Plant Productions

Research Paper - Agroecology

Evaluating APSIM-Barley model for different barley cultivars under water and nitrogen stresses

Hassan Shahbazi; khosro Azizi; Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; Solieman Mohamadi; Naser Akbari

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 1-17

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43267.2092

Abstract

Introduction Background: Crop simulation models provide the possibility to study the effect of agronomic management practices on agricultural production activities in a given location. ... Read More Introduction Background: Crop simulation models provide the possibility to study the effect of agronomic management practices on agricultural production activities in a given location. The models are mechanistic and process-oriented that are able to simulate different agricultural systems (including arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran) through different sub-models (biological, environmental, managerial, and economic sub-models) connected with the main engine of the models. The APSIM-Barley model can be used to evaluate the management practices on barley crop. The current research was carried out to evaluate the APSIM-Barley model in relation to simulating the growth, development, and yield of three barley cultivars (Azaran, Jolgeh, and Bahman) under different conditions of nitrogen and irrigation supplies. Materials and methods In order to evaluate the APSIM-Barley model regarding simulating and quantifying the phenological stages, biomass, and grain yield of different barley cultivars, some independent experiment datasets were used. For crop model calibration, an experiment was conducted in a factorial split plot design at the Agricultural Research Center of Hamedan in 2019. The main factor consisted of three irrigation levels (30-40, 60-70, and 90-100% of the field capacity) and sub-factors included cultivar levels (Azran, Jolgeh, and Bahman as early, mid, and late cultivars, respectively) and three nitrogen levels (zero, medium, and optimum). For model validation, another series of independent datasets in different years consisting of published articles and research projects were used. For assessing the efficiency of the crop model and comparing the simulated and measured values, R2, nRMSE, d-index, and MBE indices were used and OriginPro software was considerd for all statistical analysis and drawing of figures.Results and Discussion The simulation results of APSIM-Barley model in the calibration step showed that nRMSE for days to flowering and maturity was 2.43 and 2.4%, respectively. Also, under full water and nitrogen conditions, nRMSE for the leaf area index of Azaran, Jolgeh and Bahman cultivars was 13.5, 14.1, and 10.7%, respectively, and under severe water and nitrogen stresses, it was 16.5, 18.6, and 26.5% respectively. At this step, and nRMSE and d-index for biomass and grain yield were 24.9% and 0.98 and 15.2% and 0.96, respectively. In model validation step, nRMSE, d-index, R2, MBE were 15.02%, 0.96, 0.82 and 0.34 t ha-1, respectively, for grain yield. ConclusionIn general, the results showed that the APSIM-Barley model was able to simulate the growth, development, and grain yield of different barley cultivars with acceptable accuracy under different water and nitrogen management conditions in different years and regions. Therefore, the APSIM-Barley model can be used as a reliable tool in future studies such as climate change assessment, yield gap analysis, agricultural zoning, and etc. by other researchers..

Research Paper - Horticulture

Evaluation of the fruit quality of Fukumoto, Navelate and Thomson Novel orange cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks

Javad Fattahi Moghadam; Seyedeh Elham Seyedghasemi; Negin Akhlaghi

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 19-35

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43862.2102

Abstract

IntroductionIt is important to attend the physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, especially in newly introduced cultivars that may be unknown to the consumer. Nutritive ... Read More IntroductionIt is important to attend the physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, especially in newly introduced cultivars that may be unknown to the consumer. Nutritive compounds in fruit are usually influenced by variety, rootstock and post-harvest conditions. In this article, the results related to the evaluation of the fruit quality of three varieties of oranges on two rootstocks have been examined at harvest time and during storage.Materials and methodsFruit of Thomson Novel, Fukumoto, and Navelate oranges on two rootstocks including Swingle Citrumelo and Citrange C-35 were harvested when TSS/TA reached about 6.5-7. Fruits were evaluated at the harvest time and then stored in cool storage (5oC, RH=85%) for 60 days. The fruit quality were checked on the 30th and 60th days of storage for two years. Evaluated Characteristics included fruit lenght, width, thickness; arithmetic, geometric, equivalent diameter and harmonic means ; fruit aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, true volume, apparent volume, volume error, density, weight, weight loss, peel thickness, juice percentage, peel color indices (L*, a*, b*, hue angle, chroma and CCI), total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), technological index (TI), total phenol, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity and organoleptic evaluation.ResultsThe fruit of Navelate orange on Citrumelo rootstock and Fukumoto orange on C-35 rootstock had smaller physical characteristics than Thomson Novel. In all treatments, the shape of the fruit was balanced and without elongation or indentation. The fruit of Navelate on Citrumelo (aspect ratio: 96.96) was slightly elongated. Navelate variety on C-35 produced larger and heavier fruit similarly Thomson fruit. The volume error in Fukumoto and Navelate varieties and on both rootstocks was less than the control. At the time of harvest, the fruit of the Fukumoto had a thicker peel (more than 4 mm) on both rootstocks than the other cultivars. The amount of juice percentage was not significantly different than control at harvest time, but at the end of storage, the fruit of Navelate on the C-35 had the lowest (35.73%) of juice percentage. Fukumoto and Navelate fruits on both rootstocks had higher TI index than Thomson at harvest time. The TSS at harvest time was the lowest (9.22 and 9.78 respectively) only in the fruits of Thomson and Navelate on Citrumelo rootstock. Navelate and Thomson fruits had higher TA on C-35 rootstock. In all treatments, the amount of TA decreased during storage. Fukumoto fruit on C-35 had the highest TSS/TA ratio, which was preserved during storage. The fruit of Navelate had a lower TSS/TA level at the harvest time on both rootstocks (7.12 and 7.5). At the time of harvest, the average ascorbic acid in all three cultivars on C-35 rootstock was higher than the same cultivars on Citrumelo rootstock. The value of a*, hue angle, and CCI of the skin of Navelate orange with a negative value were different from the other cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks (-1.12 and -0.61 respectively). The antioxidant capacity of Fukumoto fruit was 43.99% on Citrumelo and 62.12% on C-35 rootstock at the harvest time. The amount of antioxidant capacity and total phenol increased during storage. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the Fukumoto as Thomson, scored better in relations to peel and pulp appearance, sourness, aroma and taste than the fruit of the same cultivars on the C-35 rootstock. Navelate fruit produced higher score in terms of taste and sweetness (7) on Citrumelo rootstock than C-35 (6) rootstock.ConclusionBased on the TSS/TA ratio, it was determined that Fukumoto and Navelate oranges are early and late ripening respectively. Citrumelo rootstock increased late ripening in Navelate fruit and contrary C-35 rootstock increased early ripening in Fukumoto fruit. According to the a* and CCI indices, the Navelate fruits did not have suitable coloring at the time of harvest, and Citrumelo rootstock delayed the color change of the fruit skin. In general, the organoleptic characteristics of the fruit on C-35 were better than Citrumelo. Finally, it seems that the combination of Navelate/C-35 is more suitable than Navelate/Citrumelo. Fukumoto/C-35 combination is suitable for having early ripening fruit..

Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Evaluation of phenological characteristics, light consumption efficiency and growth indicators of rapeseed cultivars under the condition of no irrigation and increased levels of plant density

Hana Aboodeh; Abdelmahdi Bakhshandeh; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Seyed Amir Moosavi

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 37-52

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43064.2086

Abstract

IntroductionGrowth analysis has a significant perspective on the function of agricultural plants. In the early stages of plant growth, the growth indicators, including the leaf area ... Read More IntroductionGrowth analysis has a significant perspective on the function of agricultural plants. In the early stages of plant growth, the growth indicators, including the leaf area index, the growth rate of the product decreases, and then due to suitable vegetation, the absorption of light radiation is better, and the accumulation of plant dry matter also increases, and after that Due to aging and yellowing, the leaves are reduced. The amount of light radiation absorbed by the plant varies during the growth period, which depends on the leaf surface index and the arrangement of the leaves of the plant. Material and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in the research farm of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2021-2022. In this research, the effect of three factors of irrigation interruption, cultivars and density was investigated in the form of factorial split with the base design of randomized complete blocks in three replications. The factor (no interruption of irrigation (control), interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering until the formation of 50% of the pod and interruption irrigation at the stage of pod formation until harvest the main factor, rapeseed cultivars Hayola 4815 and Aram and plant density per meter square (80, 110 and 140 plants per square meter) were considered as secondary factors. Results and DiscussionIrrigation interruption caused a decrease in growth indicators, including the amount of plant dry matter accumulation, leaf surface index, and leaf surface durability. The changes in harvest index and durability of leaf surface and accumulation of dry matter at the beginning of the development of leaves had a slow trend until a little before the appearance of inflorescences, but after that the slope of the mentioned parameters increased. During the experiment, changes in growth parameters including LAI, LAD, RGR, CGR and TDW were evaluated. At the beginning of the plant growth season, the growth rate of the product was low due to the lack of complete vegetation cover and proper light consumption efficiency. In all treatments, with the passage of time, the growth rate of the crop was gradually increasing and it reached the maximum value in the reproductive stages and then went through a decreasing process. The effects of stopping irrigation on dry weight were evident and the accumulation of dry matter was observed during the increasing time. which can be due to the increase in dry weight of stems, leaves and reproductive organs over time. Also The relative growth rate also showed an increasing trend with the increase of the leaf area index at first and then a decreasing trend. ConclusionIt seems that the second-stage irrigation interruption treatment at a density of 80 plants per square meter and Haiola 4815 variety, by maintaining more green area through more leaf surface durability and lower light consumption in the condition of irrigation interruption at the end of the growing season, was able to achieve a higher RUE100 compared to other treatments. to dedicate The highest seed yield (1572.61 kg per hectare) was obtained from the density of 110 plants per square meter and Hayola variety 4815..

Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Evaluation of pear seedlings P.betulifolia for tolerance to lime-induced chlorosis

Mitra Mirabdulbaghi; Hamid Abdollahi; Mahyar Tavusi; Ali Rezaei

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 53-64

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45717.2137

Abstract

Introduction The aim of this research is to introduce the superior characteristics of P.betulifolia pear rootstock in comparison to the commercial Pyrodwarf (control) in terms of leaf ... Read More Introduction The aim of this research is to introduce the superior characteristics of P.betulifolia pear rootstock in comparison to the commercial Pyrodwarf (control) in terms of leaf parameters {leaf-N, -K, -Mg, Ca, -Fe, -Zn and leaf-B content; leaf area; chlorophyll (SPAD-Value); Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F0:minimum fluorescence; FM: maximum; fluorescence and value of photochemical capacity of photosystem 2 (FV/FM)}, growth traits (shoot length, diameter of shoot) under active lime tolerance in heavy-textured to clayey soils. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in a factorial design within the construction of a completely randomized blocks design, using pots. The factors included: 1- Soils with lime in the range of 15% (texture: clay-loam), 20% (texture: clay), 25% (texture: loam), and 45% (texture: sandy loam). 2- Rootstocks P.betulifolia, Pirrodwarf (as a control). In total, the experiment was carried out on 120 units (5 different levels of soil lime * 2 non-grafted rootstocks * 3 replications * 4 trunk of each studied rootstock/). Data analysis was performed using SPSS and SAS software, involving mean comparisons using Duncan’s method and determining regression relationships.The preparation of pots was carried out as follows: initially, drainage holes were created at the bottom of plastic pots and covered with gravel. Then, a layer of sand and gravel was added to the depth of the pots, followed by the application of animal manure. At this stage, the soils under study, representing different combinations of texture and lime treatments, were added to the 3-kilogram pots. Each pot’s soil composition consisted of 1/3 sand and gravel, 1/3 animal manure, and the remaining being the specified soil samples. Prior to commencing the experiment, the soil samples underwent chemical analysis to determine their general characteristics, including total neutralizing value (TNV), saturation pH, electrical conductivity, soil texture, and organic matter content. In this research, the “Chlorosis Power Index” (CPI) was employed using the formula: CPI = 10000 * (active lime) / (Fe, ppm) ² to estimate the intensity of chlorosis resulting from soil liming for the studied rootstocks. The iron content, extracted as active iron (Fe, ppm) ² using ammonium oxalate, was reported in milligrams per liter, while CPI was reported in milligrams per kilogram. Results P.betulifolia rootstock, compared to the control rootstock Pyrodwarf, showed lower sensitivity to the soil’s “Chlorosis Power Index.” Negative and significant regression relationships between the increase in the soil’s “Chlorosis Power Index” and the investigated traits were not observed in the P.betulifolia rootstock. Conclusion Notably, P.betulifolia demonstrated superior features, including active lime soil tolerance up to 45% lime (sandy loam texture and alkaline pH), in terms of leaf uptake of nutrients such as potassium, boron, total iron, and active iron, chlorophyll content, and growth traits like leaf length, leaf width, height, and trunk diameter.

Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Effect of foliar application of amino acids on some physiological processes of oil rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) under late-season drought stress conditions

Esmaeil Fayaz; ALI SOROOSHZADEH; Ali Heidarzadeh

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 65-83

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45873.2138

Abstract

Introduction Oil rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) stands out as a precious oilseed plant cultivated globally, ranking as the third major source of oil production. The cultivation of this ... Read More Introduction Oil rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) stands out as a precious oilseed plant cultivated globally, ranking as the third major source of oil production. The cultivation of this plant is expanding due to its notable nutritional and economic advantages. However, the arid and semi-arid climate of Iran poses a challenge to rapeseed cultivation, particularly with the occurrence of water deficit stress towards the end of the season. Various strategies are employed to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress and enhance plant tolerance. One effective method involves the application of biological stimulants, such as amino acids. These compounds can stimulate plant growth and development, under optimal conditions and stress. Amino acids play direct and indirect roles in physiological metabolism, facilitating nutrient exchange and structural activities. This includes the augmentation of photosynthetic pigment concentration, enhancement of photosynthesis rate, and increased protein synthesis, particularly under stress conditions. In consideration of the significance of oil and the role of rapeseed in oil production, along with the challenges posed by drought stress during the reproductive growth stages of rapeseed, this study was conducted to examine the impact of foliar application of amino acids on the physiological parameters of oil rapeseed under conditions of irrigation interruption at the end of the season. Materials and methods This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of amino acids on the physiological characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigments of oil rapeseed under withholding irrigation at the end of the season (reproductive growth stage) as factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University, during the 2022-2023 growing season. The investigated factors were three levels of irrigation (full irrigation during the season, withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage, withholding irrigation from pod forming) and five levels of foliar spraying (no foliar spraying, zero foliar spraying (distilled water), one, two and three grams of amino acids per liter) in stem elongation, flower-bud emergence, and flowering stages. The experimental plots included four planting rows and three meters in length. In the field, one week after the last foliar spraying, photosynthetic and transpiration rates and various fluorescence parameters were measured using a portable gas exchange and Mini-PAM device, respectively. Moreover, pigments (including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid) in the fresh plant samples were determined in the laboratory. After ensuring the normality of the residual of data, statistical analysis was performed using SAS software (version 4.9.) to compare the average data. The LSD test was used at the five percent level. Results Physiological and biochemical traits were adversely impacted by water deficit stress, as evidenced by the withholding of irrigation. This stress condition significantly decreased various characteristics, including maximum photosystem efficiency, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and levels of photosynthetic pigments. However, applying amino acids via foliar spray mitigated the adverse effects of drought stress. The results indicated that the photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, intercellular CO2/ambient CO2 ratio, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly influenced by the interaction between drought stress and foliar application of amino acids. The results indicated that the foliar application of two grams of amino acids per liter significantly increased various physiological parameters compared to the control group. Specifically, it resulted in a 22% enhancement in the photosynthesis rate, an 80% improvement in stomatal conductance, a 30% elevation in transpiration rate, a 40% rise in chlorophyll b, and a 27% increase in carotenoid levels. Conversely, the foliar spraying of one gram of amino acids per liter yielded the highest levels of chlorophyll a and the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II. These values were 20% and 5.5%, respectively, different from those observed in the control group. Also, the highest grain yield was obtained under withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage (1440 kg ha-1), withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage (2346 kg ha-1) and full irrigation during the season (4514 kg ha-1) with foliar application of 2 grams of amino acid per liter. Conclusion Based on the findings, the most favourable impact of foliar application of amino acids on the investigated traits was observed at a concentration of two grams per liter of water. Notably, the enhancement of these traits has a direct correlation with seed yield. Consequently, considering the substantial influence of these traits on the improvement of seed yield (22.4% and 61.4% under full irrigation and irrigation interruption conditions, respectively), the recommendation is to employ foliar spraying of two grams of amino acids per liter. This application is suggested to enhance rapeseed's physiological and biochemical characteristic across all three irrigation regimes, including full irrigation and interruption of irrigation from the flowering and budding stages.

