Plant Productions - Articles in Press

Influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis on growth and proline content in Leek (Allium porrum L.) and two genotypes of persian Leek (Allium ampeloprasum ssp. persicum L.) under drought stress

N. Ghasem Jokar; H. Nadian; B. Khalil Moghaddam; M. Heidary; M.H. Gharineh

Volume 38, Issue 1 , May 2015, , Pages 15-26

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2015.11115

Abstract

In recent years, biological approaches such as mycorrhizal symbiosis have been used to alleviate the detrimental effects of drought stress. In a pot experiment the responses of three ... Read More

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Some of Iranian Snake Melon (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus) Accessions Using Morphological Markers

Narges Dastranji; Abdolali Shojaeiyan; Mohsen Falahati-Anbaran; Sajad Rashidi-Monfared; Azam Nikzad-Gharehaghaji

Volume 39, Issue 3 , December 2016, , Pages 15-26

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12061

Abstract

Background and Objectives Local accessions have developed traits that may improve their ability to adapt to local invironmental conditions. These accessions may contain genes responsible ... Read More

Effect of Pre-treatment and Seed Size on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Two Onion (Allium cepa L.) Genotypes

M. I.; M. T.; j. j.; B. P.

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 15-30

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.12064

Abstract

Background and Objectives Seed priming is a type of pre-sowing seed treatment known to improve seed performance by increasing seed germination rate and uniformity. Another factor which ... Read More Background and Objectives Seed priming is a type of pre-sowing seed treatment known to improve seed performance by increasing seed germination rate and uniformity. Another factor which could be helpful for rapid and uniform germination and emergence is seed size. Seed size is a component of seed quality which has an impact on the performance of crop. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of priming and seed size on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two onion genotypes. Materials and methods In order to evaluate the effect of priming and seed size on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of onion genotypes a factorial field experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2012 and 2013 cropping season at Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of East Azarbayjan, Iran. The experimental treatments included priming (at four levels: hydro priming, osmopriming (in 2% KNO3), priming with folammin amino acid (in 2%) and control (without priming), seed size (at three levels: small, medium and large) and genotype (at two levels: Red Azarshahr and Zargan). Quantitative characteristics included bulb fresh and dry yield, bulb, leave fresh and dry weight and qualitative characteristics included percentages of soluble solids and dry matter, bulb pH, pyruvic acid content, bulb and Leave ash of onion. Results Analysis of variance for the measured traits indicated that all characteristics significantly were affected by priming and seed size. Results showed that seed priming and seed size improved quantitative and qualitative characteristics of onions. The highest bulb fresh and dry yield, total soluble solids and dry matter, were obtained from plant that primed with folammin amino acid 58.17, 7.27 (tha-1), 12.54, 13.67 percent, respectively, and the lowest were achieved from control plants. Also, mean comparison indicated that the higher values of bulb fresh and dry yield, total soluble solids and dry matter were obtained from large seed size 58.99, 7.37 (tha-1), 11.14, 12.45 percent, respectively and the lower values were found to belong to small seed size. Genotypes mean comparison showed that the higher values of bulb fresh and dry yield, total soluble solids and dry matter were obtained from Red Azarshahr cultivar 53.46, 6.68 (tha-1), 12.62, 11.81 percent, respectively. Discussion According to the results mentioned above, seed priming treatments improved quantitative and qualitative characteristics as compared to the unprimed. Among the treatments, seed priming with folammin amino acid 2 % was more effective than the potassium nitrite 2 % and hydropriming. Large seed size significantly increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Accordingly, the importance of seed priming and seed grading was obvious in this study, so seed priming with folammin amino acid 2% and large seed size should be used for onion planting in order to improve quantitative and qualitative characteristics of onion. Therefore priming with folammin amino acid 2 % and large seed are recommended for onion planting for the places with the same environmental conditions.

Investigation into micropropagation of Narcissus tazetta L. from leaf explant

N I; S K; S K

Volume 36, Issue 4 , March 2014, , Pages 15-28

Abstract

Narcissus tazetta is one of the most important ornamental bulbous species endemic to Iran. Micropropagation of Narcissus tazetta is an important method for rapid propagation and disease ... Read More

Effects of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on Some Silage Chemical Properties of Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus)

E F; M.R CH; E SH; A A; D M

Volume 33, Issue 1 , September 2010, , Pages 15-31

Abstract

To study the effect of three soil fertilizing systems (organic, integrated and chemical) on silage quality of globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus), an experiment was conducted using a ... Read More

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and withheld irrigation stress on yield and yield components in different growth stages of oilseed rape

M A; M.J B

Volume 33, Issue 2 , March 2011, , Pages 15-30

Abstract

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crop which in recent years was attentioned, therefore; cultivation, production and its management in order to increase ... Read More

Effects of Different Levels of Potassium and Calcium on Growth, Nutrients Concentration and Yield of Vendetta Cut rose Flower (Rosa hybrida L.)

SH K; M.J M; K M

Volume 34, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 15-26

Abstract

Growth, nutrients concentration and quality of rose flowers (Rosa hybrida L.( were evaluated under different potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) levels in the nutrient solution. This experiment ... Read More

Effects of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on Some of Growth and Quality Indices of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Z. Reisi; Mahmoud Reza Tadayon; S. Fallah

