress-related enzymatic activities. Under severe drought stress (irrigation cutoff from flowering to maturity), the highest nitrogen (2.33%), sulfur (0.149%), iron (44 mg kg-1), and zinc (25.66 mg kg-1) levels were observed with the combined application of 300 kg ha-1 of bentonite sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria. The interaction between irrigation regime, bentonite sulfur, and Thiobacillus bacteria significantly influenced total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, total soluble carbohydrates, and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and peroxidase). The highest values for these traits in each irrigation regime were obtained with the application of 300 kg ha-1 of bentonite sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria. This demonstrates the potential of sulfur-based treatments to enhance stress tolerance mechanisms in safflower. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased under water deficit conditions (flowering and seed-filling stages), but decreased with bentonite sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria. Seed yield was significantly enhanced by the application of 300 kg ha-1 of bentonite sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria, with increases of 25.28% under full irrigation, and 45.54% under moderate drought stress. ConclusionThe findings suggest that drought stress, particularly irrigation cutoff from flowering to maturity, reduces physiological traits and seed yield in safflower. However, the application of 150 kg ha-1 of sulfur-bentonite combined with Thiobacillus bacteria not only mitigates the adverse effects of water stress but also enhances nutrient uptake, biofertilizer efficiency, and seed yield while reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. This study provides valuable insights into the role of sulfur and biofertilizers in improving safflower resilience under water-limited conditions, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices in arid regions.

Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Study of yield and yield components of camelina (Camelina sativa L.) under water deficit stress with the application of zeolite and wood vinegar

Amir Mohammad Abedi; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy; Ali Heidarzadeh

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 21-38

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46482.2155

Abstract

IntroductionThe agricultural sector plays a critical role in ensuring food security through while conserving natural resources. Oilseed crops require substantial water inputs, making ... Read More IntroductionThe agricultural sector plays a critical role in ensuring food security through while conserving natural resources. Oilseed crops require substantial water inputs, making it necessary to identify alternative crops with lower water and nutrient demands. Camelina sativa has emerged as a promising oilseed crop due to its adaptability to unfavorable environmental conditions. Promoting camelina cultivation could help diversify agricultural production and reduce dependence on traditional oilseed crops. Materials and MethodsThis study aimed to investigate the yield and yield components of camelina under water deficit stress with the application of zeolite and wood vinegar. The experiment was conducted in 2023 at the Agricultural Faculty Farm of Tarbiat Modares University as a split-plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was irrigation regimes at four levels: optimal irrigation, mild water deficit stress, moderate water deficit stress, and severe water deficit stress, corresponding to 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% depletion of available water capacity, respectively, followed by irrigation to field capacity. Sub-plots included two levels of zeolite application (0 and 8 tons ha-1) and four levels of wood vinegar foliar application (0, 5000, 10,000, 15,000 ppm) in a factorial arrangement. The Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) device was used to determine the irrigation timing and volume, as well as the amount of deep water infiltration. After performing the plowing operation, zeolite was evenly spread over the soil surface in the experimental area and mixed with the soil for the plots designated to have zeolite according to the experimental design. Additionally, foliar application of wood vinegar was carried out at four different stages of plant growth (10 days before flowering, inflorescence emergence, full flowering, and fruiting) to achieve optimal effectiveness. Results and DiscussionThe results indicate that zeolite application and wood vinegar foliar spraying significantly improved all measured traits under optimal irrigation conditions. The highest grain yield was obtained in the treatment with zeolite application and no wood vinegar application, which showed no statistically significant difference from the treatment with zeolite application and foliar spraying of wood vinegar at a concentration of 15,000 ppm (1,350 kg.ha-1). Under severe water deficit conditions, the highest grain yield (951 kg.ha-1) was recorded in the treatment without zeolite application and foliar spraying of wood vinegar at a concentration of 10,000 ppm. Other irrigation regimes did not show statistically significant differences. The highest harvest index (33.86%) was achieved under optimal irrigation in the treatment with zeolite application and no foliar spraying of wood vinegar. Under severe water deficit, the highest harvest index (30.31%) was recorded in the treatment without zeolite application and foliar spraying of wood vinegar at a concentration of 10,000 ppm. These beneficial effects were more pronounced under moderate and severe water stress. However, under severe drought stress, zeolite application did not yield significant improvements, whereas wood vinegar at 10,000 ppm significantly enhanced grain yield and harvest index. These findings suggest that zeolite and wood vinegar can serve as effective strategies to enhance plant performance, particularly in water-limited environments. ConclusionFor maximizing seed and biological yield, moderate water stress combined with zeolite application is recommended as the most cost-effective treatment. Under severe water stress, foliar application of wood vinegar foliar application at 10,000 ppm is recommended to enhance seed and biological yield..