Research Paper - Agronomy

Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative yield of some new sugar beet hybrids in Nir climatic conditions

Farhad Sanaii Niiri; salim farzaneh; Ali Asghari; Seyede Yalda Raeisi Sadati; Abazar Rajabi

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 85-100

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45256.2131

Abstract

Introduction Today, after about 200 years of sugar beet history, about 40% of the sucrose needed by humans is supplied through this crop 1.8% of the country's sugar beet is produced ... Read More Introduction Today, after about 200 years of sugar beet history, about 40% of the sucrose needed by humans is supplied through this crop 1.8% of the country's sugar beet is produced in Ardabil province. Pathogens of sugar beet leaves and roots are among the factors that affect the quantity and quality of sugar beet products and in many cases prevent the development and even limit the cultivation of this product. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted to evaluate different quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet (20 hybrids) in the research field of Nair using a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019. For this study, 20 sugar beet monogerm hybrids that were produced in Ardabil Agricultural Research Station along with 9 paternal and maternal parents were used. To determine the effective traits on root and sugar yield and percentage of extractable sugar from cluster analysis and to determine the correlation coefficient Peberson method was used. Results The results showed that the characteristics of the percentage of green cover of the field, the number of plants and the amount of sodium and potassium at the probability level of five percent and the traits of number of total and branched roots, amount of harmful nitrogen, alkalinity coefficient, molasses sugar percentage, gross and pure sugar yield, root yield and green-yellowness score had a significant difference among the hybrids at the probability level of 1%. Also, for the attribute number of hybrid plant number 17 and number of roots of hybrid number 7, they were superior to other hybrids. In the current research, the maximum infection with rhizomania disease (13.7%) was observed in hybrid number 9, and the lowest amount belonged to two hybrids number 10 and 12. The highest amount of sodium and potassium was in hybrid 15, while hybrid number 20 had the highest amount of harmful nitrogen. Hybrid 3 had the highest alkalinity coefficient, while the highest percentage of molasses sugar belonged to hybrid 15. The highest yield of gross, pure and root sugar (respectively 10.69, 8.193 and 85.59 tons per hectare) was obtained from hybrid 12 and the lowest values belonged to hybrid 3. Conclusions In general, in terms of performance indicators, hybrids number 3, 12 and 15 were the most suitable hybrids compared to other hybrids.

Research Paper - Weed Sciences

Investigating integrated weed control on yield and yield components and qualitative traits of canola in rotation with corn

Negar Atashbar; Ali Monsefi; Esfandiar Fateh

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 101-115

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.43934.2106

Abstract

Introduction Conservation tillage practices and the presence of crop residues on the soil surface have a positive effect on crop yields by reducing the germination and establishment ... Read More Introduction Conservation tillage practices and the presence of crop residues on the soil surface have a positive effect on crop yields by reducing the germination and establishment of weeds during crop growth. The presence of weeds is one of the most important factors that reduce agricultural products in the world and it leads to a large reduction in the yield of agricultural products. Weeds, as one of the effective limiting factors for canola cultivation, cause a decrease in the yield of canola due to the competition in absorbing the environmental resources of growth such as nutrients, radiation, and water. On the other hand, mixing weed seeds with canola reduces the quality of its oil. Therefore, this experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the integrated management of weeds and alternating plowing on the yield and some agricultural characteristics of canola in the conditions of Ahvaz. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of sequential tillage and weed management, research was conducted in the year 2021-2022 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz. The lay out of this research was an experimental design of split plots in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor of tillage in three levels: 1) zero tillage-zero tillage, 2) reduce tillage-conventional tillage and 3) Conventional tillage-zero tillage and the sub-plot of weed control in six levels: 1) control, 2) hand weeding, 3) cycloxidem herbicide 2 liters per hectare in installments of 15 and 30 days after sowing, 4) cycloxidem herbicide 2 liters per hectare at 30 days after sowing, 5) crop residues as surface mulch (maize @ 5 tons per hectare) and 6) crap residues + cycloxidem herbicide was 1.5 liters per hectare at 30 days after sowing. Statistical analysis of data was done using SAS software and comparison of averages with LSD method. Results and Discussion The results of the experiment showed that the highest seed number per silique, the highest seed yield, the highest biological yield, and the percentage of oil in the treatment were related to the mutual effects of conventional tillage and manual weeding. The highest silique number per plant and 1000 seeds weight were in the conditions of conventional tillage and the application of 2 liters of herbicide per hectare in installments. The highest rate of harvest index was obtained with 26.80 percent in the condition without tillage and the application of 2 liters of cycloxidum herbicide per hectare in installments. Conclusion The use of conventional tillage and the use of cycloxidum herbicide 2 liters per hectare in division along with manual weeding can be effective in controlling weeds and increasing crop yield. In other hand the use of integrated management of weeds and the use of an effective combination of different methods of weed control with sequential tillage, which is effective in terms of society and the environment, and can reduce the damage caused by weeds and burning of residue.

Research Paper - Tissue Culture

Effect of proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan and moderate salinity stress on in vitro microtuberization of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Agria

roghayeh ghasemi; alireza motallebiazar; sima panahirad; amin jahanian

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 117-130

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43532.2097

Abstract

Introduction In recent years, the application of nanoparticles has been used successfully in plant tissue culture, which has a tremendous impact on the removal of microbial contamination ... Read More Introduction In recent years, the application of nanoparticles has been used successfully in plant tissue culture, which has a tremendous impact on the removal of microbial contamination of the explant through the use of these materials and also the positive role of these materials in callus formation, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, somaclonal variation and production of secondary metabolites. Proline is a proteogenic amino acid that accumulates as a useful solvent in plants under both stress and non-stress conditions. Recent discoveries indicate that proline plays an important role in plant growth and differentiation throughout the life cycle. Chitosan was found to enhance secondary metabolite production in cell suspensions and calli of various species applied in micropropagation, chitosan could improve plantlet quality in vitro, in consequence facilitating the subsequent acclimatization of plantlets to ex vitro conditions. The aim of this work was to investigate whether the in vitro application of nanocomposite and moderate salinity can improve microtuberization. Materials and Methods After the cultivation, the jars containing the explants were transferred to the growth chamber under absolute darkness and at a temperature of 18±2°C. The cultures were kept in these conditions for 4 months without sub culturing the samples for this purpose. MS medium containing 80 g of sucrose, containing proline at concentrations of 20 and 40 mg L-1, chitosan at a concentration of 240 mg L-1, proline 20 and chitosan 240 mg L-1, proline 40 and chitosan 240 mg L-1, 120 mg L-1, proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan 120 and 240 mg L-1 and control treatment, as well as non-salinity treatments with the same compounds and concentrations mentioned for salinity were cultured. Factorial experiment was conducted base on a completely randomized design with three replications on single nude explants of mentioned cultivar. Results and Discussion The results of this study show that moderate salinity has a significant effect on the first, second, third and last month of microtuberization. (in 1% level). The results of the comparison of mean microtuber yield showed that the highest yield was obtained when 240 mg of chitosan was treated with 20 mg / l of proline at moderate salinity with an average weight of 210 mg. Moreover, a concentration of 20 mg / l proline alone in moderate salinity was not sufficient to stimulate microtubers., but a concentration of 40 mg L-1 proline in mild salinity was satisfactory. According to the results of this study, it can be suggested that the use of chitosan compounds with proline and the use proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan with moderate salinity can be used to produce suitable microtuberization in the in vitro conditions of potatoes. In order to prove our results with the results of previous researchers, the results of chitosan application experiment on the growth and yield of miniature showed that application of 500 mg L-1 chitosan produced minituber weighing more than 1.5 g per seedling. Chitosan increased other traits including number of minituber per seedling, number of leaves per seedling and seedling length (Asghari-Zakaria et al., 2009). In the study of the effect of cobalt nanoparticles on the morphological characteristics of Santana cultivar in vitro, it was observed that the presence of cobalt nanoparticles caused the formation of microtubers faster, also the maximum size and function of microtubers from the combination of 2.5 mg. Cobalt nanoparticles with 80 g L-1 sucrose were obtained (Hamza, 2019). Conclusions In this experiment, proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan was successfully synthesized and according to the obtained results, it can be used in plant tissue culture and in vitro microtuberization. In the field of potato microtuberization, the use of nanocomposite showed a significant increase in the number of microtubers compared to the control, which showed a significant effect in the late stages of microtuberization. Also, the use of moderate salinity with treatment nanocomposite is effective for stimulating microtuberization, which increases microtubers yield. Based on the results of this experiment, a concentration of 120 mg L-1 proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan is a more suitable concentration for potato microtuberization.

Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

Antioxidative and pigment response of Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) to Zinc oxide and Cerium dioxide nano elicitors

Hadiseh Sadeghi; Jafar Ahmadi; Farhad Habibzadeh; Sedigheh Fabriki Ourang

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 131-146

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44522.2119

Abstract

Introduction Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is a perennial and woody shrub that grows in different regions of Iran and the world. The Berberidaceae family has a high potential ... Read More Introduction Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is a perennial and woody shrub that grows in different regions of Iran and the world. The Berberidaceae family has a high potential in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Elicitors are biotic or abiotic stimulators that can induce responses in plants. Abiotic elicitors are used to increase secondary metabolites in plants. Nanoparticles have minimum dimensions between one and 100 nanometers, which have specific physical and chemical properties. Like many nanoparticles, zinc oxide and cerium dioxide nanoparticles are toxic to living organisms. The mechanism of toxicity of nanoparticles is generally contributed to the induction of oxidative stress which lead to the formation of free radicals. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide and cerium dioxide can increase the antioxidant capacity of plants by stimulating oxidative stress. Material and methods In order to study the changes in the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Japanese barberry under the influence of abiotic elicitors, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse and laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Imam Khomeini International University in 2019. Treatments were included zinc oxide elicitors (0.1 g/L) and cerium dioxide nanoparticles (0.0002 g/L) and control (no elicitor). In this research, the amounts of protein, antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments in tissues of Japanese barberry were measured. Data analysis was done with SAS 9.1.3 statistical software. Comparison of means was done with Duncan's multiple range test and graphs were drawn using Excel software. Results and Discussion The results of the data analysis of variance showed that the effect of treatment with cerium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticle elicitors on the amount of leaf protein, antioxidant activity and also the amount of photosynthetic pigments was significant. Comparison of the means showed that these two elicitors increased the leaf protein content by 26.2% and 12.4%, respectively, compared to the control, but they did not have a significant effect on the root protein content. Cerium dioxide decreased the activity of guaiacol peroxidase enzyme by 77.1% in the root; But in leaves, the activity of this enzyme increased by 134.8% due to treatment with zinc oxide. The highest activity of leaf superoxide dismutase enzyme (25.2% increase compared to control) was related to zinc oxide treatment. The lowest content of catalase enzyme in leaves and roots was obtained with cerium dioxide and zinc oxide. Zinc oxide increased the activity of leaf ascorbate peroxidase enzyme by 111.8%; In the root, the highest and lowest activity levels of this enzyme were obtained in the control and cerium dioxide treatments, respectively. Both elicitors significantly increased the leaf peroxidase enzyme activity compared to the control (128.6% and 157.1%, respectively); However, only the treatment with zinc oxide caused a significant increase of 25.5% in the activity of this enzyme in the root. The highest activity of glutathione reductase enzyme in leaf and root was observed in zinc oxide treatment (23.3% and 12.5% increase compared to control). Nano zinc oxide increased the amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoid in the leaves compared to the control by 93.4 and 67.5%, respectively. Conclusion It was concluded that zinc oxide nanoparticles elicitor had the greatest effect in increasing the amount of photosynthetic pigments and enzyme activity. By using this elicitor in Japanese barberry culture, the amount of antioxidant enzymes can be increased and the extract can be used as a strong antioxidant in pharmaceutical products. .

Research Paper - Medicinal Aromatic Plants

The effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine on essential oil yield and composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

Saeideh Alizadeh-salteh; Somayeh Najjarzadeh; jaber panahandeh; ghasem eghlima

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, Pages 147-160

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45206.2129

Abstract

Introduction Secondary metabolites have a complex structure which is produced by chemical bio-synthesis. Therefor, they are mostly extracted from wild or cultivated plants. The essences ... Read More Introduction Secondary metabolites have a complex structure which is produced by chemical bio-synthesis. Therefor, they are mostly extracted from wild or cultivated plants. The essences are natural, complex and volatile secondary metabolites which are mostly produced in medicinal and aromatic plants. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), a hybrid from M. aquatica and M. spicata, is an herbaceous and perennial plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. It is widely cultivated in temperate regions of Europe, Asia, America, India and Mediterranean countries due to its commercial value and unique odor. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the influence of putrescine treatment at three levels including 0, 0.1 and 1 mM, and salicylic acid treatment at three levels including 0, 0.1 and 1 mM, on the yield performance and essence components of peppermint, a field factorial experiment was performed based on complete blocks design with three replications at Research Station of Tabriz University during 2019. Peppermint seedling were prepared from Agricultural Jihad Organization of Bostan Abad and cultivated at a distance of 30×30 cm. Foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine was carried out twice during vegetative stage of plants (with one week interval). Harvesting and bio-chemical assessments were done at stage of 25 % flowering. The essential oil of peppermint was assessed to identify its main components. Results and Discussion The results of the current study showed that the average yield of essential oil in plants treated with 1 mM salicylic acid was significantly increased compared to the control. A total of 24 compounds were identified in the essential oil of peppermint aerial parts. The main components of the essential oil were included menthone, menthol, L-menthol and 1,8-cineole. Menthone and menthol constituted 26.14 and 23.21 % of essential oil, respectively. Different concentrations of salicylic acid and putrescine increased the production rate of menthone, menthol, l-menthol and methyl acetate compounds in the essential oil compared to the control. The concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid had the greatest effect on the production of essential oil compounds. The correlation results between essential oil compounds showed that menthone has a positive and significant correlation with methyl acetate. Similarly, foliar application of salicylic acid (10 mM) and indole-3-acetic acid (1.5 mg L-1) increased the content of main component of peppermint and lemon balm. In the other study, foliar application of lemon balm plants with salicylic acid and putrescine caused a considerable increase in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes content which was in line with obtained results of the present study. Conclusion The plant growth regulators used in this research increased the yield and composition of the essential oil of aerial parts of peppermint, which shows that both salicylic acid and putrescine have a high potential in increasing the potency and chemical composition of the essential oil in the peppermint plant and probably in other aromatic crops. Therefore, foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine during vegetative growth of peppermint could be introduced as influential technique to improve qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this aromatic and medicinal plant.