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 15-28

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12451

Abstract

Background and Objectives The yield and quality of tobaco plants depends upon several factors, such as nutritions and good cultivation practice which plays a significant role in leave ... Read More Background and Objectives The yield and quality of tobaco plants depends upon several factors, such as nutritions and good cultivation practice which plays a significant role in leave pruduction and the qualitative characteristics such as nicotin content. The main purpose of fertilization is to consider quantity and quality in tobacco production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical and organic fertilizers on some of growth and quality indices of tobacco in field conditions. Material and Methods In order to study the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on physiological, growth indices and quality of tobacco (Burley Cv.) an experiment was counducted at Shahrekord University in 2013 as a randomized complete block design with three replications.Treatments included compost based on the tobacco demand, vermicompost based on the tobacco demands, chemical fertilizer based on the tobacco demands, 50 percent compost + 50 percent chemical fertilizer, 50 percent vermicompost + 50 percent chemical fertilizer and control. Sowing in nursery was done in March 2013 and transplanted to field in May 2013. After plowing and disking and leveling by rotary, tobacco seedling was transplanted in the main field. In the current study the space between rows was 80 cm and between plants on rows was 50 cm. The area of every plot was 5×4 m2. Traits of leaf area index (LAI), net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR), cutters dry weight, nicotine content and ash leaves were evaluated. The data were analyzed by using version 9.1 SAS. Least Significant Difference test was used to compare the means at 1% of significance. Also, the figures were drawn by Excel 2010 software. Results The results indicated that the organic and chemical fertilizers increased leaf area index (LAI), net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR) and cutters dry weight. Among the treatments, chemical fertilizer had higher values of LAI, CGR and NAR. Maximum cutters dry weight (2833 kg ha-1) were obtained from chemical fertilizer (three fold increased compared to control treatment). After chemical fertilizer treatment, maximum values of LAI, CGR, NAR and cutters dry weight were obtained from the compost treatment. Vermicompost treatment had the highest nicotine content and the lowest ash leaves. The results of this study indicated chemical fertilizer and then compost treatments had the greatest effect on growth parameters and cutters dry weight, however, the qualitative characteristics of plants treated with vermicompost were better than other treatments. Discussions The difference in the growth indices and cutters dry weight between organic and chemical fertilizer treatments could be due to differences in the amount of mineral nitrogen available for plant. This increase in the chemical fertilizer treatments can be due to the positive effect of nitrogen on the dry matter changes and increasing the plant's leaf area. Thus, for better quality, vermicompost and for more dry matter production, chemical fertilizer or compost are recommended.

Interaction Effects of Oxalic Acid and Storage Time on Some Qualitative Characteristics of Plum Fruit cv. Santa Rosa

h. khosroabadi; F. Varasteh; E. Seifi

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 15-24

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13113

Abstract

Background and Objectives Plum as a climacteric fruit has high ethylene production and respiration rate at the ripening stage which is the reason for its short postharvest life. In ... Read More Background and Objectives Plum as a climacteric fruit has high ethylene production and respiration rate at the ripening stage which is the reason for its short postharvest life. In order to evaluate the effect of oxalic acid treatment on postharvest storage life and maintain qualitative characteristics of plum fruit cv. Santa Rosa, an experiment was performed based on factorial in completely randomized design with two factors, oxalic acid concentration and storage time, in three replications. Material and Methods Plum fruits were harvested at the commercial harvest stage from a commercial orchard located in Golestan Province, Iran. On the same day, harvested fruits were transported to the laboratory and selected for the uniformity in size, shape and color. The selected fruit samples were distributed into four groups of 60 (each replicate contained 5 fruits). The selected fruits were immersed in oxalic acid solutions (0, 2, 4 and 6 mM) for 3 minutes and after removing the surface moisture at room temperature stored at 4 ◦C and 80 % relative humidity. The quantitative and qualitative traits of the fruit were evaluated every two week intervals during 42 days of storage. The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS (9.1) software, and LSD values were calculated for the mean comparisons. Results The results showed that oxalic acid had a significant effect on soluble solids content, titratable acidity, vitamin C, peel anthocyanins and browning index, whilst weight loss, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, vitamin C, fruit flavor index, pH, flesh and peel anthocyanins, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, b, total carotenoids, phenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, electrolyte leakage and browning index were significantly influenced by storage time. The increment of the oxalic acid concentration led to increase of soluble solids content by the late week 4 of storage. The highest (1.21%) and lowest (0.38%) titratable acidity was recorded for 6 mM oxalic acid in week 2 and 2 mM oxalic acid in week 6 of storage, respectively. At the end of the storage, 6 mM oxalic acid caused to preserve the maximum Vit C content (11.63 mg/100g) compared to control. Oxalic acid had no significance on total phenols and flavonoids; however, the interaction between storage time and oxalic acid had also a significant effect on soluble solids content, titratable acidity, vitamin C, fruit flavor index, peel anthocyanins, phenols, flavonoids and browning index. The weight loss reached 9.96% by late week 6. The electrolyte leakage percent and browning index increased during storage period and the minimum browning index without any significant difference was observed in 2 mM (41.11%) and 4 mM (43.89%) oxalic acid treatments. Discussions In conclusion, oxalic acid significantly increased titratable acidity, vitamin C, plum peel anthocyanins and soluble solids compared to the control. The treated fruits had a lower browning index than the control. As a whole, regarding the results of this research, post-harvest application of 4 mM oxalic acid treatment could be used to maintain plum fruit qualitative properties and increase the time of storage.

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungus (Rhizophagus Irregularis) Inoculation in Different Levels of Water Deficit on Minituber Production in Potato

Kh. Parvizi; Y. Parvizi; A. Navaei

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 15-26

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.19706.1402

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives The symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrizae and plants can improve plant growth by increasing mineral nutrient absorption, tolerance ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives The symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrizae and plants can improve plant growth by increasing mineral nutrient absorption, tolerance to diseases and stresses such as drought, temperature fluctuation, metal toxicity, salinity and other adverse conditions. Micro propagation of potato by micro and mini tubers have been established for improving multiplication rate and possibility of reserving some more stock plants as germplasm. Multiplication of the minitubers already has been accompanied by lower establishment that causes low vigor and performance of the plant especially in water stress conditions. This experiment was done to study the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus inoculation on vigor and performance of planlets derived from minituber in green house conditions. Material and Methods This experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete design with four replications. The treatments were irrigation levels (100%, 85%, 75% and 65% of field capacity) and two levels of culture medium inoculation (inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis and non- inoculation). The amount of water supplement was evaluated according to their treatment by weighing the boxes and calculating the amount of field capacity base. The method described by Gonigle et al (1990) was used for root colonization assessment. Mini-tuber obtained from any plant was weighed, arranged in three groups. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out using SAS software (v. 8.02, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Results Analysis of variance showed that in all minitubers the main effects of incubation with mycorrhiza, irrigation levels and their interaction were significantly different (p≤0.05). Minituber dry matter percentage showed a significant difference (p≤0.05) with mycorrhizal inoculation and interaction between mycorrhiza and irrigation levels. Means comparison showed that generally more minituber production in different sizes was accomplished by mycorrhizal treatments in all irrigation levels in comparison with non-inoculated ones. The most minitubers in different sizes were accomplished with inoculated and providing 85% FC water treatment. Inoculation of minitubers in 65% and 75% FC of irrigation levels did the same as the competitive situation with non-inoculated miniturbers in 85% and 100% of irrigation at the most traits related with quantity and quality of minituber production. Discussions It is concluded that although mycorrhiza was able to promote growth and final yield of minituber production and multiplication rate, this ability is not limited and can be extended ultimately by critical threshold of water accessibility. Dry matter of minituber was affected by application of mycorrhiza in four irrigation regimes. In relation with minituber dry matter, it is conceived that mycorrhiza can affect the dry matter of minituber but irrigation levels must be remarkable in this situation. Generally, it is concluded that mycorrhiza had considerable effect on performance of planted minitubers by adjustment of water stress through promoting mineral nutrients absorption and increasing osmotic potential capability. This ability could be different with intensity of water deficiency.

