Plant Productions - Articles in Press

Determination of Bulbing Time and Growth Analysis of Some of Onion Landraces in Climatic Conditions of Karaj

A D; M KH

Volume 34, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 1-14

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to determine bulbing time and growth analysis of Safid Behbehan, Gholi Gheseh Zanjan, Kamarei Khomain, Dorcheh Esfahan and Safid Ghom Landraces at Seed and ... Read More

The Effects of Silver Nitrate, Thymol, Green Silver Nanoparticles and Chitosan on Vase Life of Carnation Cut Flowers cv. White Liberty

Mousa Solgi; M. Taghizadeh

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13112

Abstract

Background and Objectives Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is one of the most important and consumption cut flowers in the world. Carnation cut flowers are sensitive to microbial contaminations ... Read More Background and Objectives Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is one of the most important and consumption cut flowers in the world. Carnation cut flowers are sensitive to microbial contaminations at the stem end or in the vase solutions that make their vase life shorter. Numerous studies have reported that three genera of bacteria are the main bacteria which were recognized in the preservative solution of cut flowers. Nowadays, the finding of new compounds as alternatives to common chemicals is important in postharvest of cut flowers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of new compounds including chitosan, thymol and green silver nanoparticles on vase life of cut carnation flowers. Material and Methods The effects of green silver nanoparticles (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1), thymol (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1) and chitosan (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1) were investigated against of silver nitrate (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1) and control (2% sucrose) on vase life of carnation cut flowers "White Liberty", in this research. All treatments included 2% sucrose. Cut flowers were held in treatments for 24 hours, then replaced with distilled water. The experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications. Evaluated characteristics were vase life, relative fresh weight (on days 2, 3, 4, 7, 9 and 10), solution uptake (on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10), ion leakage of petals (on day 11) and chlorophyll contents (on days 2, 4 and 8). Results Results showed that the effects of different treatments on vase life were significant and thymol 25 (13 days), green silver nanoparticles and chitosan 25 (12.5 days) had the highest vase life in comparison with control. The effects of different treatments on relative fresh weight and solution uptake were significant in the evaluated days. Although, the chlorophyll content of leaves and ion leakage of petals were not significant. Discussions In the present study, it was found that pulse treatment by chitosan, thymol and green silver nanoparticles (25 mg L-1) significantly increased the vase life of cut carnations cv. "White Liberty". The presence of two sections of sucrose as nutrition source and antimicrobial agents seems to be necessary for carnation cut flowers. The antimicrobial effects of these compounds have been demonstrated in several studies. The application of thymol and chitosan as non-toxic compounds in the preservative solutions showed positive prospects for using these in extending carnation cut flowers.

Effects of Zinc Foliar Spray on Pollen Tube Growth in Pistils of Some Apple Cultivars Crosses

S. Fallah Moafi; Y. Sharafi; Ayatoallh Rezaei; Mohammad Hosain Fotokian

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.15498.1253

Abstract

Background and Objectives Apple is one the most important horticultural crops in Iran. As the most apple cultivars are self-incompatible, having a good fruit set requires favorable ... Read More Background and Objectives Apple is one the most important horticultural crops in Iran. As the most apple cultivars are self-incompatible, having a good fruit set requires favorable cross-pollination. However, this phenomenon is related to a series ofcomplex processeswhich happens on thestigma. Zinc is one of the main factors that affects pollination and has an important role in increasing the percentage of pollen germination thereby increasing fruit set. It has been reported that zinc is referred to be as a main growth element because of its role in hormone production in buds specially auxin biosynthesis. Auxin is the most important hormone which affects pollen tube penetration to the style and so, fruit set in plants. Zinc deficiency in the apple orchards primarily affects the above ground portions of trees, resulting in poor leaf and shoot growth, reduced flowering and fruit set, and reduced size and coloring of fruit. Zinc is also important in the movement of calcium within the tree. Using zinc sprays is the most consistent and cost effective way to apply this element in apple tree orchards. Materials and Methods In this research, the effect of zinc solution in three levels (0, 3000 and 5000 mg.l) was studied on pollen penetration to the ovary in the crosses among four apple cultivars including Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Gala, Fuji. Pollen penetration was studied 72 and 120 hours using fluorescent microscopy technique in the laboratory after field pollination. Crosses among the cultivars included 1- ♀Red delicious × Golden delicious♂, 2- ♀Galla × Fuji♂, 3- ♀Red delicious × Fuji♂, 4- ♀Golden delicious × Fuji♂ and ♀Golden delicious × Galla♂. Results Results showed that the effects of zinc, crosses and their interaction were significant on pollen germination and tube penetration in the primary, middle of the stigma and top of the ovaries. The highest percentage (59.4%) of germination on the stigma was observed in the cross (♀Golden Delicious × Gala ♂), in 120 hours and the highest penetration of pollen tube in ovary (18.08%) was observed at the cross point of 5000 ppm of Zinc, in 120 hours respectively. Discussion In this research the foliar application of Zinc (until 3000 mg.l) increased pollen germination and tube growth on the stigma in all of the studied four apple cultivars. Although, increasing zinc concentration to 5000 mg.l showed negative effects on the both characteristics which showed the tolerance range of the cultivars to the zinc concentration based on their genetic traits. However, increasing the Zinc concentration to 5000 mg.l led to increased pollen tube growth and penetration to the different parts of the styles in all of the crosses linearly.

Molecular characterization of recomMolecular Characterization of Recombinant Inbred Line Population of Rice With Retrotransposon (Ipbs) MarkerRetrotransposon iPBS

S. Bakhtiari; D. Nabati Ahmadi; K. Sorkheh; M. Hosseni Chaleshtari

Volume 40, Issue 4 , March 2018, , Pages 1-10

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.16723.1304

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives In genetic studies in addition to utilization of molecular markers based on genomic DNA, one can also use retrotranspostion or jumping genes as a ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives In genetic studies in addition to utilization of molecular markers based on genomic DNA, one can also use retrotranspostion or jumping genes as a marker to identify genetic characterization and diversity in the plant species. Since the retrotransposesons have transferable motive they tend to move along the genome. The movement is a key figure to induce alteration at the genomic structure. Thus, this reinforces the genome to boost the expression of some genes and/or silence the other genes. Furthermore, retrotranspostions are able to affect the activity of genes transcription at the organelles and biotic and abiotic stresses. Materials and Methods In the present study, retrotranspostion iPBS marker was used to assess genetic characterization of 130 inbred lines of rice which were derived from hybridization of Neda and Hashmi rice cultivars. In this study, 4 primers were used which were able to produce 2990 bands and among them1449 were polymorphic. Results According to amplification of polymorphic primers analysis, R2020 primer showed totally 443 polymorphic bands and had 56.79% bands with the highest polymorphism among all the primers. None of primers showed any single polymorphic band. Discussion Cluster analysis classified inbred lines of rice into two groups. Parental lines along with 146, 148, 149, 151 and 154 lines were in one group and 67, 68 and 82 lines were fit into another group with close distance to the parental lines. In terms of the presence of retrotransposition genes these lines possess the most genetic similarity to the parental lines. The information which was revealed by the findings of the presented study indicated that iPBA markers can be assigned to trace the genetic mapping in order to assess the molecular genetics of the characteristics of the line within a plant population in the breeding program. Cluster analysis classified inbred lines of rice into two groups. Parental lines plus 146, 148, 149, 151 and 154 lines were in one group and 67, 68 and 82 lines were fit into another group which they had closed distance to the parental lines. In term of the presence of retrotransposition genes these lines possess the most genetic similarity to the parental lines In genetic studies in addition to utilize molecular markers based on genomic DNA, one can also use retrotranspostion marker or jumping genes to identify genetic characterization and diversity in the plant species. In the present study retrotranspostion iPBS marker was used to assess genetic characterization of 130 inbred lines of rice which derived from hybridization of Neda and Hashmi rice cultivars. In this study 4 primers have used which were able to produce 2990 bands and among them1449 were polymorphisms. According to amplification of polymorphic primers analysis, R2020 primer showed totally 443 polymorphism bands and with having of 56.79% bands had the highest polymorphism bands among all the primers. None of primers have shown single polymorphic band. Cluster analysis classified inbred lines of rice into two groups. Parental lines plus 146, 148, 149, 151 and 154 lines were in one group and 67, 68 and 82 lines were fit into another group which they had closed distance to the parental lines. In term of the presence of retrotransposition genes these lines possess the most genetic similarity to the parental lines.