Research Paper - Agronomy

The effect of plant density on agronomic and physiological traits of different corn lines in the northern of Khuzestan province

Gholamhosein Eslamnia; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; Seyyed Ataollah Siadat; Khalil Alamisaeid; Ali Akbar Saneinejad

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 39-52

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47210.2179

Abstract

IntroductionCommercial corn varieties for cultivation in different regions of the world for kernel and fodder production are hybrid type varieties that are offered annually by seed ... Read More IntroductionCommercial corn varieties for cultivation in different regions of the world for kernel and fodder production are hybrid type varieties that are offered annually by seed production companies for planting in farmers' fields. In recent years, the area under corn cultivation in Iran has increased, indicating the importance of this crop in the country's agricultural policies. Fodder corn varieties are classified into early- maturing (less than 85 days), medium maturing (85-135 days), and late-maturing (more than 135 days) types. Optimal planting density is a key factor in maximizing yield, as it must be adjusted based on regional climatic conditions and the cultivated varieties. Corn responds to plant density more significantly than other cereal crops due to its impact on yield components. Selecting high-yielding cultivars and applying appropriate planting densities also improve water-use efficiency. Additionally, determining the optimal planting density for maternal lines in seed production can enhance seed yield per unit area, ultimately increasing. Materials and MethodsThis study aimed to evaluate the eco-physiological responses of different corn lines to planting density in the northern of Khuzestan. The experiment was conducted during the summers of 2018 and 2019 at the Safi-Abad-Dezful Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Training Center. A factorial experiment was implemented using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main factor was planting density at three levels (60, 85 and 110 thousand plants per hectare), while the second factor was genotype, consisting of five experimental corn lines (SD-95-11, C3-95-5, C3-95-15, C4-95-2, C4-95-3) and the control line MO17).Results and DiscussionThe highest seed yield (2115 kg ha-1) was observed at a planting density of 110000 plants per hectare for line 103, whereas the lowest yield (1030 kg ha-1) was recorded at a density of 60000 plants per hectare for line 119. The results showed that the density of 110000 plants per hectare was optimal for most measured traits, making it the most suitable planting density for the tested lines. Additionally, line 103 was identified as the high potential genotype, suggesting its potential use in corn breeding programs for hot and dry regions. ConclusionPrevious studies indicate that optimal planting density for grain corn is approximately 80000 plants per hectare, while for fodder corn, it is around 100000 plants per hectare. However, since the experimental materials in this study were pure corn lines, which are generally smaller than hybrids, they required higher planting densities than commercial corn varieties. Determining the appropriate planting density for corn lines is particularly important for individuals and companies engaged in seed production, as pure maternal and paternal lines are used in this sector. Achieving the optimum plant density in corn lines farms can be very important for seed producer companies, because pure paternal and maternal lines are used in these farms. On the other hand, out of a total of 6 lines used, line number 103 was selected as the best line that can be used in corn breeding programs in hot and dry regions of the country.

Research Paper - Agronomy

Evaluation of seed yield and water productivity of a promising sesame line under different irrigation treatments in Borazjan region, Bushehr province

Majid Gholamhoseini; Davod Kiani; Mehrdad Norouzi; Farnaz Shariati; Gholam Reza Ghodrati