Effect of Gamma-Amino-Butyric Acid Foliar Application on Physiological Characters of Tomato (cv. Namib) under Salinity Stress

L. Zarei; M. Koushesh Saba; Y. Vafaee; T. Javadi

Volume 41, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 15-28

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.13547

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity and salt accumulation in the soil surface is one of the most important abiotic stresses that limit agricultural crop production in ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Salinity and salt accumulation in the soil surface is one of the most important abiotic stresses that limit agricultural crop production in the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Thus, finding an alternative production technique or materials to alleviate stress condition is a research priority. One way to decrease the harmful effects of salinity is the foliar application of some chemicals such as Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) to increase plant tolerance to salinity. GABA is often accumulated in plants in response to live and non-live stresses such as drought, salinity, oxygen deficit, heat shocks and contamination of pathogens. Materials and Methods The current study was carried out to monitor the GABA effects on tomato physiological changes under salinity stress. The plants were grown in hydroponic system and received 0 and 50 mM NaCl as control and salinity stress, respectively. GABA at three concentrations 0, 10 and 20 mM was applied as a foliar application in either control or salinity treatments. Physiological characteristics of relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), proline, total soluble protein (TSP) and enzymes activity, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) were measured. Results The results showed that salinity stress and GABA were effective on the physiological characteristics of tomato. GABA can increase the tolerance of plants to environmental stresses, including salinity stress. MSI, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, carotenoids in salinity treatments were lower than control while TSC, proline, peroxidase and SOD increased. RWC, MSI, proline, TSC of GABA treated plant were greater than untreated in either salinity or control conditions. Also, SOD and peroxidase activity elevated in GABA treated plant under salinity stress. Discussion GABA increased antioxidant capacity in the plant and thus might eliminate radicals and prevents the destruction of cell membrane tissue, including the chloroplast membrane. In general, the results showed that in salinity stress conditions, GABA application as a compatible osmolytes might improve the tomatoes physiological performance and alleviate salinity stress.

The Effect of Drought Stress on Some Vegetative and Physiological Characteristics of Superior Local Olive Genotypes (Olea europaea L.) in Pot Conditions

Rahmatollah Gholami; Hojatollah Gholami

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 15-28

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.22497.1483

Abstract

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the every green trees that tolerance to Drought. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean area, so understanding the mechanisms ... Read More Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the every green trees that tolerance to Drought. Olive is an economically important species of the Mediterranean area, so understanding the mechanisms by which olive plants face drought stress under environmental conditions is essential for the improvement of olive yield and oil quality. Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses that affect plant growth and development negatively. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of drought stress on some morphological characteristics of some superior local olive genotypes in pot condition was conducted in Dallaho Olive Research Station (geographical characters was longitude of 45˚, 51΄ E and latitude of 34˚, 30΄ N and the height of sea level 581m) located in Kermanshah province. In order to select drought resistant or tolerant local olive genotypes an experiment in pot conditions was conducted. Seven olive genotypes (D1, Dd1, GW, Ps1, Bn3, Bn6 and Ds17) used as plant materials. Pot experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications and two factors (irrigation regimes and genotypes) was conducted in 2015. Irrigation Ttreatment were including of 100% (control), 80%, 60% and 50% of evapotranspiration respectively. Some vegetative characteristics such as plant height, trunk diameter, leaf number, leaf, shoot, and root fresh and dry weight were recorded. Collected data were analyzed with MSTATC program. Obtained results showed that Bn3 genotype had the highest height and D1 had the lowest height. Bn3 genotype had the highest number of leaf and D1 had the lowest but D1, Dd1 and Gw were in a statistic class. Genotypes showed significant differences in leaf fresh and dry weight so that Bn3 genotype had the highest leaf fresh and dry weight and D1 had the lowest. Genotypes indicated significant differences in pot in shoot and root fresh and dry weight so that Ds17 genotype had the lowest shoot fresh and dry weight and Gw had the lowest root fresh and dry weight. and Bn6 had the lowest root dry weight/ shoot dry weight ratio. irrigation treatments significant differences in recorded vegetative and physiological characteristics so that 100 percent irrigation treatment increase relative water content percent (RWC), total chlorophyll. among olive genotypes Bn3 and Ds17 had the highest, relative water content percent (RWC), total chlorophyll and mda less produced. The results indicated that olive genotypes had different resistance to drought and vegetative growth status of Bn3 and Ds17 genotypes were better in drought stress conditions. It can be concluded that Bn3 and Ds17 genotype had the relatively high resistance to drought stress.