Symbiosis Effect of Three Micorhizal Fungi (Glumos spp.) on Growth and the Absorption of Some Nutrient Elements in Rooted Cuttings of Three Olive Cultivars

Mahmood Esna-Ashari; Somayeh Bahrami

Volume 41, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13546

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesOlive (Olea europaea L.) trees are traditionally grown in relatively infertile lands being adapted to poor soils and irrigation. New olive orchards are usually ... Read More Background and ObjectivesOlive (Olea europaea L.) trees are traditionally grown in relatively infertile lands being adapted to poor soils and irrigation. New olive orchards are usually established using mist-propagated plants derived from semi-hardwood cuttings. Although this propagation system is very efficient, but from the economic point of view, shortening the juvenile period of plantlets is very important. Root colonization with mycorrhizal fungi can shorten the length of the juvenile period in olive plantlets, as inoculated plants can absorb the essential nutrient elements much better resulting in growth enhancement and faster development. Materials and methodsIn this study, symbiosis effect of three mycorrhizal fungi on growth, chlorophyll content and the absorption of some nutrient elements in rooted cuttings of three olive (Olea europeae L.) cultivars was investigated. The study was conducted through a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the Research Greenhouse of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University. The first factor included olive cultivars at three levels (Arbekin “R1”, Conservalia “R2” and Moharam “R3”), and the second factor consisted of mycorrhizal fungi inoculation at five levels (G.mosseae+G.intraradices) “D1” )،G.hoi+G.mosseae( “D2”, (G.hoi+G.intraradices) “D3”, (Mixed three species) “D4” and the control (non-‌inoculation) (D5).Results: Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea L.) trees are traditionally grown in relatively infertile lands being adapted to poor soils and irrigation. New olive orchards are usually established using mist-propagated plants derived from semi-hardwood cuttings. Although this propagation system is very efficient, from the economic point of view, shortening the juvenile period of plantlets is very important. Root colonization with mycorrhizal fungi can shorten the length of the juvenile period in olive plantlets, as inoculated plants can absorb the essential nutrient elements much better resulting in growth enhancement and faster development. Materials and Methods In this study, symbiosis effect of three mycorrhizal fungi on growth, chlorophyll content and the absorption of some nutrient elements in rooted cuttings of three olive (Olea europeae L.) cultivars was investigated. The study was conducted through a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the Research Greenhouse of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University. The first factor included olive cultivars at three levels (Arbekin “R1”, Conservalia “R2” and Moharam “R3”), and the second factor consisted of mycorrhizal fungi inoculation at five levels (G.mosseae+G.intraradices) “D1”, )G.hoi+G.mosseae( “D2”, (G.hoi+G.intraradices) “D3”, (Mixed three species) “D4” and the control (non-inoculation) (D5). Results The results showed that almost all measured characteristics were affected by the treatments. The highest symbiosis percentage was observed in R2D2 and the least belonged to D5. Based on the result, symbiotic fungi made a significant increase in some growth indices including the height and diameter of the plants, leaf area and diameter and length of the branch. The inoculation also caused an increase in the fresh and dry weight of the root and aerial parts of the plants compared to the controls. Mycorrhizal fungal inoculation resulted in increasing the total, a and b chlorophyll contents in all treatments. This symbiosis caused a significant increase in the absorption of some nutrient elements such as K, Zn, Fe and P compared to the controls. Discussion The results of the present study showed that, mycorrhizal fungi colonization enhanced the uptake of essential nutrients by plants, leading to a greater root surface area and biomass. Both the growth and nutrient content of the mycorrhizal fungi colonized olive plants were increased. It seems that mycorrhiza increases the absorption of water and nutrient elements from the soil through the further development that results in increasing leaf photosynthesis and ultimately increasing the plant growth.

Effect of Different Ploidy Levels on Pollen Grain Fertility, Seed Germination and Seedling Transplanting Ability of Eggplant

H. Kaveh; H. Neamati

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.18116.1350

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important crop with a wide range of fruit shapes and colors. Breeding programs in eggplant focus ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important crop with a wide range of fruit shapes and colors. Breeding programs in eggplant focus mainly on fruit quality. Production of commercial triploid cultivars and emission of seeds in fruits may increase acceptability by consumer and increase fruit quality. Induced tetraploidy and cross between di and tetraploid parental line is a conventional method used in different fruits and vegetables like watermelon. The current study aim to find how may induced tetraploidy affect pollen grain quality, its fertility, seed and transplant vigor in different eggplant cultivars. Materials and Methods Aiming to investigate autotetraploidy in four qultivars of Solanum melongena L., Keshtzar, Yalda, Chahboland and Passargad on fertility, number of days till fruit-set, germination rate and percentage and successful transplanting percentage, a survey was done in a completely randomized design. Tetraploid plants were derived from seed maceration/shoot tip treatment (0.5, 1 and 2 percent of colchicine). To ensure ploidy level, chromosome counting of root tips and flow-cytometry was done during the experiment. To quantify germination percentage and rate, 15 seeds of each cultivar in each ploidy level were placed in petri-dishes in three replications. The seeds of each ploidy form were sown in seedling trays and after seedling period, plugs were transplanted in field for evaluation of characteristics in different ploidy levels. Growth and development rate of plant in seedling stage observed since seeds were cultivated. As soon as hypocotyl appeared on the surface, they were counted. Then seedling emergence and rate were calculated. To test viability of pollen grains, they were stained using acetocarmen. In order to find best parental lines, 18 plants from each cultivar and in each ploidy level were cultivated in the greenhouse condition in three replications. Then all plants were crossed competley (direct and reciprocal). Di and tetraploid plants were tested to find out which one would be better as which parent. Results Number of days till fruit-set, characteristics of seed and seedling and growth rate in seedling stage were significantly (P≤5%) influenced by changes on levels of poloidy. Pollen grain staining with acetocarmine for evaluation of fertility percentage in pollen grains showed that with an increase in ploidy level, fertility may significantly increase (P≤5%). In an effort to triploid plant production, none of the crosses between di and tetraploid plant could bear fruit. Discussion With the overall results, despite slower growth, can be tetraploid plant, due to improved germination and seedling emergence, survival and reproductive capabilities, higher transplanting success in this category of plants, induced increase in the number of chromosomal bundles can be considered as a good way to create genetic variation and prepare parental lines with desirable traits for use in the breeding programs.

Effect of Plant Density on Seed Yield and Morphological Characteristics of Some Guilan Local Bean Lines

M. Zendedel_Sabet; P. Sharifi; M. Gholami

Volume 41, Issue 3 , December 2018, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.21148.1445

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Grain legumes, as a protein-rich food, play an important role in human nutrition, especially in developing countries. Common bean, being a leguminous ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Grain legumes, as a protein-rich food, play an important role in human nutrition, especially in developing countries. Common bean, being a leguminous and short duration crop, may be used as a soil improving crop in rotation and in cropping system. Among the various factors that contribute to the attainment of potential yield of common bean, optimum plant spacing or plant population is one of the important factors. Optimization of plant density for highly new yielding lines by following suitable inter as well as intra row spacing is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plant density on yield and agronomic traits of some Guilan local bean lines. Materials and Methods This field experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014-2015 growing season at Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and EducationCenter. The main factor was plant density at three levels (33, 16 and 11 plants per m2) and the split factor was five Guilan local bean lines (Gd91-7, Gd91-8, Gc91-9, Gd91-15 and Gd91-18). Results Analysis of variance showed that the effect of plant density was significant on dry seed yield, dry seed yield to pod yield ratio and biological yield per unit area. The effect of line was significant on plant height, pod length, seed length, pod yield per unit area, dry seed yield per plant, dry seed yield to pod yield ratio, harvest index and 100-seed weight. The interaction effect of the two factors was significant on the pod lenght, pod yield per unit area, dry seed yield per plant and 100-seed weight. The highest value of seed yield (11.44 g plant-1) was obtained in Gd91-8 at the density of 33 plants per m2. The highest (316.5 g m-2) and lowest (67.42 g m-2) values of dry seed yield was obtained at the density of 33 plants per m2 and 11 plants per m2, respectively. The highest values of green pods yield (1101.84 g m-2) was obtained in Gd91-15 at a density of 33 plants per m2. Discussion The reduction of dry seed yield per plant in 33 plants per m2 density in comparison to 16 plants per m2 for Gd91-18 and Gc91-9 and in 11 plants per m2 for Gd91-7 seems to be due to restricted access to the sun radiation or dietary lemitations and genotypic characteristics. Other reasons for the decrease of grain yield per plant at high densities can be the reduction of the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length and 100 seed weight. Gd91-8 as a superior line according to triats such as plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length, dry seed yield and green pod yield and can be used for breeding programes as a suitable line.