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 53-68

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47304.2185

Abstract

IntroductionSesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an oilseed crop widely cultivated in dry and semi-arid regions. It is also among the most healthy and quality edible oil sources worldwide. ... Read More IntroductionSesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an oilseed crop widely cultivated in dry and semi-arid regions. It is also among the most healthy and quality edible oil sources worldwide. With a short vegetation period, it has relatively high drought tolerance and potential for decreasing the present gap between consuming and producing the edible oil since it comprises 17–20% protein and 40–50% oil. With minimal input requirements, sesame is well-suited for crop rotation. However, research on optimal irrigation management, particularly the timing of irrigation cut-off, remains limited for existing cultivars and newly introduced lines in the Bushehr regions, a major sesame production hub. This study hypothesizes that optimizing water availability during non-critical growth stages can improve irrigation water productivity while maintaining seed and oil yields. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was carried out during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in Borazjan, Bushehr, Iran. The region has a hot and arid climate with an average annual precipitation of 250 mm, primarily occurring in autumn and winter. The study examined two irrigation regimes: full irrigation (80 mm evaporation) and low irrigation (160 mm evaporation), and three irrigation cut-off timing: at the beginning of flowering, the beginning of capsule formation, and mid-capsule formation, and two sesame genotypes. Dashtestan 2 cultivar and promising line 7, were evaluated for yield components, seed oil content, oil yield, and irrigation water productivity. A split-split-plot design was used, with irrigation regime as the main plot, irrigation cut-off timing as the sub-plot, and genotype as the sub-sub-plot, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. SAS software (version 9.4) was used to analyze variance on the data. Because Bartlett’s test showed homogeneity of variance in most of the studied traits, data were subjected to combined analysis of variance. Differences between the main effects of treatments were compared using the protected LSD at the 0.05 probability level when the F-test was significant. The slicing method was used to separate the significant interaction effects Results and DiscussionAs anticipated, reduced water availability under the low irrigation regime significantly decreased seed yield components in both genotypes. However, line 7 outperformed Dashtestan 2 in key yield traits, including the number of capsules per plant and seeds per capsule, particularly under full irrigation, while showing greater resilience to reduced irrigation and earlier irrigation termination. Conversely, Dashtestan 2 exhibited a higher thousand-seed weight. Line 7 showed higher average seed yield across irrigation treatments, and did not require irrigation beyond the early capsule formation to reach its maximum yield, enabling a water saving of at least 600 m 3ha-1 without significant yield reduction. While both genotypes exhibited similar maximum irrigation water productivity, Dashtestan 2’s efficiency gains resulted from lower water use, whereas line 7 combined water savings with a satisfactory yield (733 kg ha-1) when irrigation was cut-off at the capsule-formation stage. Although Dashtestan 2 exhibited a slightly higher seed oil content (up to 1.5%), line 7 produced up to 24% more oil yield. Conclusion Replacing older sesame cultivars with improved lines, combined with optimized irrigation management, can enhance water productivity, reduce water consumption, and minimize yield losses.

Research Paper - Olericulture

Optimization of greenhouse cucumber growth and fruit yield in response to foliar application of salicylic acid and boric acid

Amir Hossein Shahbazi; Seyyed Javad Mousavizadeh; Kambiz Mashayekhi; Ayoub Ghorbani Dehkordi

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 69-85

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47687.2193

Abstract

Introduction Cucumber is one of the most widely cultivated greenhouse vegetables in Iran. It is essential to properly nourish plants and use elements and compounds that increase yield ... Read More Introduction Cucumber is one of the most widely cultivated greenhouse vegetables in Iran. It is essential to properly nourish plants and use elements and compounds that increase yield while maintaining and improving quality. However, its production is often challenged by environmental stresses that reduce water and nutrient uptake, directly affecting yield and quality. Salicylic acid serves as a key plant regulator and stress mitigator, while boron plays a critical role in sugar transport, hormone regulation, and fruit and leaf formation. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of salicylic acid and boric acid on the growth and yield of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Gohar) under soil-based cultivation. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted using a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Treatments included foliar spraying of salicylic acid at three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and boric acid at three concentrations (0, 2 and 4 mM). Foliar applications were carried out four times at 10-day intervals, starting from the emergence of the second true leaf. Morphological traits such as plant height, number of leaves, individual leaf area, and petiole length were recorded. Biochemical parameters, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin were analyzed. Fruit quality attributes such as total sugar, sucrose, glucose and fructose as well as yield-related traits including the number of fruit and total yield were also measured. Results and DiscussionBoth salicylic acid and boric acid significantly influenced plant growth, biochemical composition, and fruit yield. The highest leaf count (47.33) was observed with 0.5 mM salicylic acid and 0 mM boric acid, while the largest leaf area (306 cm2) was recorded with 0 mM salicylic acid and 2 mM boric acid. The maximum total chlorophyll content (12.11 and 10.8 mgg-1FW) was achieved with in 0 and 1 mM salicylic acid, respectively, combined with 2 mM boric acid. The highest sucrose (226.28 mg g FW-1) and fructose (87.9 mg g FW-1) contents were found in 1 mM salicylic acid without boric acid, while the highest glucose content (368.71 mg g FW-1) was recorded in 1mM salicylic acid with 2 mM boric acid. The greatest number of fruits (86.33) and the highest total fruit yield (9.59 kg plant-1; 21.10 kg m-2) were obtained with 0.5 mM salicylic acid combined with 2 mM boric acid. The lowest number of fruits (44) and yield (3.39 kg plant-1) were recorded in the control treatment. The lowest plant height of 189.3 cm was associated with 1 mM salicylic acid and 4 mM boric acid. The results showed that the highest petiole length with 15.66 cm was related to 0 mM salicylic acid, and 0.5 and 1 mM salicylic acid caused a decrease in petiole length with 14.88 and 14.33 cm, respectively. ConclusionSalicylic acid had a stronger effect on plant growth and yield than boric acid. However, their combined application produced better results than either treatment alone. The most effective treatment for optimizing cucumber growth and fruit yield was o.5 mM salicylic acid combined with 2 mM boric acid.