Effect of Salicylic Acid on Some Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Olive (Olea europaea cv. ‘Konservalia’) Under Water Stress

Narges Shafiei; Esmaeil Khaleghi; Noorollah Moallemi

Volume 42, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 15-30

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22031.1477

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea) is one of the most important fruit trees in the pomology industry of Iran. Statistics shows that this fruit tree is cultivated ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea) is one of the most important fruit trees in the pomology industry of Iran. Statistics shows that this fruit tree is cultivated in more than of 102 thousand hectares of territory of Iran. Due to severe water shortages, it is necessary to make use of methods with objectives to reducing the negative effects of drought on plant and to increasing water use efficiency. Previous studies stated that plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid could apply to reducing the adverse effects of environmental stresses. Salicylic acid (SA) influences various physiological and biochemical functions in plants and has diverse effects on the tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous SA application on biochemical traits of ‘Konservalia' olive leaf under 100 %, 66 % and 33 % ETcrop by analyzing chlorophyll content, total soluble carbohydrate and proline. Materials and Methods The study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of water deficit (100, 66 and 33 percent of evapotranspiration (ETcrop)) and four concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) on fresh and dry root weight, stem and leaf and leaf number, leaf area, stem diameter, leaf proline, total soluble sugars, chlorophyll content as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Two- year old olive trees (Olea europaea cv. ‘Konservalia’) were used. Seventy- plants were grown in 11 L pots, containing a mixture of field soil (73.2 % sand, 13.3 % silt and 13.5 % clay) and manure. Plants were sprayed with four concentrations of salicylic acid and irrigated every ten days, according to the amount of evatranspiration of plants (ETcrop). Parameters such as leaf proline and total soluble carbohydrates content, chlorophyll content were measured three times at intervals of once every 30 days after treatment. Data analysis was performed using MSTATC and SAS software and mean comparison was done by Duncan's multiple range test at 5 and 1 % probability Results The results showed that leaf proline and total soluble carbohydrates increased while chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, b and total) decreased with increasing levels of water deficit. Results also showed that the interaction of salicylic acid and irrigation had a significant effect on fresh and dry root weight, stem and leaf, leaf area and plant height at p Discussion In this study, the role of SA in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as heat, heavy metal, and osmotic stress was reported. The results showed that 2 mM SA application alleviated the adverse effects of drought stress (66 and 33 % ETcrop) in young olive trees through the improvement of chlorophyll content, enhancing leaf total soluble carbohydrate and proline content which can lead to osmotic adjustment.

Correlation between Yield and Qualitative Traits of Sugar Beet Cultivars with Rhizomania Disease Indices under Field Infection Conditions

Masoud Ahmadi; Hassan Hamidi; Jamshid Soltani Idliki; Javad Rezaei; Mozhdeh Kakueinejad

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 15-28

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32377.1873

Abstract

IntroductionRhizomania viral disease is one of the limiting factors of sugar beet cultivation and significantly reduces its yield. The most important way to deal with this disease is ... Read More IntroductionRhizomania viral disease is one of the limiting factors of sugar beet cultivation and significantly reduces its yield. The most important way to deal with this disease is to use resistant cultivars. Materials and MethodsIn order to evaluate the correlation between yield and qualitative traits of sugar beet cultivars with rhizomania disease indices, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 12 different sugar beet cultivars in four replications in test site with natural infection with rhizomania in Torbat-e-Jam area at two years (2017 and 2018). The traits studied in this study included root yield, sugar content, sugar yield, white sugar content, white sugar yield, sodium, potassium, trace nitrogen, alkalinity, sugar extraction coefficient, leaf growth score, root growth score, disease severity and ELISA test index (OD). Analysis of variance was performed using SAS v.9.1 statistical software. Mean comparisons of traits were performed using LSD test at the probability level of 5 and 1%. Results and DiscussionAnalysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all studied traits except for sodium. Cluster analysis of yield, crop quality as well as rhizomania severity of infection divided the sugar beet cultivars into three groups (resistant, semi-resistant and sensitive). Correlation between traits in a rhizomania infected field and different levels of resistance to rhizomania was different. In all cultivars with different levels of resistance, there was a significant correlation between pure sugar yield with leaf growth score (r=0.88 **), root growth score (r=0.85**), disease severity (r= -0.84 **) and ELISA index (r= -0.67 **) was observed. Therefore, these traits are suitable indicators for evaluation of cultivars for suseptibility or resistance to rhizomania disease. In addition, correlation between ELISA index with disease severity (r=0.83**), leaf growth score (r= -0.61 **) and root growth score (r= -0.67 **) was significant. ConclusionAccording to the obtained results, because the ELISA test and determining the virus concentration is expensive, and on the other hand, this index had a positive and very significant correlation with the severity of the disease infection, so the disease severity index can be used to evaluate cultivars for resistance to rhizomania disease.

An Investigation into Different Olive Cultivars Responses to Sarpole Zehab Environmental Condition

I. Arji; A.A. Zeinanloo; A. Hajiamiri; M. Najafi

Volume 35, Issue 4 , March 2013, , Pages 17-27

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the adaptation ability of 14 olive cultivars in Dallaho olive research station under a completely randomized block design during 1383 till ... Read More

Crop Loss Assessment and Canola (Brassica napus L.) Impact Factor Analysis in late Planting

A R

Volume 35, Issue 3 , December 2012, , Pages 17-25

Abstract

Factors such as unprepared seed bed and agronomical elements or local common rotation are usually the cause of conola late planting. This experiment was counducted as randomized complete ... Read More

The Study on Gene Expression of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coa Reductase (HMGR) and γ-Terpinene Synthesis in Thymus Vulgaris L. Under Water Deficit Stress

Fatemeh Mirzaei; Ahmad Ismaili; Foad Fatehi; Ardeshir Ghaderi; Soheila Afkar

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 165-180

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.20928.1436

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits agricultural crop production. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is an aromatic and medicinal plant which ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits agricultural crop production. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is an aromatic and medicinal plant which is very important for the herbal industry. This study was aimed to investigate the variation some of the secondary metabolites and morphological traits as well as changes in expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of thymol (including HMGR and TPS2) by real-time PCR. One of the main goals of the present study was to find out the relationship between the transcript of these genes and related metabolites in thyme. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in the greenhouse of Iranian Institute of Medicinal Plants of Jahad Daneshgahi (Karaj, Iran) in 2016. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 5 replication and 4 water deficit stress treatments, including 100% (T1, control), 70% (T2, mild stress), 40% (T3, moderate stress), and 20% (T4, severe stress) of field capacity (FC). Total RNA was extracted from leaves using TRIzol reagent following the manufacturer’s instructions. First strand synthesis of cDNA was performed immediately using 1 µg of total RNA with simultaneous use of oligo-dT (50 µM) primers and random hexamer and reverse transcriptase enzyme following the manufacturer protocol. In order to examine gene expression by real-time PCR, the method of fluorescence dye SYBR green (Fermentase, USA) was used. The amount of thymol and carvacrol were measured by HPLC. Results Results of morphological traits showed that increasing the water deficit stress caused a decrease in root biomass, shoot fresh weight, plant height, root length, and the number of side branches. Results of gene expression profiling showed that the highest expression of TPS2 and HMGR genes and the highest amount of thymol and carvacrol was obtained in treatment T2 (70% FC). Discussion TPS2 and HMGR gene expression changes were similar to the changes of monoterpenes thymol and carvacrol in all treatments and the highest number of monoterpenes and gene expression were obtained in mild water deficit stress treatment in comparison with control, moderate, and severe stresses. Altogether, according to the results of this study, mild stress had a significant effect on increasing the expression of HMGR and TPS2 and led to a higher production of monoterpenes.