The Most Suitable Method and Time of Ber Tree (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) Budding in Ahvaz

Aziz Torahi; Majid Alihori

Volume 34, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 81-86

Abstract

Ber (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) is one of the tropical and subtropical fruit trees that grow in different countries in Europe, America, Africa, Australia, and Asia including Iran. Ber ... Read More

Effects of harvest time and packing method on fruit quality and Cold-Storage duration of "Gorban Maragheh" apricot cultivar

M. Zarrinbal; A. Dabbagh Mohammadinasab; R. Rasouli Pirouzian

Volume 36, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 1-11

Abstract

Apricot because of its high respiration rate and rapid ripening process has short storage life and so should be marketed immediately after harvest. Harvesting of apricot in suitable ... Read More

Induction of Transgenic Hairy Roots in Medicinal Plant Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) by Agrobacterium Rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation

A Jalilian; A A; F N; S.Z H

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.12057

Abstract

Background and Objectives Opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the oldest known medicinal plants. Since the potential of medicinal components production in medicinal ... Read More Background and Objectives Opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the oldest known medicinal plants. Since the potential of medicinal components production in medicinal plants is very limited in natural conditions, plant tissue culture, as a new technology, has an important role in industrial production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Among different tissue culture systems, hairy root is very stable in hormone-free culture conditions and these roots stably produce secondary metabolites over a long period due to their inherent genetic and biochemical stability. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of some different parameters on optimization of hairy production in P. somniferum. Materials and methods In the present research, for the optimization of hairy root in papaver, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The factors included different Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (ATCC15834, A4 and GMI9534), medium (MS and ½ MS medium), two temperatures (17 and 25 °C) at co-cultivation period, and two different explants (excised shoot and hypocotyl). Different traits were evaluated including percentage of induced hairy roots, number of lateral branches/1cm, number of hairy root per explants and days after inoculation (DAI). Results Hairy roots were induced at the wound site of explants after weeks of culture. Analysis of the results showed that strain ATCC15834, ½ MS medium, temperature 25 °C and excised shoot explant were the best treatment combination for hairy roots induction in the poppy plant. Transformed hairy roots were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using rolB gene specific primers. Discussion All of the A. rhizogenes strains led to hairy root induction, but there were no hairy roots formed from control explants. Differences in virulence, morphology and growth rate can be partially explained by the variety of plasmids harbored by the A. rhizogenesis strains. In the present study, excised shoot explants were highly and significantly susceptible to infection by each strain of A. rhizogenes and hypocotyl explants showed low rate of hairy root induction.

Effect of Different Ploidy Levels on Pollen Grain Fertility, Seed Germination and Seedling Transplanting Ability of Eggplant

H. Kaveh; H. Neamati

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.18116.1350

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important crop with a wide range of fruit shapes and colors. Breeding programs in eggplant focus ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important crop with a wide range of fruit shapes and colors. Breeding programs in eggplant focus mainly on fruit quality. Production of commercial triploid cultivars and emission of seeds in fruits may increase acceptability by consumer and increase fruit quality. Induced tetraploidy and cross between di and tetraploid parental line is a conventional method used in different fruits and vegetables like watermelon. The current study aim to find how may induced tetraploidy affect pollen grain quality, its fertility, seed and transplant vigor in different eggplant cultivars. Materials and Methods Aiming to investigate autotetraploidy in four qultivars of Solanum melongena L., Keshtzar, Yalda, Chahboland and Passargad on fertility, number of days till fruit-set, germination rate and percentage and successful transplanting percentage, a survey was done in a completely randomized design. Tetraploid plants were derived from seed maceration/shoot tip treatment (0.5, 1 and 2 percent of colchicine). To ensure ploidy level, chromosome counting of root tips and flow-cytometry was done during the experiment. To quantify germination percentage and rate, 15 seeds of each cultivar in each ploidy level were placed in petri-dishes in three replications. The seeds of each ploidy form were sown in seedling trays and after seedling period, plugs were transplanted in field for evaluation of characteristics in different ploidy levels. Growth and development rate of plant in seedling stage observed since seeds were cultivated. As soon as hypocotyl appeared on the surface, they were counted. Then seedling emergence and rate were calculated. To test viability of pollen grains, they were stained using acetocarmen. In order to find best parental lines, 18 plants from each cultivar and in each ploidy level were cultivated in the greenhouse condition in three replications. Then all plants were crossed competley (direct and reciprocal). Di and tetraploid plants were tested to find out which one would be better as which parent. Results Number of days till fruit-set, characteristics of seed and seedling and growth rate in seedling stage were significantly (P≤5%) influenced by changes on levels of poloidy. Pollen grain staining with acetocarmine for evaluation of fertility percentage in pollen grains showed that with an increase in ploidy level, fertility may significantly increase (P≤5%). In an effort to triploid plant production, none of the crosses between di and tetraploid plant could bear fruit. Discussion With the overall results, despite slower growth, can be tetraploid plant, due to improved germination and seedling emergence, survival and reproductive capabilities, higher transplanting success in this category of plants, induced increase in the number of chromosomal bundles can be considered as a good way to create genetic variation and prepare parental lines with desirable traits for use in the breeding programs.

The Effect of Planting Date on Phonological Stages and Quantity Traits of Four Winter Rapeseed Cultivars in Yasouj

M.H F; A Y; M M; H B; H F

Volume 35, Issue 2 , September 2012, , Pages 99-113

Abstract

In order to study the effect of planting date on phonological stages and quantity traits of four cultivars of winter rapeseed, an experiment was carried out in 2008-2009 at the research ... Read More

Research Paper

Impact of intensive, sustainable and organic agriculture systems of grain yield and energy use efficiency in sesame, mung bean and corn crops

aram gorooei; amir aynehband; afraseyab rahnama

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2020

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32356.1871

Abstract

Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the ... Read More Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the patterns of energy consumption on agriculture will necessary. In addition, study of energy trend in environmental impact of agriculture activity (Baran and Gokdogan, 2017; Ozkan et al, 2004). Materials and methods: This study was conducted at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during the summer of 2018. Statistic design was split-plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main factor was agriculture production systems including: 1- intensive (all inputs including fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide were chemical). 2- Sustainable (management of this system farming was the combination of both the organic and intensive systems) 3- organic (In this system farming, all inputs were organic and biological, and haven't used chemical fertilizers and poisons, control of weeds were mechanical). the sup-plot was three crops including corn (cereal), mung bean (legume) and sesame (oil seed). In this research, all input and output energy equivalent was measured, also, energy efficiency indices were calculated. Results: Results showed that grain yield of all three crops including corn, mung bean and sesame was the highest in conventional and the lowest in organic system. lowest (1.18) and highest (3.69) energy efficiency was belonged to intensive sesame and organic corn, respectively. We have found that Highest (34396.34 MJha-1) and lowest (8247 MJ ha-1) input belonged to intensive corn and organic mung bean, respectively. Energy intensive corn had the Highest (59649) net energy index but this index in sesame was the highest level (7032) at organic production systems. On the other hand, organic corn yield was reduced almost 30 percent in compared with intensive corn yield. But in return, input energy organic corn than intensive corn was reduced almost 50 percent. In other words, in the production of organic corn, reducing input energy (denominator) was much more effective in determining energy efficiency than reducing output energy (numerator). This subject has made the production of organic corn has the most energy efficiency. Therefore, in organic corn reducing inputs has been more effective that output in determining energy efficiency index. The comparison of means was performed using SAS software with Duncan’s method. Conclusion: For agricultural evaluation of both different crop production systems and crops we should be consideration set of agro ecological indices according to both production history (energy use efficiency, net energy, energy productivity and special energy) and agronomic culture (human productivity, agrochemical energy and co2 emissions) in each agriculture region. Also, we must consider the combine of optimum level of both crop yield and energy status.

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Research Paper - Olericulture

Improving growth, yield and quality characteristics of greenhouse tomato by using high density fish pond water

Amin Baji; Edris Shabani; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Mohamad Albaji