Research Paper - Post Harvest Physiology

Investigating the effect of natural compounds before and post-harvest on the physicochemical characteristics of apple (Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicious) fruit

Fatemeh Eini Tari; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Hasan Mumivand; Mohamad Reza Raji

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 87-103

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47136.2177

Abstract

IntroductionThe global demand for a healthy lifestyle has increased significantly in recent years. This growing awareness has highlighted the need for better preservation and storage ... Read More IntroductionThe global demand for a healthy lifestyle has increased significantly in recent years. This growing awareness has highlighted the need for better preservation and storage of fresh produce, particularly fruits, due to their rich vitamin and mineral content. Additionally, the increase in post-harvest waste has underscored the importance of using natural, eco-friendly compounds to extend shelf life, minimize waste, and maintain high nutritional value without introducing harmful substances. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted as a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor included pre- and post-harvest foliar treatments, with control treatments (spraying with distilled water), chitosan (50 mg l-1), Nano-chitosan (50 and 100 mg l-1) and the post-harvest immersion (Calcium chloride solution (0 and 2 %)). The second factor was storage duration (0, 60, 90 and 120 days). The study was carried out on Golden Delicious apples grafted onto MM 111 (Malling Merton 111) rootstock. Pre-harvest foliar spraying was carried out in an 18-year-old apple orchard in Abestan region of Khorramabad, while post-harvest immersion treatments were carried out at Lorestan University. After harvesting, the apples were initially washed with distilled water, dried, and immersed in a calcium chloride solution at room temperature for 8 minutes. To remove excess surface moisture, the treated fruits were placed in plastic fruit boxes and stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C with 80-90% relative humidity until the evaluation period. The study examined physiological and biochemical characteristics such as weight loss, acidity, titratable acids, soluble solids, ripening index, vitamin C content, and malondialdehyde levels. Results and DiscussionThe results of this study indicated that the applied treatments significantly affected the physicochemical characteristics of Golden Delicious apples. Treated fruits exhibited lower weight loss compared to the control group. Biochemical analyses further confirmed the beneficial effects of all treatments on the evaluated parameters. The highest level of titratable acids, vitamin C, along with the lowest acidity and malondialdehyde content, were observed in apples subjected to the combined treatment of nano chitosan and calcium chloride. Additionally, the treatments led to a reduction in soluble solids content and the fruit ripening index. Coatings such as chitosan function as barriers with selective permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide, modifying the surrounding atmosphere by increasing carbon dioxide levels and reducing oxygen concentration. This altered gaseous composition helps slow the respiration rate and ethylene production, thereby delaying the aging process and extending the fruit’s shelf life. Calcium also helps strengthen and maintain the integrity of the cell wall, ultimately preventing membrane deterioration and the increase in malondialdehyde in the fruit. Also, using calcium chloride plays a key role in strengthening cell walls, preserving the structure and function of membranes, and increasing the ability of cells to retain water. ConclusionOverall, the findings suggest that pre-harvest application of 100 mg/L chitosan nanoparticle, combined with post-harvest immersion in a 2% calcium chloride solution, yielded the most favorable results across most measured parameters. This combined treatment effectively preserved fruit quality and extended storage life, making it a promising approach for reducing post-harvest losses in Golden Delicious apples.