Anatomical Changes in Root and Aerial Organs of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Yaghooti) Affected by Salinity

Maryam Keshavarzi; Mahmood Esna-Ashari

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 169-180

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39886.2009

Abstract

IntroductionGrape is one of the most important horticultural crops and economically produced in world and Iran which is cultivated in a wide range of climatic conditions. Duo to the ... Read More IntroductionGrape is one of the most important horticultural crops and economically produced in world and Iran which is cultivated in a wide range of climatic conditions. Duo to the difficulties of cultivating grape is its relatively sensitive to salinity stress. Salinity can cause significant anatomical changes in the internal tissues of plant organs. The effect of using low-quality water on the anatomical structure of grapevine organs has not yet been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the structural behavior of roots, stems, leaves, petioles, and main veins of grape leaves in Yaghooti cultivar under progressive salt stress. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications during two consecutive years 2020-2021. Salinity treatment at four levels, including zero (control), 25, 50, and 100 mM NaCl on one year old rooted cuttings under greenhouse conditions. Plant various organs consisting of roots, stems, leaves, petioles, and main veins were microscopically investigated through the conventional methods of sampling, fixing, sectioning and staining. Results and DiscussionIn the stem, the epiderm thickness increased until 50 mM level, and decreased in 100 mM level. In 100 mM, sclerenchyma thickness, pith diameter, and vascular bundles number increased, while collenchymas thickness, cambium, phloem, metaxylem, protoxylem, and stem cortex decreased. In the root, cortex thickness reduced, but the vascular bundles’ thickness, their number, as well as pith and vascular cylinder diameters increased, and more periderm thickness as well as the centralization of xylem vessels toward pith tissue were observed. In the petiole, in 100 mM level, an increase in sclerenchyma thickness and vascular bundles number was observed along with a decrease in phloem thickness, cambium, metaxylem, protoxylem, and cortex. In the leaf and main vein, palisad parenchymal cells became smaller and denser with an increase in their number; furthermore, a decrease in spongy parenchymal cells thickness along with the increase of their intercellular space and the increase of epiderm thickness were observed. In addition, vascular bundles number, sclerenchyma thickness, and pith diameter increased, while the decrease of vascular bundles’ thickness and collenchymas thickness was found in the main vein. Moreover, a large number of salt crystals were observed in all the plant organs, especially in the roots. ConclusionOverall, the results of this study revealed that salinity stress caused changes in the anatomical structure of roots and various aerial organs in Yaghooti grapevine saplings. It appears that at a stress of 100 mM salinity, the increase of epiderm and sclerenchyma thickness in the aerial organs contributed to preventing transpiration and preserving water content. Besides, periderm thickness at the root as a physical barrier to further absorption, transport of soluble substances, and protection of vascular cylinders helped the plant to tolerate salinity conditions. In addition, a large number of vascular bundles were involved in the secondary uptake of salt in the surrounding parenchymal cells. Therefore, most of the anatomical changes in the studied organs can be considered as a kind of adaptation to increase the chances of the plant survival against salinity.

Effect of Harmel Extract on Bacterial Population in Vase Solution and Vase Life of ‘Stanza’ and ‘Pink Elegance’ Cultivars of Gerbera Cut Flower

Meisam Mohammadi; Mitra Aelaei; Mehdi Saidi

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 171-184

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27785.1680

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesGerbera is one of the important cut flowers in the floriculture industry, but it is sensitive to early wilting and neck bending which reduce its ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesGerbera is one of the important cut flowers in the floriculture industry, but it is sensitive to early wilting and neck bending which reduce its postharvest vase life. In cut flowers, water deficits are created when transpiration is more than water absorption. Therefore, petal wilting and neck bending increase in these flowers. These conditions are mainly due to occlusion of the vascular bundle, which can occur in different ways, such as the activity of pathogenic bacteria and other microorganisms in vascular bundle. In recent years, due to the adverse effects of chemical antimicrobial compounds on human health and the environment, many studies have been conducted to find replacement materials to maintain the quality and vase life of cut flowers in postharvest. Therefore, in this study, the effect of different concentrations of harmel aqueous-alcoholic extract (Peganum harmala L.) on bacterial population and vas life of ‘Stanza’ and ‘Pink Elegance’ cultivars of Gerbera cut flower were studied. Materials and MethodsThe effect of concentrations 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% of the aqueous-alcoholic extract of Harmel plant was studied in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications. At harvest time, 3, 6 and 9 days after harvest (at 20 °C and 70% relative humidity), the effect of treatments on the bacterial population of the vase solution and end stem, vase life and some characteristics of ‘Stanza’and ‘Pink Elegance’ Gerbera cut flowers were studied. ResultsThe results showed that the inhibitory effect of harmal extracts on gram-positive bacteria was higher than gram-negative bacteria. Also,‘Stanza’cultivar had better quality and longer vase life than ‘Pink Elegance’ cultivar. By increasing the vase life of flowers, the quality of these flowers decreased. In the first place, however, concentrations of 0.25% and then 0.5% of the harmal extract performed better than other treatments in various aspects: first, they reduced the bacterial solution, stem end, and electrolyte leakagein stem and petals; second, they preserved quality (discolored of vase solution, discolored of petals and stem), relative fresh weight, stem diameter, totalsolublesolids, catalase activity and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity; and finally, they increased vase life of gerbera flowers in both cultivars. Concentrations of 0.75% and 1% increased allelopathic substances in cut flower. While these treatments decreased the bacterial population in vase solution and stem end, they did not have a significant effect on the quality and vase life of gerbera cut flowers. DiscussionThe results of this study showed that the different concentrations of harmal extract significantly reduced the growth of microbial agents, including the bacterial population, but by increasing the concentration of the harmal extract, the allelopathic effects of this plant extract on gerbera cut flowers were harmful and did not affect their vase life and quality. Therefore, the concentration of 0.25% then 0.5% reduced the bacterial populations in vase solution and stem end of cut flowers and preserved the quality and vase life of ‘Stanza’ and ‘Pink Elegance’ cultivars. Therefore, the use of low concentrations of the harmel aqueous-alcoholic extract is recommended to reduce the microbial population of the vase solution and maintain the quality and vase life of the gerbera cut flowers.