The Effect of Different Nutritional Systems with Nitrogen and Phosphorous Fertilizers on Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Mehdi Aghighi Shahverdi; Majid Amini Dahaghi; Hojjat Ataei Somagh; Behnam Mamivand

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.22330.1479

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAiming to remove or reduce the chemical input in order to obtain high quality and yield sustainability, plants production in sustainable agriculture. ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAiming to remove or reduce the chemical input in order to obtain high quality and yield sustainability, plants production in sustainable agriculture. On the other hand, the combined application of chemical and bio-fertilizers can improve yield and quality of medicinal plants. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a member of Lamiaceae family, is an annual plant and is widely used as a vegetable and as an aromatic plant. Considering the importance of medicinal herbs and the global trend for their production and reproduction in sustainable and low-input agricultural systems as well as a lack of research on the response of Basil's medicinal plant to the combined nutritional systems (chemical and biological), the aim of this study was to compare the effects of various nutritional systems with chemical and biological nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers as high-quality nutrients on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Basil. Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the Research Center of Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, in 2014. The experimental factors included nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer combinations, 100% chemical based on a soil test, 100% biological (for nitrogen, Azotobacter crocococcus and Azospirillium lipophorum, for phosphorus, and Pseudomonas fluorescence) and combining a system of 50% chemical fertilizers with biofertilizers. To provide nitrogen fertilizer from the source of urea containing 46% pure nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer were used triple superphosphate containing 46% phosphorus oxide (P2O5). Biofertilizers used to provide nitrogen are a mixture of Azotobacter crocum (Azeto-5 strain) and Azopyrillium lipophorum (93 strain), and for phosphorus from the mixture of Pseudomonas putida (P-168 strain) and Pseudomonas fluorescence (P-169 strain), all of which have a concentration 107 CFU/ml provided by the National Institute of Soil and Water Research of Iran. ResultsThe results showed that different combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and also the interaction between these two had a significant effect on plant height, the number of leaves and shoots yields, percentage, and yield of essential oil. The highest number of leaves per plant was found in treatments N2 × P4 (100% chemical nitrogen with combined of bio-fertilizer and 50% chemical phosphorus) and N4 × P4 (combin of bio-fertilizer and 50% chemical hosphorus combined with bio-fertilizer and 50% chemical nitrogen) respectively with the mean of 54.72 and 54.44 leaves per plant. Interaction of nutrition systems showed that the highest leaves and essential oil yield was in combination N4 × P4 respectively with the average 596.33 kg.ha-1 and 6.56 lit.ha-1. The uses of combination system of nitrogen and phosphorus increased the mean composition of the oils constitutive such as Linalool, Carvacrol and Eugenol compared to control. DiscussionThe results of this study indicate that the use of bio-fertilizers phosphorus and nitrogen, either alone or in combination with 50% chemical fertilizer to improve the quantity and quality of basil had a positive impact. They can, instead of continuous use of chemical fertilizers, be used to optimize the biological inputs for sustainable agriculture and reduce the pollution caused by the use of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers.

Improving Quality and Antioxidant Characteristics of Pulp and Peel of Citrus During Storage by Pre-Harvest Spray of Calcium Chloride on Fruit

Javad Fatahi Moghadam; Abuzar Hashempour; Reza Fifaei

Volume 42, Issue 1 , April 2019, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.22511.1484

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Calcium is a key plant nutrient with significant functions including reducing fruit senescence; calcium deficiency has been involved in several ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Calcium is a key plant nutrient with significant functions including reducing fruit senescence; calcium deficiency has been involved in several physiological disorders in fruits. Pre-harvest foliar application of calcium chloride (CaCl2) is an efficient and safe strategy to maintain or improve the fruit quality during storage. Also, calcium significantly increases the membrane and cell wall density and reduces the physiological disorders of the fruit. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest CaCl2 sprays of citrus trees at three fruit development stages on improving fruit quality and antioxidant capacity during storage. Materials and Methods To conduct this research, citrus trees of three different varieties (‘Thomson’, ‘Moro’ and ‘Page’) were sprayed with different concentrations of CaCl2 (0, 1, 2 and 4%) at three fruit development stages (120, 140 and 160 days after full bloom). After harvesting, citrus fruits were stored at 5°C and 85% relative humidity for 60 days. Then, weight loss and juice percentage, total carotenoids, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, and total antioxidant capacity (IC50 content) of the fruits peel and pulp were determined on 0 (harvesting time), 30 and 60 days. Data were analyzed using SAS (Ver.9.1) and significance of the differences between the means was computed using Tukey test. Results Results showed that weight loss percentage in fruit treated with CaCl2 (especially in 2 and 4% treatments) of all three cultivars was significantly less than control during storage. Total carotenoid of pulp of Thomson and Moro cultivars increased with increasing of CaCl2 concentrations compared to control during storage. In Page mandarin, the carotenoid content of pulp was not affected by calcium chloride treatment. Results also showed that SOD activity in peel and pulp of treated fruits was higher than control at harvest time. At the time of harvesting, the peel APX activity of Thomson and Moro cultivars (control) was higher than those treated by calcium. Antioxidant capacity (based on IC50 content) of peel and pulp varied depending on the cultivar and the treatment. That is, the highest antioxidant capacity was determined in ‘Thomson’ at harvest time and in treated fruits with high level of CaCl2. Discussion In the present study, the CaCl2 pre-treatment was sprayed on the citrus trees and the results indicated that pre-harvest calcium chloride significantly decreases weight loss percentage and increases antioxidant capacity, SOD activity and total carotenoid contents in citrus fruits during storage. It seems that the accessibility of sufficient CaCl2 during plant growth has a strong influence on concentrations of bioactive compounds and overall antioxidant properties of citrus fruits. Overall, it is suggested that an appropriate CaCl2 pre-treatment of citrus tree can help improve or maintain pulp and peel quality during storage. It is further suggested, using chlorine-free calcium sources in southern Iran with alkaline soils.

The Effect of Thermal Shock, Burial Depth and Seed Position on Germination of eeds of Heteromorphism Hedge Parsley (Torilis arvenis)

Rezvan Payamani; Iraj Nosratti; Masoomeh Amerian

Volume 43, Issue 1 , June 2020, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26379.1621

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Weeds are one of the most important factors that affect and reduce the yield of crops. Hedge parsley produces two shapes of seeds, fluffy and ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Weeds are one of the most important factors that affect and reduce the yield of crops. Hedge parsley produces two shapes of seeds, fluffy and non-fluffy, of their germination behavior little information is available. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seed position, burial depth, thermal shock and seed polymorphism on germination percentage of hedge parsley. Materials and Methods The experiments were conducted based on factorial experiment in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications at campus of agriculture and natural resources during years 2016-2017. In the first experiment, the factors included seed position (high, middle and low plants), temperature (20 and 25 C°) and seed shape (fluffy and non-fluffy). In the second experiment, the factors were thermal shock (100, 150 and 200 C°), burial depth (0, 2 and 4 cm) and seed shape (fluffy and non-fluffy). Results In the first experiment, with increasing temperature from 20 to 25 C° germination percentage decreased and at 20 C° the highest germination percentage (73.33%) was observed. Seed shape also affected seed germination percentages. In the second experiment, the burial depth had a positive effect on seed germination and with increasing burial depth, seed germination percentage increased. Interaction of thermal shock and burial depth showed that increasing burial depth and temperature increased the percentage of germination (57.14%). In both shapes of seeds, germination percentage increased with increasing burial depth and the highest germination percentage was observed in the maximum burial depth (4 cm). Discussion The results of this study showed that this weed is capable of germination in a wide range of environmental conditions. Germination percentage of hedge parsley increased with increasing burial depth. The optimum temperature for seed germination of hedge parsley is 20 C°. Seed shape was affected on seed germination percentage of hedge parsley.