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43551.2098

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionIran ranks 11th in the world in tomato production, with more than 3 million tons produced. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will ... Read More AbstractIntroductionIran ranks 11th in the world in tomato production, with more than 3 million tons produced. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will be one of the challenges of the near future in the agricultural sector due to the drought problem in Iran. Reuse of fish waste in agriculture is one of the important dimensions of water resources planning. Recycling drainage water from aquaculture farms is one of the necessities because it is rich in substances that can be useful in agriculture. World population and food security is one of the most difficult challenges that most of the countries are facing, because the world population is increasing rapidly and will reach 9.6 billion people by 2050. In this situation, the food supply should increase by 70 to 100%. Considering these challenges, it is necessary to conduct applied research to make maximum use of effluents and wastewaters in the production of greenhouse products.Materials and methodsThe treatments of this experiment included 3 types of nutrient solutions (Resh nutrient solution, fish pond water and modified fish pond water) and 3 promising greenhouse tomato lines (AZ4, AZ5 and V4). The experimental design was factorial arranged in complete block design with 3 replications. At the end of the experiment, the plants were removed from the pot and the roots, leaves and stems were separated from each other. Their fresh and dry weight and the number of leaves were recorded separately for each treatment. To check yield indicators, ripe tomato fruits were harvested during the growth period, counted and weighed with a scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g. The firmness of the fruit tissue was measured by a firmness meter, and the pH and EC of the fruit extract were measured by a pH meter and an EC meter, respectively. The measurement of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll was done using a spectrophotometer in mature leaves developed according to the method suggested by Arnon (1967).Result and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that V4 and AZ4 cultivars had the highest stem and leaf weight compared to AZ5 cultivar. Also, the results showed that the Resh solution and modified pond water had the highest root dry weight (58 and 56 g, respectively) compared to the fish pond water treatment (47 g). The findings of this study showed that the use of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water compared to the treatment of fish pool water increased the number of leaves of tomato plants by 23.88% and 18.69%, respectively. It seems that irrigation with modified pool water and Resh solution increases the growth and development of the plant due to the increase in the level of nutrients. The highest amount of total chlorophyll was observed in the Resh solution and modified pool water with concentrations of 2.3 and 2.2 mg/g, respectively. The results of Silva et al (2021) showed that in irrigation with fish waste, greater availability of magnesium in plant tissue increases the content of chlorophyll b in leaves and increases plant chloroplast pigments. The highest total yield was observed in cultivar V4 and in the treatments of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water. The results showed that modified pool water had the highest EC of tomato extract (1.9 dS/m). Also, the results of the interaction effect of cultivar and nutrient solution showed that the highest fruit firmness was observed in Resh solution and fish pond water in V4 cultivar. Also, the lowest fruit firmness was observed fish pond water in AZ5 cultivar. It seems that, in the present study, the reduction of calcium absorption in fish pond water caused the reduction of firmness of tomato fruit (Kaab omeir et al., 2020).ConclusionIt seems that according to the above results, it is possible to use pool water with a high density of fish after modification and changes in the amounts of its nutrients in greenhouse tomato cultivation. Among the tested cultivars, the promising line V4 can be recommended for cultivation in the greenhouse for the use of modified fish pond water.

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Research Paper - Agronomy

Evaluation of Wheat and Rapeseed Yield Gap Using Boundary Line Analysis (BLA) in Khoramshahr

hamid matourian; aydin khodaei joghan; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Benjamin Torabi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43754.2101

Abstract

IntroductionFood security is one of the most important challenges facing humankind. Therefore improving crop yields are essential to meet the increasing pressure of global food demands. ... Read More IntroductionFood security is one of the most important challenges facing humankind. Therefore improving crop yields are essential to meet the increasing pressure of global food demands. The loss of high-quality lands, increasing fertilizer use, and its effect on the environment indicate that we need to develop new strategies to increase grain yields with less impact on the environment. One strategy that could help address this concern is by narrowing the yield gaps using improved management. Therefore, the present study was conducted in khoramshahr region for recognition of best management practices, percentage of the affected fields, estimation of wheat and rapeseed yield potential and gaps using boundary line analysis.Materials and MethodsTo quantify the production and estimation of wheat and rapeseed yield gap in Khoramshahr, Farm management information of 60 wheat fields and 57 rapeseed fields in the years 2018-2019 were collected. This information was collected through continuous farm monitoring during the growing season as along with face to face interviews with the farmers. Farms were selected by consulting with agricultural service centers expert in Khoramshahr districts. Based on the available information at the service centers, only farms, which is different in terms of acreage, cultural practices and harvesting operations were selected. In this study, by plotting the distribution of the yield obtained in each field as the dependent variable against the independent variables (crop management activities), using SAS software and an appropriate function was fitted on the upper edge of the data distribution.Results and Discussion.Using this boundary line analysis method, the average yield, attainable yield and yield gap of wheat were obtained as 3740, 5455 and 1715 kg per hectare respectively. The yield gap percentage in wheat was 31.5% and rapeseed was 48%, which indicates the high effectiveness of wheat and rapeseed in relation to the use of appropriate management methods. The analysis of the investigated data in wheat fields showed that in order to achieve the achievable yield, 258 kg per hectare of seeds, the use of Mehrgan variety, the planting date until October 24, the amount of 280 kg per hectare of nitrogen fertilizer, the consumption of at least 100 Phosphorus fertilizer per hectare was at least 6 kg with irrigation and consumption of at least 70 kg of potassium fertilizer. Also, according to the frontier line analysis, the average yield of rapeseed farmers is 1663 kg, they can achieve a yield of 3197 kg per hectare by improving crop management, and for this purpose, the following measures should be taken into account: 1) consuming a maximum of seven kilograms of seeds per hectare 2) Planting date up to 17 November 3) Use of at least 300 kg of nitrogen fertilizer 4) At least 42 kg of phosphorus fertilizer 5) Use of Hyola 50 variety.ConclusionIn this study by examining several important management factors in growing wheat and rapeseed, optimal requirements of each factor to achieve the highest yield was determined by boundary analysis. In addition, the percentage of farms that had poor management as well as wheat and rapeseed yield potential and gaps in Khoramshahr. Yield responses to management practices were evaluated and studied by means of borderline analysis. Best management practices could be devised using study findings to realize the highest yield potential.

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Research Paper

Investigation of flowering and some physico-biochemical characteristics of French parsley (Tagetes patula L.) under salinity stress conditions and application of silver nanoparticles

Khatoun Behzad; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Mohamadreza Raji; Hasan MUmivand; Majid Alikhani Koupaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 February 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45252.2130

Abstract

Introduction Salinity stress leads to ion toxicity and osmotic stress. Salinity stress through the osmotic mechanism, due to the reduction of the osmotic potential of the soil solution, ... Read More Introduction Salinity stress leads to ion toxicity and osmotic stress. Salinity stress through the osmotic mechanism, due to the reduction of the osmotic potential of the soil solution, causes disturbances in transpiration and photosynthesis. The mechanism of action of ionic toxicity is also related to ion absorption and changes in physiological processes caused by toxicity, deficiency or change in the balance of mineral elements. In the last decade, the tendency to use metal nanoparticle compounds in agriculture and horticultural sciences has become popular. Researchers believe that silver nanoparticles are absorbed faster by plants due to their small size and high solubility, and therefore, by using these materials, optimal conditions for plant growth are created and any stress conditions are prevented in the plant. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in 2021 in the greenhouse of Horticultural Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture located in Khorram Abad city, Lorestan province. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor includes salinity treatment at four levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl, respectively equivalent to 0.067, 2.450, 5.440 and 9.520 ds/m) and the second factor is application Leaf modulating nanosilver was at four levels (0, 10, 50 and 100 ppm). Salinity treatment started gradually with the application of low concentration of salt after establishing the plants in the pot. Nanosilver foliar spraying was applied weekly for 5 times until the flowering stage. Foliar spraying with silver nanoparticles was done in 3 stages, four leaves, full growth and flowering. Results and Discussion In this study, the application of nanosilver not only significantly improved all evaluated parameters, but also partially reduced the destructive effects in salinity conditions (50 and 100 mM), this gradual effect of nanosilver when in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm was applied, it was more prominent. The application of nanosilver increased the ornamental characteristics of parsley, including the fresh weight of the flower (by 5.024 gr) and the time of budding and full flowering (57 and 70 days, respectively). Nanosilver in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm increases the relative content of leaf water (8.22%), total phenol content (3.16 mg/gallic acid/gr of FW), total flavonoid content (542.5 0 mg/quercetin/ gr of FW) and potassium content of leaves (4.055%) under salinity stress conditions. Also, in this treatment, the lowest amount of leaf sodium (0.162%), ion leakage (30.36%) and malondialdehyde (0.448 µgr/gr of FW) was recorded. Researchers believe that silver nanoparticles are absorbed faster by plants due to their small size and high solubility, and therefore, by using these materials, optimal conditions for plant growth are created and any stressful conditions are prevented in the plant. Silver nanoparticles with suitable size and remarkable chemical stability remain in constant shape and size in solutions. Conclusion Based on the results observed in this study, the treatment of silver nanoparticles in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm in the conditions of salinity stress, relative water content of leaves, potassium content of leaves, fresh and dry weight of flowers and time of budding and flowering. It increased total yield and, on the other hand, decreased ion leakage, malondialdehyde, proline, total phenol and flavonoid content, and sodium content of leaves. Therefore, it can be stated that the application of silver nanoparticles in the form of foliar spraying at levels of 10 and 50 ppm can reduce the negative effects caused by salinity stress and improve the ornamental characteristics of parsley in 25 and 50 mM of salinity stress.