Integrated Mechanical Weeding and Herbicide Application in Weed Management of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

Yousef Rezaie; Elham Elahifard; Seyed Ataollah Siadat; Sasan Abdolahi Lorestani

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 171-182

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30228.1788

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionWeeds are among the most important factors reducing sugarcane yield in Khuzestan province. Sugarcane has a vegetative stage susceptible to weed competition, which ... Read More AbstractIntroductionWeeds are among the most important factors reducing sugarcane yield in Khuzestan province. Sugarcane has a vegetative stage susceptible to weed competition, which is about 3 to 6 weeks from the time of planting in a warm and humid season. Therefore, the control of weeds in the early part of the growing season before the canopy closure of sugarcane and covering more than half the rows of planting is very critical. In order to investigate the effect of combination of mechanized weeding and application of three herbicides including indaziflam, 2,4-D + MCPA + metribuzin, on weed control and sugarcane yield, a field experiment was conducted in Ratoon2 field in 2017-2018 growing season in Dehkhoda Sugarcane Plantation and Industry Company, Khuzestan, Iran. Materials and MethodsThe experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Mechanical weeding at three levels (sweep cultivator, rotavator, and no cultivation) was considered as the main plots. Herbicide application was considered as sub plot at three levels [indaziflam (50 ml ai ha-1), 2,4-D + MCPA + metribuzin (675 ml ai ha-1 + 1050 g ai ha-1) and no herbicide application (as weedy control)]. A weed- free check was included for comparison. Herbicide applications were made using backpack sprayer with TeeJet 11004 flat fan nozzle calibrated to deliver 250 L ha-1 at pressure of 2.5 atm. Sugarcane cultivar was CP-614. Weed sampling was carried out 60 days after treatment. Single stem weight, cane yield, final sugar yield, brix, pol, sugar purity and recoverable sugar were measured at the end of growing season and after sugarcane harvest. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that mechanical weeding treatments lead into reduced weed dry weight. As a result, weed control was more effective in rotavator treatment than cultivator. Maximum reduction weed dry weight (52.47%) was observed in integrated rotavator and indaziflam treatment. The results of the quantitative traits of sugarcane showed that using mechanized weeding and herbicide application, caused an increase in weight of single stem and yield of cane compared to the control. The greatest single stem weight was observed in cultivator treatment plus 2,4-D + MCPA + metribuzin (1.65 Kg m-2), rotavator + 2,4-D + MCPA + metribuzin (1.63 Kg m-2) and indaziflam (1.61 Kg m-2). The final sugar yield (9.79 t ha-1) in indaziflam treatment was greater than other treatments (except weed -free treatment). However, the measured values of Brix, pol, sugar purity and recoverable sugar did not differ significantly among treatments. Results showed that the use of mechanized weeding combined with herbicide applications would have an effective role in improving sugarcane yield and inhibition of sugarcane weeds. ConclusionThe use of herbicides at the beginning of the sugarcane growing season led to more effective weed control; As a result, competition between sugarcane and weeds in access to food resources decreased, which led to the growth and development of sugarcane. However, the indaziflam did better than 2,4-D + MCPA + metribuzin due to its slight superiority in single-stem weight and cane yield. In general, it can be said that the use of mechanical weeding has an important role in controlling sugarcane weeds and the use of rotivator had a significant advantage over cultivator. According to the results of single stem weight, the use of combination weeding with herbicides will play an effective role in improving the weight of sugarcane.

The effect of nitrogen application on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of barley mixed with vetch

Hossein Neyestani; Hamid Abbasdokht; Ahmad Gholami

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 171-183

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42974.2080

Abstract

Introduction One of the main goals of sustainable agriculture is controlling soil erosion, stabilizing yield in unfavorable conditions and increasing yield in favorable environmental ... Read More Introduction One of the main goals of sustainable agriculture is controlling soil erosion, stabilizing yield in unfavorable conditions and increasing yield in favorable environmental conditions, and finally creating diversity and stability in agricultural ecosystems. Mixed cultivation is a part of crop rotation program in sustainable farming systems. One of the most important advantages of mixed cultivation over pure cultivation is that in the mixed state, the plants show more compatibility together and increases the total yield. Among the different types of mixed cropping systems that are currently used by farmers, one-year mixed cropping systems are more economical and are of interest to most farmers. It also includes many positive aspects including increasing yield and increasing land equivalent ratio. Materials and Methods In order to study the production potential and competitive ability of barley and vetch plants in the mixed cropping pattern under the influence of different planting patterns and nitrogen use, an experiment was conducted in the crop year 2017-2018 in Shirvan Rain Research Station of North Khorasan Province. The experiment was in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design. The main factor includes nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 kilograms per hectare) and the secondary factor of different cultivation patterns at five levels (pure barley, pure vetch, incremental ratios of 15, 30 and 45% of vetch plant increase to barley plant density). And the cultivation was of a mixed and incremental type. Results and Discussion According to the results of the experiment, the highest value of 1000-grains weight in the treatment of pure barley cultivation and the use of 50 and 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare (52.75 grams) and in the treatment of mixed cultivation of 100:30 and in the absence of nitrogen use, the lowest value of 1000-garins weight ( 45 grams), the highest number of seeds per spike in nitrogen 100 kg per hectare and mixed cultivation 100:30 with an average of 17.25 and the least amount of this trait in the treatment of no use of nitrogen and pure barley cultivation with an average of 10.8 seeds It was at the peak. Also, the highest seed yield was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg (1515 kg) and the lowest was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the fertilizer treatment of no nitrogen use (732.5 kg). The mixture of 45:100 and 50 kg of nitrogen had the highest amount (1.158). Conclusion According to the results of LER, the use of vetch as a nitrogen-fixing species along with the consumption of 50 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare can be effective to achieve the optimal yield.