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Different Olive Genotypes in Some Cities of Khuzestan Province Using Morphological Marker

Syrus Safipour; Esmaeil Khaleghi; Noorollah Moallemi

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26385.1622

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea) is compatible with Mediterranean and Mediterranean-like climates. Due to its high adaptability to different environmental conditions, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Olive (Olea europaea) is compatible with Mediterranean and Mediterranean-like climates. Due to its high adaptability to different environmental conditions, this plant has adapted well to the varied climates in the world. It has extensively been cultivated in some regions of Iran to the extent that some cultivars do not have any identification. Therefore, a genotype/variety may be classified under several names and several varieties under a single name. Also, lack of garden information, re-naming of imported cultivars, and non-standard morphological traits for naming has led to fundamental problems in the pomology industry. Accordingly, it is necessary and inevitable to eliminate these ambiguities and accurately identify different olives’ genotypes in Iran. Hense, the first step in identifying the genotype is morphological identification. To this aim, the present research was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity and the relationship between the olive trees cultivated in some of the cities of Khuzestan through exploring morphological traits. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in Indica, Baghmalek, Izeh, and Lali in 2015-2016. Fifty genotypes were collected from the orchards of the Andika, Baghmalek, Izeh and, Lali. The morphological traits of fruit, stone, and leaf were measured according to the IOOC guidelines and the Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute for Research (2007) guidelines. The variance analysis of the traits was performed using SAS 9.1 software as a nested design. Cluster analysis was used for the determination of the degree of relationship between genotypes. The main components and biplot analysis were used to reduce the number of variables. Results The results showed that there was a wide range of morphological variations among genotypes. Factor and principal components analysis showed that 12 components could justify 87.7% of the variation among genotypes. The first component explained 13.42% of the total variance. In this factor, fruit length (0.63), fruit width (0.61), fruit weight (0.61), stone shape (-0.7), stone width (0.66), stone length (-0.44), and leaf length (0.5) had a high coefficient. Moreover, traits such as length and width of fruit, stone and leaf, stone and leaf shape, curvature of leaf, stone number grooves, fruit base in position A, stone weight, stone surface in position B, stone symmetry in position A, fruit size of lenticels, stone distribution of grooves, stone symmetry in position B, were the most important traits in genotyping and grouping of the cities studied. Based on the results of cluster analysis, the genotypes were divided into six distinct groups. Discussion In general, it was found that most of the genotypes in Baghmalek city are located in a separate cluster. In contrast, several genotypes in Lali, Izeh, and Indica are situated in a single cluster, which can be due to atmospheric differences in precipitation rates in these cities. Izeh, Lali, and Indica have lower temperatures and more atmospheric precipitation than Bagmalek. This important difference can cause the genotypes of these cities to be different compared to Baghmalek city.

Study of Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) and Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Competition in the Different Intercropping Ratios Based on Replacement Method

Rahmat Abbasi; Meisam Namdari

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.37720.1986

Abstract

IntroductionToday, efficient agricultural systems such as intercropping are essential due to the optimal use of resources. Meanwhile, using the Legume plant in intercropping can increase ... Read More IntroductionToday, efficient agricultural systems such as intercropping are essential due to the optimal use of resources. Meanwhile, using the Legume plant in intercropping can increase the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation and be a sustainable approach to meet the crop's nitrogen needs. Since the planting pattern and component crop greatly influence this biological process, selecting complementary species in intercropping can play an essential role in increasing flexibility and sustainability in farming systems. Materials and MethodsIn order to study the effects of intercropping culture on the agronomic traits of Chia and Soybean, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University in 2019. The planting ratios were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 (Soybean: Chia respectively) using replacement method. Results and DiscussionResults showed that intercropping significantly affected shoot height, No. branch, grain yield, components yield, and the N. derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa). In the Chia, reducing the number of planting rows in different planting ratios, shoot height, and 1000-seed weight increased in contrast to the number of inflorescences per plant. Different planting ratios had no significant effect on the number of branches per plant of Chia. The soybean crop had the highest no. of branches, the number of pods per plant, and the 1000 seed weight in the 25:75 planting ratio. The highest shoot height was related to the monoculture soybean (100:0), and with decreasing the number of soybean planting rows in intercropping, the shoot height decreased. Also, the Ndfa in intercropping culture was higher than in monoculture during different growth stages. Its amount increased with a decreasing share of soybean planting in intercropping. Biological nitrogen fixation in soybean intercropping cultivation with Chia increased 75 days after planting and then decreased. Besides, the pure stand of Soybean (100: 0) and Chia (0: 100) had the highest and lowest grain yield with an average of 4629.57 and 823.14 kg. ha-1, respectively. Considering the total yield of Chia and Soybean in intercropping cultivation and the compensatory ability to increase the yield of Soybean against the decrease in the yield of Chia, the effect of competition between the two crops is positive complementation. lculation of land equivalent ratio (LER) revealed that the planting ratio of 25:75 had the highest efficiency by 22 percent. ConclusionChia in intercropping can improve the yield components of Soybean while improving the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation. Increasing the efficiency of intercropping cultivation in the planting ratio of 25:75 due to the increase of 75.37% is the share of the complementarity effect on grain yield, creating balance and facilitating inter-species competition.

Comparison of three different genomic RNA extraction methods from peel and pulp of Thomson navel orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L.)

Fatemeh Ahmadi; Mohamad Mehdi Sharifani; Amir Mosavi; Negin Akhlaghi Amiri; Mostafa Khoshhal sarmast; Khalil Zaynali Nezhad

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 1-10

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41200.2043

Abstract

IntroductionEfficient genomic RNA extraction is a basic requirement of molecular biology and the primary step in the study of gene expression. Woody plants are problematic due to the ... Read More IntroductionEfficient genomic RNA extraction is a basic requirement of molecular biology and the primary step in the study of gene expression. Woody plants are problematic due to the presence of polyphenolics, polysaccharides and other compounds that bind or co-precipitate with the RNA. The present study is to compare different methods of extracting high-quality total RNA in Thomson navel orange. Citrus is one of the most strategic fruits of Iran, finding an efficient and low-cost method is important for executive and molecular works. Materials and MethodsPlant materials used to extract total RNA were collected from two different parts of Thomson navel orange peel (consisting of both flavedo and albedo) and pulp from Ghaemshahr Horticultural Research Station, Mazandaran in 2020. Fruits were frozen in liquid nitrogen after sampling and were stored at -80°C until used. These samples were transferred to the laboratory department of horticultural science and engineering, Gorgan where the samples were applied to analyze the molecular expriment. For this study three methods including of: Trizol, Non-column Denazist and RNX-PlusTM were evaluated for total RNA extraction. In order to show the quality and quantity of RNA, were assessed on 1% agarose gel and using a nanodrop spectrophotometer with 230, 260 and 280 wavelength. Results were analyzed using a completely randomized design with three replicates, Duncan test with a significance level of 0.05 using SAS 9.0 software. Results and DiscussionThe result showed a distinct 28S and 18S rRNA bands visible on an agarose gel. The RNA integrity was assessed by the sharpness of ribosomal RNA bands. Also by using this protocols, the absorbance ratio at 260/280 was ranged between 1.80 – 1.93 which indicated there were no protein in the extracted RNA. A ratio A260/ A280 ratio from 2.0 to 2.14 indicated a lack of polysaccharides and phenol contamination. Trizol method, which was significantly different than compared to other methods. This protocol was successfully applied to isolate total RNA from the organ of two section fruit. Generally, the samples with a ratio in the range of ~ 1.9 to 2 revealed high purity of the extracted RNA using Trizol and the average concentration of RNA ranged from 379.90 (ng/µl) of orange peel and 352.15 (ng/µl) of orange pulp, respectively. And concentration was observed in Non-column Denazist method which treated with the lowest concentration (263.10 ng/µl) of orange pulp. ConclusionThe Trizol method was the best choice for extraction of high-quality total RNA. In this respect method represented the highest RNA yield and purity from various samples (peel and pulp) of citrus. However, generally peel samples (flavedo and albedo) produced high concentration total RNA.