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Research Paper - Modeling

Simulating response of lentil cultivars to sowing date and initial soil moisture in Lorestan province

Mojtaba Koohro; Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; khosro Azizi; Saeid Heidari; Seyed Reza Amiri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45041.2127

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Lentil is recognized as one of important legumes due to its favourable characteristics. The lintile production, like to other crops has been influenced by three ... Read More Abstract Introduction Lentil is recognized as one of important legumes due to its favourable characteristics. The lintile production, like to other crops has been influenced by three factors: management, genetics, and environment. Improving crop production can be achieved by optimizing these factors. Thus, paying attention to the above-mentioned factors can reduce the severe climatic effects on crop production. Among the above-mentioned factors, management strategies e.g., optimal sowing date and using the optimal cultivar are considered to improve crop production. Initial soil moisture, which can affect crop germination, establishment and ultimately growth and yield, is another important strategy. Accordingly, the current research was conducted in order to simulate the effects of cultivar, sowing date, and initial soil moisture on lentil grian yield in different locations of Lorestan province. Materials and Methods The study locations were Aligudarz, Nurabad, KhorramAbad, and Kuhdasht. Simple Simulation Models-iCrop2 (SSM-iCrop2) was used to simulate the lentil growth and development. The data required to run model included climatic, soil, management, and crop data. Daily long-term climatic data including maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, and radiation were collected from Iran Meteorological Organization The crop data e.g., the specific genetic coefficients of each cultivar were obtained form Amiri and Deihimfard (2018). The study treatments consisted of four sowing dates (21 January, 12 February, 4 March, and 30 April), two cultivars (early-maturity and late-maturity) and four initial soil moisture (32, 36, 42, and 58 mm). The model was run for 41 years (1980-2020). Initial soil water contents and sowing dates were obtained from a preliminary simulation experiment. Results and Discussion Averaged across all treatments, the highest grain yield was obtained at KhorramAbad (388 kg ha-1) due to higher rainfall during the growing season. In addition, the grain yield difference among the sowing dates ranged from kg ha-1 on 30 April to 364 kg ha-1 on 21 January. The reason for the higher grain yield on 21 January sowing date was the higher cumulative rainfall season (149.3 mm vs. 99.2 mm) and the lower mean temperature (22.9 °C vs. 23.9 °C) during the growing season compared to other sowing dates. Across locations, sowing dates, and cultivars, the highest grain yield (263 kg ha-1) was simulated under initial soil moisture of 58 mm. Also, on average across sowing dates, initial soil moisture contents, and locations, the early-maturity cultivar simulated more grain yield than late-maturity cultivar (405 kg ha-1 vs. 63 kg ha-1) due to the avoidance of drought stress at the end of the growing season. Considering different interactions, on average across locations, the highest grain yield was simulated by 704 kg ha-1 in the combination of early-maturity cultivar, early sowing date (21 January), and initial soil moisture of 58 mm. Conclusion In general, the results indicated that the lentil grain yield varied among the various study treatments (sowing date, cultivar, and initial soil moisture) as well as different locations of Lorestan province. Lentil growers can increase the lentil production in Lorestan province and study locations by using the interaction of early planting date (21 January)  early-maturity cultivar (Kimia)  higher initial soil moisture (58 mm). It should be noted that the current research was conducted under water-limited condition and it is suggested that researchers focus on other limitimg and reducing factors in the future studies.

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Research Paper

Effect of paclobutrazol on the growth characteristics of two turfgrasses (Festuca arundinaceae L.) and (Poa pratensis L.)

Mostafa Fazeli; Mansour Matloobi; Faribourz Zare Nahandi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44964.2124

Abstract

Introduction: Paclobutrazol is a growth regulator used to control growth and reduce the frequency of mowing in all types of turfgrass plants. This material also affects the height and ... Read More Introduction: Paclobutrazol is a growth regulator used to control growth and reduce the frequency of mowing in all types of turfgrass plants. This material also affects the height and quality of different types of turfgrass. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to compare the growth behavior of two types of turfgrass to paclobutrazol and also to evaluate the possibility of using paclobutrazol to reduce the growth of turfgrass in areas with the climate of Tabriz. Materials and Methods: To determine the effect of paclobutrazol on height, and visual properties of turfgrass such as density, clippings fresh weight, leaf chlorophyll index, length and width of leaf blade, two grass plants Poa pratensis and Festuca arundinacea were treated with paclobutrazol in different concentrations. Grass plants were tested with concentrations of zero (control), 15, 30 and 45 mg/L-1 paclotrazol as foliar spray in 4 replicates of each treatment. This research was carried out in the form of a split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design, so that the type of grass as the main factor in 2 levels and paclobutrazol as a secondary factor caused changes in all the evaluated traits in both plant species. P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae grasses have been tested. Results and Discussion: The results of this research show that paclobutrazol significantly affects the height of P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae turfgrass plants. This effect is in the form of a significant reduction in the height of plants and controlling their growth. By increasing the concentration of paclobutrazol from zero to 45 mg/L, the height of the plants decreased. In both mentioned types of turfgrass, the most effective concentration was 45 mg/L. By increasing the concentration of paclobutrazol, the density of P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae turfgrass plants has increased. The increase in density after paclobutrazol treatment was more evident in F. aranudinaceae. In general, the fescue turfgrass plant has stronger foliage, deep and strong roots, and lower density. The only exception was the increase in the chlorophyll index of fescue leaves (10 days after treatment) and P. pratensis (20 days after treatment) and in both of them under the concentration of 30 mg/L of paclobutrazol. Following paclobutrazol treatment and increasing its concentration, the length and width of the leaf blade as well as the clippings fresh weight of turfgrass plants decreased. The reduction in the length and width of the leaf blade was the same in both plants, and the most effective concentration of paclobutrazol was 30 mg/L, and the optimal effect of paclobutrazol was observed up to 30 days after the treatment. In the fourth measurement (40 days after the treatment), the effect of paclobutrazol decreased and there was no significant difference in the length and width of the leaves of the treated plants and the control plants. Conclusion: In general, with the treatment of different concentrations of paclobutrazol, the number of aerial branches produced in F. aranudinaceae was more than that of P. pratensis. Since paclobutrazol is a growth inhibitor and by preventing the synthesis of gibberellin hormone, it prevents plants from elongating, this substance can be used to control the growth of turfgrass plants. This growth control reduces the number of mowing times, reduces fertilizer consumption, increases the efficiency of water use, and ultimately saves the cost of maintaining turfgrass plants. Since paclobutrazol accumulates in the roots and eventually causes the formation of new branches, it can be concluded that the effect of paclobutrazol on the density of F. aranudinaceae is greater than that of P. pratensis.

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Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Effects of salinity stress on some morpho-physiological traits and grain yield of quinoa cultivars under greenhouse conditions