Research Paper - Crops Physiology

Effect of humic acid and seaweed extract application on some biochemical traits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under irrigation cut-off in two locations of Kermanshah province

Ghobad Mohamadpoor; Salim Farzaneh; Saeed khomari; Seyedeh Yalda Raeisi Sadati; Raouf Seyed Sharifi; Behrooz Esmaielpour; kianoosh Azarshab

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 105-123

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46890.2168

Abstract

IntroductionQuinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a highly nutritious crop with a well-balanced amino acid profile, including lysine and tryptophan, making it a suitable alternative ... Read More IntroductionQuinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a highly nutritious crop with a well-balanced amino acid profile, including lysine and tryptophan, making it a suitable alternative to rice. Given its nutritional value, expanding quinoa cultivation is crucial. However, since Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region with high evaporation rates exceeding annual rainfall, crops frequently experience drought stress, particularly at the end of the growing season. The application of natural fertilizers such as seaweed extract and humic acid may help mitigate the effects of drought stress.Materials and MethodsThis study aimed to assess the impact of irrigation cut-off on biochemical traits of quinoa in two contrasting climates: Qasr-e-Shirin (hot) and Dalaho (cold) in Kermanshah province. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) during the 2018-2018 cropping season. The main plots included three irrigation treatments (full irrigation, irrigation cut-off at the beginning of flowering, and irrigation cut-off at the beginning of seed formation). The sub-plots consisted of five foliar spray treatments: seaweed extract at two concentrations (2.5 g l-1 and 3.57 g l-1), humic acid at two concentrations (3.75 g l-1 and 5 g l-1), and a control treatment (pure water spray). The quinoa seed used in this study was the Titicaca variety. The first foliar spray was applied when the plant height was about 20 cm, and the second foliar spray was applied 10 days later. Irrigation of plants in the control and irrigation cut-off treatments was carried out after 50% of the usable soil moisture was drained before irrigation cut-off was applied. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that irrigation cut-off significantly reduced the concentration of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid), protein content, and relative water content in quinoa leaves compared to full irrigation. Under drought stress, proline accumulation, electrolyte leakage from cell membranes, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) increased. The results showed that the application of seaweed extract and humic acid alleviated the negative effects of irrigation cut-off. The highest levels of chlorophyll a (1.760 mg g-1), chlorophyll b (0.989 mg g-1), carotenoid (0.291 mg g-1), protein content (1.40 mg g-1), and relative water content were observed with the foliar application of 3.75 g l-1 seaweed extract. The adverse effects of drought stress were more pronounced in Qasr-e-Shirin (hot climate), particularly when irrigation was interrupted at the flowering stage. ConclusionsThe results showed that the effects of foliar application of seaweed extract and humic acid in modulating drought stress were much greater in plants that faced irrigation interruption at the beginning of the flowering period. However, foliar application of seaweed extract reduced the negative effects of drought stress more than humic acid. Overall, these findings suggest that foliar application of seaweed extract and humic acid is an effective and environmentally friendly strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of irrigation cut-off on quinoa. Quinoa production efficiency in the temperate region of Dalahu was much better than in the Qasr-e-Shirin region..

Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

Evaluation and comparison of seed oil percentage and yield in different populations of the Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica Fisch. et Mey) in the northwestern of Iran

Jalil Shafagh-Kolvanagh; Adel Dabbagh Mohammadi-Nasab; Yaegoob Raee; Payvand Samimifar; Mina Amani