The Effect of Dust Particles on Grain Yield and Some of the Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Wheat in West of Iran

Zeynab Sharifi; Mohsen Saeidi; Eiraj Nosrati; Hasan Heidary

Volume 42, Issue 2 , June 2019, , Pages 149-164

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.21856.1470

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives In recent years, the desertification caused by climate change and human activity is one of the most important causes of dust particles. The ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives In recent years, the desertification caused by climate change and human activity is one of the most important causes of dust particles. The occurrence of dust during the growth of crops (especially wheat) is one of the most substantial risks in crop production in western and southern regions of Iran. Thus, in these areas, an accurate estimate of dust-particle damage in crop production has great importance. Therefore, the study of the effects of dust particles on crop growth is very important. Materials and Methods In order to study the effects of dust on grain yield and physiological and biochemical traits of wheat, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the research field, the campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University, Kermanshah in 2013-2014. The first factor included two bread wheat cultivars (Pishgam and Zarin) and one durum wheat cultivar (Behrang) and the second factor was applied with the aim to simulate the effect of sprinkler irrigation on the removing of dust particles on the leaf surface with two levels: washing and non-washing treatments of wheat C. Results With respect to the results, in the canopy non-washing treatment, Pishtaz and Behrang cultivars had the highest (6.91 ton ha-1) and the lowest (4.97 ton ha-1) grain yield respectively. The canopy washing treatment compared to the non-washing treatment significantly increased grain yield (18% on average) and its components (without 1000 grains weight), biological yield, harvest index, and some physiological traits, including leaf photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, maximum efficiency of photosystem II, survival index, and some biochemical traits, such as leaf soluble proteins, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, but it had no significant effect on transpiration rate. The lowest and the highest reduction in grain yield under air dust particles are related to Pishgam (13%) and Behrang (28%) respectively. Particles with 0.3 micrometers diameter or less formed most of the dust particles in the air. Discussion It seems that the deposition of this size of particles in stomata pores is the main reason for stomatal plugging, and therefore, the reduction in stomatal conductance and the reduction of leaf photosynthesis rate and the decrease of grain yield reduction. Stomatal plugging by dust particles may cause less water loss and the increase in relative water content as a result. These findings suggest that, in the case of dust-particle occurrence, leaf washing with sprinkler irrigation compared with traditional irrigation method may cause significant increase in grain yield and its components and physiological and biochemical traits in wheat in this area and similar areas.

Genotype- environment interaction analysis and selection of sugar beet stable genotypes in terms of white sugar yield using AMMI model

Dariush Taleghani; Abazar Rajabi; Ali Saremirad; shahram khodadadi

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 155-169

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43177.2089

Abstract

Introduction The methods used to analyze genotype-environment interaction and determine the stability and adaptability of genotypes are continuously evolving to improve the accuracy ... Read More Introduction The methods used to analyze genotype-environment interaction and determine the stability and adaptability of genotypes are continuously evolving to improve the accuracy of evaluating genotypes and studying environmental interaction components. Using a combination of several methods provides a more comprehensive understanding of the genotype-environment interaction from multiple dimensions. In this study, the genotype-environment interaction was investigated using the AMMI method, along with the development of appropriate statistical techniques. Materials and Methods For this purpose, 25 sugar beet genotypes, consisting of 18 new hybrids and seven controls, were cultivated in seven environments: Karaj, Mashhad, Shiraz, Miandoab, Kermanshah, Hamadan, and Khoi. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with four replications during the year 2020. After checking the uniformity of the variance of the experimental errors using Bartlett's test, the stability of the genotypes was analyzed based on the AMMI model. In this study, 12 statistics obtained from the AMMI model, including ASTAB, ASI, ASV, AVAMGE, DA, DZ, EV, FA, MASI, MASV, SIPCi, and Za, were used to identify stable genotypes. To further investigate the stability of the experimental genotypes, the SIIG index was also estimated, taking into account the criteria provided by each index based on the AMMI model. Results and Discussion The results obtained from Bartlett's test confirmed the homogeneity of the variance of experimental errors in experiments from different regions. Therefore, a combined variance analysis was performed based on the AMMI model. The combined analysis of variance, based on the AMMI model, indicated the significance of the additive effects of the environment and genotype, as well as the multiplicative effect of genotype-environment interaction at the 1% probability level. Analyzing the interaction effects into principal components showed that the first four components were significant at the 1% probability level and explained 93.50% of the variations related to genotype-environment interaction. According to the AMMI1 biplot, hybrids 3 and 9 were recognized as the most stable genotypes due to having a sugar yield higher than the overall average and a low value of the first interaction component. According to the AMMI2 biplot, hybrid 3 and BTS 335 with the Miandoab environment, Lexia and 4 with the Mashhad environment, Lexia with the Hamedan environment, 14 and 15 with the Kermanshah environment, 13 and 17 with the Shiraz environment, 11 with the Karaj environment, and Baloo with the Khoi environment have considerable specific adaptability. Hybrid 9, followed by 6, 2, and 8, had general adaptability. The SIIG index, calculated based on AMMI model statistics, identified 2, 9, 10, and 8 as the most stable genotypes with optimal yield. Conclusion Based on the obtained results, the environment and its interaction with the genetic structure of different genotypes have played a significant role in the phenotypic expression of white sugar yield and have caused the genotypes to provide different responses in terms of white sugar yield according to the conditions of different environments. In general, based on the results of the present study, hybrid 9 and then hybrids 6, 2, 8, 7, and 10 had high white sugar yield and yield stability. Generally, real progress in sugar beet breeding will be obtained if the genetic factors controlling the sensitivity of sugar beet genotypes to a variable environment are identified.

Influence of Sowing Date and Terminal Heat Stress on Phonological Features and Yield Components of Bread Wheat Genotypes

Fatemeh Mousavi; Mohammad Reza Siahpoosh; Karim Sorkheh

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 157-170

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.28957.1744

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionDelay in sowing date results in yield production change in wheat. Belated sowing time of wheat cultivars always encounters terminal heat stress, particularly after ... Read More AbstractIntroductionDelay in sowing date results in yield production change in wheat. Belated sowing time of wheat cultivars always encounters terminal heat stress, particularly after flowering, in south of Iran. Heat stress is one of the main obstacles influencing crop production worldwide. Currently, producing heat tolerant genotypes is so essential in plant breeding programs. In spite of previous research on physiological aspects of heat stress tolerance, a consensus among scientists on the most important traits controling heat stress tolerance in plants is not available. Phenological traits of wheat genotypes are the major traits influencing heat tolerance and very important in breeding programs. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effects of sowing date and terminal heat stress on phenological traits, yield and yield components of bread wheat, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications on 30 genotypes including: Pars, Bahar, Sistan, Dez, Shiraz, Bam, Arvand, Chamran 2, Kavir, Neyshabour, Roshan, Pishtaz, Hamoon, Kaz, Arta, Sepahan, Mehregan, Shuosh, Verinak, Arg, Ghods, Hirmand, Chamran, Alvand, Falat, Aflack, Marvdasht, Mantana, Babax and Weebile with different length of phonological stages in experimental fields of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during 2014-2015. The cultivars were planted in normal and late sowing dates (terminal heat stress) and the data were combined and run in a combined analysis of variance. Results and DiscussionIn this research, sowing date and consequent heat stress significantly reduced (P≤0.01) the phenological traits. The average of the number of days from sowing to tillage was reduced by 23% under terminal heat stress in comparison with the normal condition. The yield and yield components were also strongly affected by seasonal heat stress and the number of spikelets per spike (16%), number of kernels per spike (18%), thousands kernel weight (11%), biological yield (40%), harvest index (14%) and grain yield (46%) reduced under heat stress. Based on the results, the correlation between phenological traits and yield components was positive in normal conditions and in most cases it was negative under heat stress conditions. The reults of canonical correlation showed that phenological traits in the first canonical correlation could interprete 38% of the variance of yield components in the normal and 47% in the heat stress conditions, which shows the more effective role of phenological traits on yield components under heat stress than normal conditions. Cluster analysis also displayed the important role of phonological features in comparison with other traits in the classification of commercial wheat cultivars of Iran. Generally, under hot climatical conditions such as Khuzestan the length of different phonological stages over the course of plant life significantly influence the grain performance. If the phenology of genotypes is locally engineered based on the optimum length, the promising heat tolerant cultivars will be achieved with ability to produce and maintaine the yield production. ConclusionGenerally, under hot climatical conditions such as Khuzestan the length of different phonological stages over the course of plant life significantly influence the grain performance. If the phenology of genotypes is locally engineered based on the optimum length, the promising heat tolerant cultivars will be achieved with the potential to produce and maintaine the yield production.