The Effect of Pollen Type of Some Walnut Genotypes on Fruit Set, and Fruit Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of MSG15, MKG23 and MKG24 as Seed Parents

Mousa Rasouli; Bahman Ershadi; Rouhollah Karimi

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 307-320

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22840.1498

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives To achieve optimal fruit set, economic productivity and targeted crossings in seedlings and grafted walnut orchards, the flowering time of ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives To achieve optimal fruit set, economic productivity and targeted crossings in seedlings and grafted walnut orchards, the flowering time of both male and female flowers and their overlapping is important. Since the walnut ovule longevity is limited, fertilization should occur at the shortest possible periods to lead to fruit set. Therefore, the evaluation of effective pollination periods and the needed time for the growth of pollen tube and ovule fertilization are important for successful fertilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the compatibility and the effect of pollen on some selected genotypes of walnut as pollinizers on the fruit set, fruit composition and the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the progeny derived from MSG15, MKG23 and MKG24 genotypes as maternal parents. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in 2016-2017 in the research garden of Malayer University in Hamedan province. In this study, female parents including MSG15, MKG23 andMKG24 were pollinated with pollinizers of MKG4, MKG5, MKG10, MKG13, MKG14, MSG15, MKG23 and MKG24. Some of the characteristics of the fruit and the kernel were also evaluated in the offspring resulting from controlled pollination. Results Based on the results, the cross between female parent genotype of MSG15 with pollinizers of MKG4 (%79.33), MKG5 (%81.67) and MSG15 (%79.67), female parent genotype of MKG23 with pollinizers genotypes of MKG5 (%83.67) and MKG10 (%62.67), female parent of MKG24 with pollinizer genotypes of MKG5 (%81.67) and MKG14 (%81.33) showed the highest fruit set. Also, female parent of MKG15 with pollinizers of MKG13 (%38.33), MKG23 (%37.33) and MKG24 (%38.33), female parent of MKG23 with pollinizer MKG24 (%40.00), female parent of MKG24 with pollinizers MKG10 (%42.33) and MKG23 (%42.33)showed the maximum flower abscission. Moreover, the highest percentage of kernel (%61.9) was found in combination cross of female parent of MSG15 with MKG5 pollinizers. The lowest fruit weight with husk (250 gr) and kernel fresh weight (50.5 gr) was found in combination cross of female parent MKG23 with pollinizer of MKG24. In addition, the lowest percentage of kernel (%28.98) was totally obtained in combination cross of female parent MSG15 with pollinizer of MKG24. Discussion The highest percentage of fruit was obtained in hybridization of maternal parent MSG15 with pollinizers MK4, MKG5, MSG15, and MKG23 as seed parents with pollinizers MKG5, MKG10, and MKG23 mother's parents with paternal parents MKG5 and MKG10. According to the results of this research, it is possible to use compatible and suitable genotypes introduced in this study in other walnut breeding programs.

Evaluation of yield stability of flue cured tobaccos using some univariate and multivariate stability statistics

Naghi Hosseinzadeh Fashalami; Roghayeh Aminian; Habibollah Samizadeh

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 311-321

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40945.2037

Abstract

IntroductionThe genotype × environment interaction is one of the most important factors in limiting breeding programs. The compatibility of a given genotype determines its ability ... Read More IntroductionThe genotype × environment interaction is one of the most important factors in limiting breeding programs. The compatibility of a given genotype determines its ability and genetic capacity to produce high production and yield stability in different environments. Therefore, it is necessary to study the genotype × environment interaction in order to introduce stable genotypes in different environments. The current research was carried out to determine the compatibility and stability of yield for 10 tobacco genotypes and estimate the most stable genotype for tobacco growing areas in Iran (i.e. Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces). Materials and MethodsIn this study, 10 male sterile flue cured tobacco genotypes, which they completely tested in terms of quality and taste, including 7 internal modified hybrids named RVH5, RVH6, RVH8, RVH27, RVH30, RVH48, RVH70 along with 3 imported genotype DVH2101, PVH19 and NC100 in 6 tobacco growing regions of Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan in two years of experiment (2018-2019). In total, 12 environments were studied in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Combined analysis was performed by considering the environments as a random factor and genotypes as a fixed factor. Then the stability analysis of genotypes was done by 10 stability statistics and the first 3 components of AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplication Interaction) analysis including IPCA1, IPCA2 and IPCA3. Analysis of variance was done using SAS.9 software, AMMI analysis and related graphs were performed using IRRISTAT software. Results and DiscussionThe results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of location and year × location interaction, the effect of genotype and genotype × year × location interaction were significant at the 1% probability level for yield. Genotype × environment interaction analysis using the first three main components of the AMMI analysis justified 69.47% of the total variance. The lowest coefficient of variation was related to DVH2101 and RVH27 genotypes. RVH30, RVH27 and RVH8 genotypes were selected as the most stable genotypes. According to Rick equivalence and Shoklaʹs stability variance parameters. The least squares deviation from the regression line were related to RVH27, RVH30 and RVH8 genotypes. In terms of regression coefficient, RVH27, RVH30 and DVH2101 genotypes had a line slope close to 1. Based on the coefficient of determination and Jenkins and Perkins statistics, RVH27, RVH30 and RVH8 genotypes were in the same rank in terms of stability. RVH27 and RVH30 were the most stable genotypes with superiority index. RVH27, RVH30 and DVH2101 genotypes were selected as the most stable hybrids based on the AMMI first model due to their proximity to the plot center, low interaction and high yield. Based on the second model of AMMI analysis, RVH27 and DVH2101 genotypes were selected as stable genotypes. In the third AMMI model, the RVH27 genotype was selected as the stable genotype due to its closeness to the biplot center and high yield. ConclusionConsidering most of the stability statistics and AMMI analysis, the most stable genotype was RVH27 hybrid. RVH30 and DVH2101 hybrids were placed in the next categories of stability. In addition, genotypes RVH6 and NC100 showed high private compatibility to Tirtash tobacco growing area and genotype RVH27 to Rasht region.