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 125-139

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46229.2148

Abstract

IntroductionDragon's head (Lallemantia iberica) is well-suited for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions due to its low water requirements and short growth cycle (approximately ... Read More IntroductionDragon's head (Lallemantia iberica) is well-suited for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions due to its low water requirements and short growth cycle (approximately 80-95 days). These characteristics make it particularly valuable for the climatic conditions of Iran, especially in Azerbaijan. Given the diversity in growth and yield characteristics among different ecotypes, evaluating various quantitative and qualitative traits using statistical methods can help identify and introduce the most suitable and adaptable ecotypes for the region. This study aimed to assess the seed oil percentage and yield of 49 ecotypes of Dragon’s head to determine the most promising ecotypes for potential use in breeding programs. Materials and MethodsTo evaluate oil-related traits in 49 ecotypes of Dragon's head collected from different regions of Iran, a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was implemented in 2015 and 2016 at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. The study measured key agronomic and qualitative traits, including fertile branch length, seed yield per unit area, seed count in the main and lateral branches, oil percentage, and oil yield. Data normality was assessed using SPSS software, and statistical analyses were conducted based on RCBD using MSTAT-C and SPSS. Mean comparisons were performed using Tukey's test at a 1% probability level. To classify the ecotypes, cluster analysis was conducted using Ward's method, and the optimal cut-off point for the resulting dendrogram was determined using discriminant function analysis. Figures were generated using Excel software. Results and DiscussionThe results revealed significant differences among ecotypes in studied traits. Regression analysis showed that seed yield per unit area had the highest regression coefficient (1.098) for oil yield. Based on mean comparisons, ecotype No. 37 (Alwar village, Bostanabad) had the highest grain yield (116.3 gr m-2), followed by ecotype No. 23 (Tabriz 4, 107.7 gr m-2), and ecotype No. 24 (Kalvanaq, 14, 101.7 gr m-2) . The variance analysis of ecotype effect on seed oil percentage showed significant differences. Ecotype No. 8 (Kalvanaq 7) had the highest oil percentage (44.3 %), followed by ecotype No. 27 (Param 1, Harris village). Ecotype No. 37 (Alwar village, Bostanabad) had the highest oil yield per unit area with an average of 44.4 gr m-2. Conclusion Based on the findings, ecotypes No. 37 (from Alwar village, Bostanabad), No. 23 (known as Tabriz 4), and No. 24 (designated Kolvanagh 14) have been identified as the most suitable and compatible ecotypes for the Tabriz region, particularly in terms of seed and oil yield. These ecotypes demonstrated superior performance in various agronomic traits, suggesting their adaptability to the local environmental conditions and agricultural practices. Given their promising results, these ecotypes are strongly recommended for further cultivation efforts, as well as for inclusion in potential breeding programs aimed at enhancing productivity in this region. By focusing on these ecotypes, farmers and agricultural researchers can work towards improving not only the quantity but also the quality of the agricultural outputs, thereby contributing to the economic sustainability of the area. Additionally, the adoption of these ecotypes could lead to increased resilience against local pests and diseases, further supporting the agricultural ecosystem in Tabriz.

Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

The effect of sodium nitroprusside and triacontanol on the morphological and phytochemical characteristics of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in the full bloom stage

Saeideh Alizadeh Salteh; Samaneh Khalaf Khani; Parinaz Ferdowsi Qebchaq

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 141-155

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44445.2116

Abstract

IntroductionSodium nitroprusside (SNP) and triacontanol (Tria), as plant growth regulators, enhance plant growth and development and influence the production of secondary metabolites. ... Read More IntroductionSodium nitroprusside (SNP) and triacontanol (Tria), as plant growth regulators, enhance plant growth and development and influence the production of secondary metabolites. Triacontanol specifically plays a key role in regulating various biochemical and physiological processes, including photosynthesis. This leads to increased growth, yield, and product quality, as well as improvement in active compounds in medicinal and aromatic plants under normal or stressful conditions. Triacontanol can exert this effect alone or in interaction with other hormones and plant growth regulators. Sodium nitroprusside is recognized as a plant growth regulator, acting as a mediator to perform its regulatory role. It is commonly used as a nitric oxide-releasing compound in plants, which, in solution, is light-sensitive, and its decomposition is accelerated by oxygen and high temperatures. Nitric oxide itself is considered a reactive nitrogen species that can act as a signaling molecule, mediating adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Furthermore, it functions as an antioxidant, scavenging free radicals and eliminating them. Dracocephalum moldavica L., commonly known as Moldavian balm, is an annual, aromatic herb from the mint family (Lamiaceae). Native to Central Asia and domesticated in Central and Eastern Europe, it holds significant economic and medicinal value. This study investigates the effects of SNP and Tria on the morphological changes, as well as, quantitative and qualitative performance of secondary metabolites, especially the essential oil yield of D. moldavica. Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted as a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University. The experimental factors included foliar application of three concentrations each of sodium nitroprusside (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and tricanthanol (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) during the flowering stage. The evaluated traits included growth parameters (leaf area and number of lateral branches), shoot yield (fresh and dry weight), essential oil yield and percentage, biochemical characteristics (soluble solids, protein, flavonoid and total phenol content) and nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodium) at the full bloom stage.Results and DiscussionThe results demonstrated significant effects of SNP and Tria interactions on leaf area and the number of lateral branches. SNP at 1 mM notably increased shoot fresh and dry weight. Different concentrations of Tria significantly influenced total soluble solids. Foliar applications of SNP and Tria significantly improved leaf tissue nutrient content, with the highest increases observed at 1 mM. Additionally, treatments with SNP and Tria, individually and in combination, significantly increased phenol, flavonoid and total soluble protein contents. The combination of 1mM SNP and 1mM Tria led to increases of 62.93 %, 51.24 %, and 34.92% in phenol, flavonoid, and protein content, respectively, compared to the control. The same treatment also increased the essential oil yield by 207% compared to the control treatment.ConclusionThe study underscore the significant impact of appropriate concentrations of sodium nitroprusside and triacantanol on the growth and yield of Moldavian Balm. Among all treatments, 1mM triacantanol combined with 1mM sodium nitroprusside was identified as the optimal treatment, offering substantial improvements in growth parameters, phytochemical content, and essential oil yield.