Evaluation of Genetic Variability of Agro-Morphological Traits in Iranian Peppers Population (Capsicum annuum L.)

Mohsen Salehian; Reza Darvishzadeh; Mahmoud Rezazadeh Bari; Mitra Jabari; Marjan Jannatdoust

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 157-168

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.37868.1988

Abstract

IntroductionThe study of genetic diversity is an important step in planning crop breeding programs. According to researchers, diversity of the population under selection ensures the ... Read More IntroductionThe study of genetic diversity is an important step in planning crop breeding programs. According to researchers, diversity of the population under selection ensures the desired results in breeding programs. In this regard, using the capacity of local populations to create new cultivars and achieve maximum diversity is very efficient. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the agro-morphological traits of pepper populations to identify the breeding potential of local populations for producing hybrid cultivars. Materials and MethodsIn the present study, 30 populations of Iranian peppers were planted in five replications in the research greenhouse of Department of Plant Production and Genetics of Urmia University, in order to study the genetic variability in terms of some agro-morphological traits. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) in pot conditions in 2016-2017. In this study, variance analysis (ANOVA) and mean comparison of traits by Duncan's multiple range test, estimation of phenotypic correlation by Pearson method and principal component analysis on correlation coefficient and also cluster analysis by Ward method has done and realized. Also, the variance components, heritability (h2), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), and environmental coefficient of variation (ECV) were calculated. Results and DiscussionThe results showed significant difference among the populations for all studied traits. The highest phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) (88.36) was observed for single fruit weight and also the highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) (83.63) was observed for the same trait (single fruit weight). The pulp weight and fruit yield (0.950) had the highest significant positive correlation coefficient and the single fruit weight and fruit number (-0.558) had the highest significant negative correlation coefficient. According to the results of hierarchical cluster analysis, the studied populations were divided into five clusters based on the studied traits. The Tabriz population in the first cluster and the Gharah Bagh-Urmia population in the fourth cluster were superior in the fruit number trait. ConclusionIn this study based on the results of mean comparisons Bash Ghala (from Urmia), Nakhchivan (from Urmia) and Keshtiban (from Urmia) populations were superior in terms of most of the studied traits. Also, Bash Ghala (from Urmia), Nakhchivan (from Urmia) and Keshtiban (from Urmia) populations were in the same cluster had higher fruit yield than other studied populations. Therefore, these populations can be used as one of the top parents in the intersection with other populations to create desirable genetic compounds.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Concentration of Iron and Zinc Elements in Flower at Full Bloom to Some Leaf Parameters, Growth Traits and Yield of Quince Cultivars Seedlings (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) From Iran Grown in Calcareous Soils

Mitra Mirabdulbaghi

Volume 43, Issue 2 , September 2020, , Pages 159-170

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26943.1645

Abstract

Abstract Background and ObjectivesThe objective of this research was to find the relationship between iron and zinc nutrient in flowers at full bloom and the amount of calcium ... Read More Abstract Background and ObjectivesThe objective of this research was to find the relationship between iron and zinc nutrient in flowers at full bloom and the amount of calcium carbonate equivalent in soil and the effectiveness on the leaf parameters {leaf-N, -P, -K, -Mg, Ca, -Fe, -Zn and leaf-B content; leaf area; chlorophyll (SPAD-Value); Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F0:minimum fluorescence; FM: maximum; fluorescence and value of photochemical capacity of photosystem 2 (FV/FM)}, growth traits (shoot length and diameter of shoot), number of flowers at full bloom/tree, number of fruits/trees and yield of quince cultivars seedlings (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) from Iran. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was laid out in a RCBD with split plot arrangement at Kamalabad Research Station in Karaj/Iran.The main plot treatments included calcium carbonate equivalent in soil (13%, 14%, 15%, 16% and 18%) and sub plot included 28 quince cultivars seedlings in Horticulture Research Station of Kamalabad, Karaj during 2016 and 2017. In the present study, a test was carried out using Pearson’s regression and correlation coefficients at P ≤ 0.05 to evaluate the relationships among all studied parameters as well as all 20 parameters with the amount of calcium carbonate equivalent in soil. Cluster analysis (based on Ward’s method) was derived only from traits that were related to the increase of soil lime (zn-, Fe- nutrient in flowers and number of flowers/trees at full bloom, leaf-N content and diameter of shoot). A test for evaluating the relationships between studied parameters by using Pearson’s correlation coefficients at P ≤ 0.05 was the other statistical analysis included in this researchResultsAfter numerous calculations in this research, in the first step, quince cultivars seedlings of the second group (including, Unknown, NB3, AS2, KVD4, NB2, PK2, ET1, ASM3, ASP1) and for the second step, quince cultivars seedlings of the third group (SVS2, NB4, KVD1, ASM2, Oghafespehan, ASM1) of resistant groups and quince cultivars seedlings of the first group (KVD3, Moghavem2, SVS1, KVD2, PH2, ASP2, Sahelborjmoghavem, Moghavem1, SHA1, Gardandar, KM1, Khosro, Behtorsh(of dendrograms of sensitive to high amounts of calcium carbonate equivalent to soil (14-18 %) were evaluated.DiscussionSoils are called calcareous with more than 10% calcium carbonate (Henin, 1977). However, the amount of lime for more than 60% of Iranian soils is variable in a range between 10 to 44% (Anonymus, 1991). Lime-induced iron chlorosis is the most important problem of the quince production in Iran. One of the best alternatives to prevent lime-induced iron chlorosis problems is the use of tolerant plant species or genotypes. Our hypothesis in this study was that flowering indices were highly efficient for estimating the resistance of fruit trees to soil lime, which has also been confirmed by many researchers )Sanz et al., 1993 and 1995 and Adane, 2015). The results of this two-year study were in agreement with the results of the mentioned researchers: the flower indices have the potential to be used for evaluating the tolerance of selected quince genotypes when grown in different soil lime levels

The Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoids and the Antioxidant Capacity in Two Wild Species of Raspberry, Rubus persicus and R. caesius, at Different Maturity Stages of Fruits

Hamed Dadkhah Aghdash; Mehdi Daemi Saeidabad; Mohsen Falahati Anbaran

Volume 42, Issue 3 , December 2019, , Pages 295-306

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26049.1615

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Antioxidants can harness the oxidative stress caused by free radicals by releasing single electrons and hydrogen ions. Myriad plants including ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Antioxidants can harness the oxidative stress caused by free radicals by releasing single electrons and hydrogen ions. Myriad plants including vegetables and fruits express enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant properties which are used by humans to maintain health.. In this study we aim to compare the level of antioxidants and the amount of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds at three different stages of fruit ripening including immature, semi-ripen and fully matured fruits in two species of raspberry after a period of storage at freezer. Materials and Methods Fruits of Rubus persicus and R. caesius were collected at different maturity stages including immature, semi-ripen and fully matured stages from natural habitats. The extracts of fruits were stored at -20 °C for 6 months. The antioxidant activities of extracts were determined using DPPH free radical purification and ferric iron regeneration ability (FRAP) methods in June, 2013 in Research Laboratory of Science and Technology Park of East Azerbaijan province. The content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was also quantified according to Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were compared between species at three maturity stages in a completely randomized factorial design with three replicates. Results Both methods applied to examine the antioxidant activity revealed a high mean value in extracts from fully matured fruits compared with immature and semi-ripen fruits. The magnitude of antioxidant activity was significantly higher in R. caesius than R. persicus except that the amount measured by DPPH free radical purification level was similar between species at only fully matured stage. A significant difference was observed in both total phenolic and flavonoid contents between immature, semi-ripen and fully matured stages in both species (P < 0.05) except that the total flavonoid content was similar between semi-ripen and fully matured fruits in R. caesius. Discussion Results showed that the highest antioxidant capacity was found in the fully matured stage of fruits in both species and thus the fully matured fruits might be capable of counteracting and even neutralizing free radicals. The results also showed that different species had different level of antioxidant activity. The level of total phenolic and flavonoid content at fully matured fruits was also higher than immature fruits in both species. Our results suggest that the antioxidant potential of raspberry can have several medicinal applications and play an important role by reducing the oxidative stress.