Effect of copper, silicon, fungicide Iprodione-Carbendazim, and Vermi‌wash spray on the quality of pomegranate cv. Shahvar

Ramezanali Hoseinian; Hossein Sadeghi; Kamran Ghasemi

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 319-330

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31943.1876

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionUsually, pomegranate fruit in humid areas is under attack from fungal diseases. In addition to skin damage to the fruit, fungal diseases also reduce qualities and ... Read More AbstractIntroductionUsually, pomegranate fruit in humid areas is under attack from fungal diseases. In addition to skin damage to the fruit, fungal diseases also reduce qualities and visual charactristics. Fruit cracking is another physiological disorder that causes a lot of damages to the crop and causes irreparable damage to the gardeners. Control of these diseases is very difficult, and the use of recommended treatments also has yielded different outcomes. Finding the appropriate solution based on nutritional and chemical products is necessary to overcome this problem. Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted in a commercial orchard located in Sorak city, 10 km from Sari city with a longitude of 53 degrees and 17 minutes and a latitude of 36 degrees and 61 minutes, and a height of 9 meters from the sea level in summer of 2017. The research was carried out as a factorial test in randomized complete block design with the aim of investigating the effects of Copper, Silicon, Vermiwash and Rovral TS on the quality of pomegranate fruit of Shavar cultivar. Experimental factors consisted mineral nutrition (in four levels of control, Copper nano-chelate, Silicon, and Copper+Silicon) and Fungicide (in two levels of vermiwash and Rovral TS). Foliar application was performed 4 times at intervals of 15 days and fungicidal treatments were carried out at 3 times intervals of 20 days. Then morpho-physiological studies were carried out. Results and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that the highest amount of flower conversion to fruit and the highest amount of dry weight (49.78 g) were obtained in Vermiwash and Silicon treatments. The least amount of infected fruit was observed in the application of Rovral TS+copper, Rovral TS+Silicon and Vermiwash+Si+Cu, and. Simultaneous treatment of Silicon and Copper significantly increased fruit size. The treatments of Silicon+Copper and Silicon alone led to a decrease in the number of cracked fruits compared to the control. The highest amount of anthocyanin pigment was observed in Vermiwash alongside with Silicon+Copper treatments. The percentage of free radical scavenger in all treatments was higher than the control. Overall, the results of this experiment showed that Vermiwash, Copper and Silicon alone improved the traits studied. Silicon is naturally present as a compound of the cell wall and hardly bonds with the cell wall mass, thereby elicits resistance against cracking. Silicon also has a fungicidal effect, as has been reported in plants such as rice and cucumbers that can delay the development of pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum after treatment with Silicon. It has also been reported that the use of Vermiwash in various plants did affect control up to 93% of the diseases. ConclusionVermiwash alongside with Si+Cu caused the lowest fungal infection, highest anthocyanin and appropriate fruit set, so this treatment can be strongly recommended. Besides, the results indicated that adding Si and Cu to chemical fungicide can boost its efficiency and decrease cracking significantly.

Identification of superior genotypes of barley for cultivation in the south regions of Fars province using MGIDI و FAI-BLUP indices

Hassan Zali; Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 335-351

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45295.2134

Abstract

IntroductionBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has been known as one of the most adapted cereal crops to various environmental conditions. In addition, this cereal crop ranks fourth in the ... Read More IntroductionBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has been known as one of the most adapted cereal crops to various environmental conditions. In addition, this cereal crop ranks fourth in the world in terms of economic importance after wheat, rice, and corn. Identification of high-yielding genotypes with highly desirable growth traits is one of the most important goals in barley breeding programs. However, the present study aimed to select superior genotypes based on grain yield and some morpho-phenological traits using different selection models. Materials and methodsTo identify superior genotypes of barley for cultivation in the warm and dry conditions in the southern regions in the Fars province, 21 genotypes were investigated in a randomized complete block with three replications during the 2021-2023 cropping seasons. During the plant growth and development, several morpho-phenological traits were recorded. Agronomic traits measured were days to spike emergence (DHE), days to maturity (DMA), plant height (PLH), grain filling period (GFP), grain yield (GY), 1000-kernel weight (TKW), spike length (SL), spike density (SD), awn length (AL), spike weight (SPW), number of grains per spike (NGS), row type (RT) and number of spikes per m2 (NS). After collecting experimental data, statistical analyses were computed using SAS and R softwares Results and DiscussionResults of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there is a significant difference among the investigated genotypes in terms of all the measured traits (except for Awn length and spike length). Based on the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI), genotypes G1 (Oxin), G7, G3, and G14 with the lowest values were identified as superior genotypes. Moreover, the ideotype design via the best linear unbiased prediction (FAI-BLUP) model identified genotypes G20, G8, G2 (Golchin) and G1 (Oxin) as the desirable genotypes compared with other genotypes. The Venn diagram revealed that genotypes G1 and G7 were selected using both selection indices, simultaneously. The MGIDI index showed a positive and significant correlation with DHE (0.58**), while it negatively and significantly correlated with GFP (-0.51*) and GY (-0.74 **). The FAI-BLUP index showed a significant positive relationship with SL (0.50 *) and SPW (0.45*), while it negatively and significantly correlated with DHE (-0.47 *). To better evaluate and group the investigated genotypes, principal components analysis (PCA) was used. Results of the PCA showed that the first and second principal components explained 30.5 and 20.6 percent, respectively. Moreover, the results of the PCA showed that the selected genotypes based on MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices are located in the 1st and 2nd regions of the PCA diagram. In total, the results showed that there is a relative compliance between the MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices with PCA. Additionlly, there was a high agreement between the MGIDI indices and the first principal component, and on the other hand, the second principal component showed a high agreement with the FAI-BLUP index. ConclusionIn conclusion, the genotype G7 with the highest grain performance and the relative superiority in terms of MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices was identified as a superior genotype compared to all reference genotypes. Hence, this genotype can be recommended for further comprehensive evaluation before commercial release in the southern regions in Fars province.

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

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