Research Paper - Ornamental Plants

Evaluation of seed germination, visual quality, and morpho-physiological characteristics of several turfgrasses native to Iran

Sahar Mirzaei; Somayeh Esmaeili

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, Pages 157-171

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47889.2202

Abstract

IntroductionNative turfgrasses are valuable due to their higher tolerance to environmental stresses, lower maintenance requirements, and reduced irrigation and fertilization needs compared ... Read More IntroductionNative turfgrasses are valuable due to their higher tolerance to environmental stresses, lower maintenance requirements, and reduced irrigation and fertilization needs compared to imported species. Turfgrass species with low-input adaptability while maintaining acceptable quality are gaining attention among lawn managers, as they help reduce maintenance costs, particularly those associated with mowing and environmental impact. This study aims to assess eight native turfgrass genotypes based on seed germination performance, visual quality, morpho-physiological traits, and wear tolerance. The ultimate goal is to identify high-performing genotypes that align with breeding objectives, facilitating the development of improved turfgrass cultivars that can replace foreign varieties. These optimized cultivars will serve as acclimated alternatives for urban green space managers and suburban planners.Materials and MethodsEight native turfgrass species were collected from various regions of Iran, including Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinaceae, F. ovina, F. rubra, Agropyron cristatum, A. intermedium, Poa pratensis, and P. trivialis. The study evaluated seed germination indices, establishment speed, visual quality, growth characteristics and chlorophyll content. For germination, seeds were germinated in Petri dishes for 15 days under controlled conditions (25 ± 2 OC, 513 µmol m-2 s-1, 12 h light/12 h dark photoperiod, and 60% relative humidity). Germination percentage and rate were determined following Maguire (1968). As for growth and morphology, grass height was measured using a ruler, while tiller number per plant was counted. The appearance (color, density, uniformity) was assessed on a 1-9 scale, where 1= worst and 9=best (Morris and Sheerman, 2000). A wearing stress simulator was used to simulate injuries equivalent to three football matches per week (Canaway, 1976). Fresh and dry weight were measured using a digital scale, while chlorophyll content (mg g-1 FW) was determined based on Maxwell and Johnson (2000).Results and DiscussionResults showed that L. perenne exhibited the highest seed germination percentage and rate among all genotypes. It also ranked highest in visual quality, plant height, tillering, shoot fresh and dry weight and chlorophyll content. However, it showed no significant difference in most traits compared to F. arundinacea, suggesting both genotypes have strong potential for turf applications. Additionally, our analysis aligned with the report by Głąb et al. (2024), confirming that L. perenne and F. arundinacea genotypes exhibit exceptional wear tolerance. This suggests that incorporating these genotypes into multi-objective breeding programs can significantly improve turf performance in high-wear areas such as football fields, golf courses and other green spaces. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (r ≥ 0.94) between seed germination rate and all measured traits, highlighting the importance of both quantitative and qualitative seed traits in determining establishment success, visual quality, chlorophyll content, and overall growth in turfgrasses. ConclusionThe findings suggest that native genotypes of L. perenne and F. arundinaceae are suitable replacements for foreign turfgrasses in urban green spaces and sport fields. Additionally, species from the Agropyron spp. are recommended for suburban spaces and low-maintenance landscapes. Overall, this study underscores Iran’s potential to enhance turfgrass germplasm resources, develop breeding programs, and cultivate climate-adapted varieties by leveraging promising native turfgrass genotypes.

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Volume & Issue: Volume 48, Issue 1, April 2025, Pages 1-171

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