The Effect of Free and Controlled Pollination on Fruit and Pistachio Seed Characteristics of Ahmad Aghaei Cultivar

Hassan Farhadi; Mohammad Mehdi Sharifani; Hossein Hokmabadi

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 299-309

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34075.1927

Abstract

IntroductionIran, as the largest producer and exporter of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), is among the major pistachio producing countries in the world including USA, Turkey, Italy and ... Read More IntroductionIran, as the largest producer and exporter of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), is among the major pistachio producing countries in the world including USA, Turkey, Italy and Greece. Due to the altered nature of the pistachio, the high yield of the pistachio is due to the fact that the environment is quite suitable and fertility of the female flowers is high. As the edible and consumable part of this fruit is its brain, it is essential for brain formation, pollination and intercourse. Therefore, it is more important for fruit formation, pollination and blending than many fruits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of artificial parent pollination of integerrima species on seed properties obtained by crossing with Ahmad aghaei and also to compare the effects of integerrima pollen with domestic pistachio pollen on the quantity and quality of pistachio fruit and seed. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely block design with three replications in one of the Astan Qods Razavi pistachio orchards in Bardsaskan-Anabed city, 297 km from Mashhad during 2016-2017. Experimental treatments included two pollinator methods (spray and brush) and five flour-pollen combinations (Table 1). Each replicate had one tree and five branches were selected from each tree with at least three to four flower buds. Four of them were controlled for pollination and one branch was considered for negative control. The branches were insulated by two-layer bags. The fruits were harvested in late summer and some quantitative and qualitative traits were measured. Results and DiscussionThe results of statistical analysis showed that the use of vera free pollen had a significant positive effect on most of the traits compared to other integerrima pollen treatments. On the other hand, integerrima pollen showed better results in IF4 treatment (0.50 g of integerrima pollen + 0.25 g flour) than control and other treatments. Also, the highest reduction of traits was observed in IF1 treatment (2 g of integerrima pollen + 0.25 g of flour) compared to other treatments in most of the traits. On the other hand, spraying method showed more favorable effects on most of the traits than brush pollinator method. Based on the results of this study, it seems that using spray pollinator and pollen of integerrima can reduce some traits such as Indehiscent nut in pistachio orchards. ConclusionIn general, the results showed that supplemental pollination using spray-spraying method in flour-pollen mixtures can be commercially available to increase fruit formation, and reduce osteoporosis to some extent. However, little research is needed on the role of different pollen grains on the quantitative and qualitative traits of the resulting fruits.

Study of the Relationship Between Morphological and Phytochemical Traits of Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) Accessions

Roghayeh Fathi; Mehdi Mohebodini; esmaeil chamani

Volume 44, Issue 3 , December 2021, , Pages 305-319

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32495.1874

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionSummer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is used as a spice and traditional herb in Iran. This plant has shown antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, ... Read More AbstractIntroductionSummer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is used as a spice and traditional herb in Iran. This plant has shown antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, sedative and antimicrobial activities. The basic requirement for plant breeding programs is a germplasm diversity that provides necessary facilities for breeding species with desirable features. Therefore, accurate identification of genotypes is considered as a prerequisite in this manner. Phenotypic characteristics are the first markers that have been used for diversity researches. Materials and MethodsIn this research, 20 accessions of S. hortensis were chosen from Iran, Bulgaria, Germany, Czech, Georgia, Syria, Hungary, Poland, Italy and Uzbekistan. Some morphological and phytochemical characteristics such as internode number, shoot number, number of days to germination, collar diameter, fresh weight of aerial part, bract fresh weight, flower number, peduncle length, 1000-seeds weight, flower fresh and dry weight and essential oil components were studied. The measurements began after the 50% of flowering stage. Results and DiscussionBased on the results of morphological studies, internode number (11.03), shoot number (18.58), 1000-seeds weight (925.97 mg) high variable Uzbekistan accessions were best in this traits. Maximum flower number (26.34) and flower fresh weight (26.14 mg) were obtained from Bulgaria accession. Essential oil amount was higher in Karaj accession. Correlation coefficients among traits showed that fresh weight of aerial part had the highest correlation with flower fresh weight (0.97). Cluster analysis based on Euclidean distance divided the accessions into four major groups in which the third and fourth groups had valuable characteristics. The Bulgaria accession had the highest ɣ-Terpinene and Borneol. The Karaj accession was the best in carvacrol and delta-3-carene content. Clustering from essential oil component assigned accessions into five clusters. It can be suggested that there is a considerable genetic variation among S. hortensis accessions. The main purpose of this study was to determine genetic diversity among S. hortensis accessions from Iran and other parts of the world. Significant differences were found among the accessions in almost every parameter measured. The range of vegetative and flower values obtained in this study was more than those reported in previous researches about S. hortensis. With increasing shoot and leaf number, Iran appears to be the main place to trap sunlight for photosynthesis and consequently provides the condition to produce flowers, seeds and secondary metabolites. Thus, Uzbekistan and Bulgaria accessions having high values of leaf and flower can also be considered for cultivation and breeding programs. ConclusionIn this study, agro-morphological and essential oil properties of S. hortensis accessions originated from Iran and some Asian and European countries were evaluated. The study revealed a high level of diversity in morphological and phytochemical traits among S. hortensis accessions. This needs a breeding approach during the domestication process to obtain homogenous cultivars with suitable agricultural properties. Keywords: Cluster analysis, Essential oil, Genetic diversity

Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative yield of promising sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) hybrids under infection with cyst nematode

Jamshid Soltani Idaliki; Hassan Hamidi; Mozhdeh Kakueinezhad; Masoud Ahmadi; javad rezai

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 319-334

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42990.2081

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionCystic nematode is one of the limiting factors of sugar beet growth. Considering the importance and extent of this nematode in Iran and in order to prevent its damage, ... Read More AbstractIntroductionCystic nematode is one of the limiting factors of sugar beet growth. Considering the importance and extent of this nematode in Iran and in order to prevent its damage, it is recommended to use resistant cultivars. The prerequisite for the development of resistant cultivars is the presence of resistant genotypes. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative yield of new sugar beet hybrids and determining their agronomic value in the field with natural infection under sugar beet cyst nematode in Razavi Khorasan province. Materials and MethodsIn order to determine the agronomic value of advanced sugar beet hybrids, 15 new domestic hybrids along with two resistant (Aria) and sensitive (Sharif) control cultivars were evaluated during the years 2020 and 2021 in the field infected with cystic nematode in Torogh Agricultural Research Station (Mashhad) in the form of randomized complete block design with four repetitions. The investigation of resistance to sugar beet cyst nematode of 17 genotypes was also carried out under greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized design with 10 replications. Muller's method was used to evaluate cultivars under greenhouse conditions. After performing the homogeneity of variances test through Bartlett's test, composite analysis of two years' data was done. By using correlation coefficients between measured parameters, their relationships were compared to each other. In order to group the experimental materials, Ward's cluster analysis was used. LSD test was used at the probability level of five percent to compare the mean of the traits. Results and DiscussionThe combined analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the hybrids in terms of all traits. Mean comparison showed that hybrid SBSI 126 had the highest root yield (57.91 tonha-1). In addition, this hybrid had higher values of sugar content, sugar yield and white sugar yield than the resistant control cultivar (Aria) as well as the average of all genotypes. The SBSI 138 hybrid had the lowest values of root yield, sugar yield, white sugar yield, sugar content and white sugar content, and it was the most sensitive genotype to cyst nematode among the genotypes after the sensitive control variety (Sharif). The results of cluster analysis in the field experiment showed that hybrids SBSI 126, SBSI 129 and SBSI 128 had high yield potential and were placed in one cluster.Correlation coefficients of studied traits showed that the highest positive and significant correlation (0.97) was found between root yield and sugar yield and the highest negative and significant correlation (-0.93) was also obtained between extraction coefficient of sugar and sugar beet molasses. There was a positive and significant correlation at the level of 1%between white sugar yield and root yield (0.85), sugar content (0.40), sugar yield (0.95), potassium (0.57), nitrogen (0.51) and molasses sugar percentage (0.25). While a negative and significant correlation was observed between white sugar yield and alkalinity coefficient (-0.52) at the level of 1%. In this research, there was a significant difference at the level of 1% between the evaluated genotypes in greenhouse conditions in terms of female index of the cyst nematode (FI). The results of cultivar grouping according to Schmidt and Shannon showed that the SBSI 126 genotype with the lowest index (11.66%) has the highest resistance among genotypes. ConclusionIn general, the results showed that the SBSI 126 hybrid can be recommended as a cyst nematode-resistant hybrid for growing in infected fields due to its resistance and high white sugar yield..

Genetic Diversity and Grouping of Winter Barley Genotypes for Root Characteristics and ISSR Markers

Soheila Shayan; Mohammad Moghaddam Vahed; Seyed Abolghasem Mohammadi; Kazem Ghassemi Golezani; Fahimeh Sadeghpour; Ahmad Youssefi

Volume 43, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 323-336

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.27840.1684

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of genetic diversity level is fundamental for identification of desirable parents to be used in different breeding programs, ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of genetic diversity level is fundamental for identification of desirable parents to be used in different breeding programs, and molecular markers have been succssfully taken for the analysis of genetic diversity in various crops. The objective of this study was to inversitgate genetic diversity among 28 genotypes of barley using root and shoot characters and 14 ISSR primers through two separate experiments (greenhouse and molecular experiments). Materials and Methods The greenhouse experiment was carried out as randomized complete block design with two replications in the research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. The traits measured in the greenhouse were root dry weight, root volume, shoot dry weight and ratio of root to shoot dry weight. The molecular experiment was conducted to study the diversity of barley genotypes using 14 ISSR primers. The polymorphic information content and marker index were calculated for each ISSR primer. Results Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes under study for all traits. According to the mean comparisons, genotypes 3, 5, 9 and 20 had higher mean in terms of all characters. The cluster analysis, based on Ward's algorithm and Euclidean distance, grouped genotypes in four clusters. Group 3 had the highest mean in terms of all of the studied characters. Out of 14 ISSR primers used, 11 primers generated scorable and appropriate banding pattern. A total of 559 polymorphic bands with 80-3000 bp were produced. Polymorphic information content was estimated to be between 0.116 and 0.252 with the average of 0.187. The marker index ranged from 3.528 to 27.972 with the mean of 9.704. Classification of the studied barley genotypes was conducted by molecular data using neighbor joining algorithm based on distance coefficient of number of differences, which assigned the genotypes into four groups. There was a concordance between the grouping of genotypes based on molecular data and the characters in the greenhouse, but this concordance was not complete. Association analysis of ISSR markers with measured characteristics of barley genotypes showed that ISSR1 and ISSR5 had significant relationship with most of the root and shoot traits. Discussion Highgenetic diversity was observed among barley genotypes with respect to root and shoot traits. The results showed that ISSR primers have the ability to separate barley genotypes from each other. Also, it seems that ISSR markers under study can be used in marker assisted selection of barley genotypes in breeding programs.

In Vitro Regeneration of Ornamental Crocus (Crocus vernus L.) by Using Plant Growth Regulators

Sara Parvin; Mohammad Hosein Daneshvar; amin lotfi jalal- abadi

Volume 42, Issue 4 , December 2019, , Pages 429-440

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.25898.1603

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Crocus flower, which belongs to Iridaceae family, is one of the most important ornamental bulbous plants. The propagation of Crocus vernus ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Crocus flower, which belongs to Iridaceae family, is one of the most important ornamental bulbous plants. The propagation of Crocus vernus L. by corm is not commercially affordable due to transmission of fungal and bacterial diseases as well as the long dormancy period which takes 4 to 5 months. Thus, in vitro culture of Crocus vernus is a suitable solution for commercial reproduction. Plant tissue culture technique would be a better alternative for improving quality and production. Materials and Methods In order to micropropagate ornamental saffron, the effect of different culture media on direct organogenesis experiment was conducted in factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 3 replications in the tissue culture lab of the Department of Horticulture at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan from 2015 to 2016. The explants used in this experiment were latheral and terminal buds which were evaluated in 10 hormons treatments and control in the Murashige and Skoog medium (MS). To eliminate surface contamination, the explants were first immersed under water for 30 minutes after placing the corms. Next, they were placed in high temperature Benlate fungicide solution (55° C) for 30 minutes. Then, they were put in 70% ethanol (ethyl alcohol) for 30 seconds and 15% Sodium hypochlorite solution for 6 minutes. The explants were finally washed three times with sterile distilled water under the air flow bench. The effects of plant growth regulators including BAP (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/l), TDZ (0.5, 0.75, 1.0 mg/l), Kin (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/l) and 0.1mg/l IBA in direct regeneration were investigated. Results The results showed that the kind of plant growth regulators (PGR) and the explant type are very important in regeneration of Crocus vernus so that we can not secure any shoots without PGR. In direct organogenesis experiment, the maximum number of multiple shoots (15.84) was obtained from apical bud explant in MS medium supplemented with 5/0 mg/l TDZ along with 5/0 mg/l BAP, 5/0 mg/l KIN and 1/0 mg/l IBA, after 10 weeks, that had a significant difference with other treatments at 1% Duncan test. We observed 2.o mg/l BAP along with 1/0 mg/l IBA had the greatest effect on the number of corms. Discussion The results showed the shoot regeneration is controlled by the ratio of cytokinin with auxin. It should be mentioned that cytokinin plays a role in the synthesis of RNA, stimulation of the production of protein, and the activity of some enzymes. The results also indicated that the use of cytokinin along with auxin has a beneficial effect on shoot regeneration.

Evaluation of genetic diversity of some native population of Iranian coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) based on morphological and physiological

Solmaz Nezafat; Mehdi Mohebodini; Rasoul Azarmi; َAsghar Ebadi Segherloo; Roghayeh Fathi

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 449-461

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.37678.1984

Abstract

Introduction Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual plant of the Apiaceae family. The used part of this plant is its seeds and leaves. In addition to oral consumption, coriander ... Read More Introduction Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual plant of the Apiaceae family. The used part of this plant is its seeds and leaves. In addition to oral consumption, coriander is a blood sugar lowering, blood lipid lowering, blood pressure lowering, hypnotic, sedative and anti-anxiety. This plant has shown antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, sedative and antimicrobial activities. The basic requirement for plant breeding programs is a germplasm diversity that provides necessary facilities for breeding species with desirable features. Therefore, accurate identification of genotypes is considered as a prerequisite in this manner. The phenotypical characteristics are the first markers that have been used for diversity researches. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of some coriander Populations in Iran based on morphological and physiological traits, 26 ecotypes were collected from different regions of the country and the experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in field conditions Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 1398. Some morphological and phytochemical characteristics such as Stem diameter, Leaflet Number, Leaf Number, Stem, root and internode length, Total plant height, flower and Leaf fresh and dry weight,Total plant and Root dry weight, Anthocyanin, Total Phenol and essential oil components were studied. The measurements began after the 50% of flowering stage. Results and Discussion The analysis of variance of the data showed a significant difference between the studied traits, which indicates the existence of genetic diversity between coriander populations. there are significant differences between the populations in traits of plant height, stem and root length, nodes, internodes, leaves and leaflets numbers, stem diameter, plant dry weight, root dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf fresh weight, flower fresh weight and total phenol. Comparison of mean traits in total showed that Siahkal and Kashmar populations were superior to other populations in stem diameter (1.74, 1.63 mm), leaf fresh weight (0.57, 0.50 g), number of leaves (11.66, 15.70) and anthocyanin content (0.27, 0.37 mg/g FW). Based on Cluster analysis, divided the studied populations into three major groups. Main purpose of this study was determination of genetic diversity among Coriander accessions from Iran. Significant differences were found among the accessions in almost every parameter measured. Conclusion The range of vegetative and flower values obtained in this study was more than those of reported in previous researches about Coriander. With increasing leaf number and leaf fresh weight that is the main place to trap sunlight for photosynthesis and consequently provides the condition to produce secondary metabolites. Thus, Kashmar accessions with having high values of leaf can be considered for in view point of cultivation and breeding programs.

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

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