Mojtaba Kaboodkhani; Hadi Salek Mearaji; Keyvan Aghaei; Afshin Tavakoli

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46220.2145

Abstract

Since plants cannot move, they face many environmental stresses. Salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture, causing inhibition and impairment of crop growth and development. ... Read More Since plants cannot move, they face many environmental stresses. Salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture, causing inhibition and impairment of crop growth and development. Salinity stress affects all vital plant processes such as photosynthesis, protein and metabolism of fat in the plant, causing changes in morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular functions of the plant, which ultimately decreases plant yield. Due to high nutritional value and high resistance to abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) has been proposed to ensure food security in the world. Quinoa genotypes have different morphological and physiological mechanisms in terms of germination, growth and grain yield under salinity stress. There is a great diversity among quinoa genotypes in terms of tolerance to salinity stress, and genotypes originating from coastal areas have more tolerance to salinity stress. Materials and Methods This experiment carried out as factorial at a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Zanjan University during the year 2019. The experimental treatments included three salinity levels of 0, 15 and 30 dS/m as the first factor and three quinoa varieties (Giza1, Titicaca and Q26) with different origins were considered as the second factor. First, soil with a ratio of 50% sieved farm soil, 30% sand and 20% rotted manure was added inside the 1 kg pots. Inside each pot, 10 seeds were planted then irrigated with desired concentrations of salinity. The temperature of the greenhouse during the day was 27±2 and at night 19±2 ˚C, and the relative humidity was 65-75%. After the seedlings were fully established, four plants were kept in each pot and the rest were removed. The volume of irrigation water was 400 cc for each pot with the desired concentration of salinity. In the following, the desired traits were measured based on the mentioned protocols in specific stages. After measuring the desired traits, variance analysis of the data was done with SAS software version 9.1, comparison of average data was done using Duncan's multi-range test at the five percent probability level. Results and Discussion Salinity stress had a significant effect on all the traits studied except the potassium concentration of the root. Salinity reduced the plant height, leaf area, greenness index, grain yield, dry weight shoot and root, but salinity caused increase in the amount of sodium in the root, stem and leaves. The highest and lowest grain yields, with 0.87 and 0.56 g/plant were observed in the control and 30 dS/m salinity treatments, respectively. The cultivar of Titicaca, at 25.7 cm, had the lowest plant height. The highest shoot dry weight, stem sodium concentration, Na+/K+ ratio in root and Na+/K+ ratio in stem were observed in the Giza 1 cultivar. The cultivar of Q26 has a high height of plant (33.8 cm), leaf area (3865.8 cm2/plant), root sodium (0.30 mg.g-1 dry weight) and potassium (0.16 mg.g-1 dry weight) concentration, while it had the lowest Na+/K+ ratio in leaf with 0.67 mg.g-1 dry weight. Traits such as leaf potassium concentration and grain yield were similar among the studied cultivars. Also, cultivar Q26 had the lowest Na+/K+ ratio in the leaves with 0.67 mg/g dry weight. The leaf greenness index in the control and salinity of 15 dS/m was the same among all studied cultivars, but in the salinity of 30 dS/m, the Titicaca cultivar had the lowest amount. Among the studied cultivars, Giza 1 cultivar had the lowest root dry weight, while it had the highest Na+/K+ ratio in root and stem (8.27 and 3.6 mg.g-1 dry weight, respectively) among all salinity treatments. The Titicaca cultivar had the highest stem potassium concentration of all salinity levels in studied cultivars. Conclusions The results obtained from this research showed that high salinity concentrations decreased the grain yield of quinoa. In general, the results showed that the cultivars examined in this research (Giza1, Titicaca and Q26) were different from each other in terms of traits related to salinity resistance. The results showed that the origin of cultivars probably plays a role in the resistance to salinity.

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Research Paper - Tropical and Subtropical Fruits

Foliar Application of Silica and Potassium Sulphate on some Characteristics of Pomegranate Fruit cv. ‘Malase-Saveh’

Abdolkarim Zarei; Farzad Abdollahi; Javad Erfani-Moghadam; Mahmood Rostaminia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46385.2150

Abstract

Introduction Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit-bearing species with a long history of cultivation in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Pomegranate production ... Read More Introduction Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit-bearing species with a long history of cultivation in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Pomegranate production in Iran, as the main pomegranate producer in the world, is faced with different challenges. Fruit cracking is one of the serious disorders in pomegranate that cause significant reduction in the quality of fruit and subsequent economic damages to the pomegranate producers annually. Fruit cracking can be controlled to some extent by appropriate orchard management. Proper orchard fertilization is among the influential cases that can lead to the improvement in the physiological state of trees in favor of reducing the fruit cracking. Materials and methods In this study, the effects of silicon and potassium sulfate spraying were investigated on the fruit cracking and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pomegranate fruit. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of four levels of silica (0, 100, 300, and 500 ppm) and three levels of potassium sulfate (0, 0.75%, and 1.5%) spraying on the fruit of pomegranate cv. ‘Malase-Saveh’, one of the most important pomegranate varieties of Iran. The treatments were applied three times during the growing season. The experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment based on the completely randomized block design in three replicates. Data analysis was performed using SAS statistical software and the means were compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance. Results and Discussion The results indicate that most of the qualitative and quantitative traits were influenced by foliar spraying of these substances. Also, the results indicated that foliar application of silica, potassium sulfate, and their interaction significantly affected the fruit cracking. According to the results, the lowest fruit cracking (2.64%) was obtained by spraying 500 ppm silica and 0.75% potassium sulfate, while the highest fruit cracking (27.87%) was recorded from control plants. The highest fruit weight (204 g) was recorded in the treatment of 1.5% potassium sulfate and the lowest fruit weight (144 g) was recorded from untreated plants. Most of the treatments had a positive effect on fruit and aril weight and increased this character compared to the control. Spraying with 500 ppm silica and 1.5% potassium sulfate resulted in the highest (39.69 g) 100 arils weight, while control plants had the lowest (29.14) 100 arils weight. Silica and potassium sulfate treatment also improve the total soluble solid and titratable acidity in the fruit juice of pomegranate. Conclusion The data obtained from this study could provide valuable insights into the effects of proper fertilization in reducing one of the main pomegranate disorders. Overall, the results indicated that combined spraying of silica (500 ppm) with potassium sulfate (1.5%) is more effective than their individual use and results in the higher fruit yield and quality, as well as a lower cracking disorder. These findings suggest that there are synergistic effects between these compounds. According to the results of this investigation simultaneous application of silica and potassium is suggested as a practical strategy in orchard management practices that could be beneficial for improving qualitative and quantitative attributes of pomegranate fruit.

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Research Paper - Plant Breeding

Yield stability analysis of durum wheat using SHMM and GGE biplot models

Hassan Zali; Tohid Najafi Mirak; Manoochehr Dastfal; Manoochehr Sayyahfar; Hossein Farzadi; Shahryar Sasani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46214.2144

Abstract

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) is an important crop for the human diet grown in many parts of the world predominantly for semolina and resulting pasta production. The ... Read More Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) is an important crop for the human diet grown in many parts of the world predominantly for semolina and resulting pasta production. The presence of genotype × environment interaction (GEI) is a challenge for breeders in evaluating genotypes in multilocational trials. The use of statistical models such as GGE biplot assist breeders in quantifying and understanding the patterns of GEI and in evaluating the performance of genotypes in various environmental conditions. This allows breeders to select stable and adaptable genotypes for a range of environments. One of the important goals of durum wheat breeding programs is to produce high-yielding cultivars that have suitable characteristics for cultivation in different regions of the country. Therefore, the aim of this research was to select promising durum wheat lines in terms of stability and high grain yield by GGE biplot and SHMM models. Materials and Methods In this study, 17 promising lines of durum wheat with three check Hana, Aran, Mehregan in five research centers of Kermanshah, Khorramabad, Karaj, Dezful and Fars (Darab) in the form of randomized complete blocks design in 3 replications and in two cropping seasons (2020-2022) were cultivated and compared. The studied genotypes were planted in six lines along 6 m with a line distance of 15 cm. Seed rate was determined by 450 seeds per square meter considering the thousand kernel weight for each genotype. Seeds were sown using an experimental plot planter (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria). The fertilizer composition was 32 kg ha-1 nitrogen (twice), and di-ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate were 100 and 50 kg ha-1, respectively (before planting). After the removal of perimeter plants, all experimental plots were harvested with an experimental grain harvester (Wintersteiger, Ried, Austria). Results and Discussion The results of the combined variance analysis of grain yield showed that the differences between the test environments, genotypes and genotype x environment interaction effect are significant at the 1% level. The highest grain yield in the first year was observed in Kermanshah station (Ker1) and the lowest seed yield in Khorramabad in the first year (Kho1) and Karaj in the second year (Kar2). GGE biplot analysis determined two durum wheat environmental groups. The first environmental group contained of Kho1, Dar1, Kar1, Kar2 and Dar2 environments, where the recommended genotypes 18, 17, 2 and 19 produced the highest yields. The second environmental group comprised of Kho2, Dez1, Ker2, Dez2 and Ker1 environments, where genotypes 12, 9 and 8 were the best adapted genotypes. Biplot results showed that genotypes 10, 5, 13, 18 and 16 were more stable than other genotypes, respectively. Comparison of the examined genotypes with the ideal genotype showed that genotypes 18 and 10 are the closest genotypes to the ideal genotype, which in addition to high grain yield, had high yield stability. Dar2 was the closest environment to the ideal environment. The results showed that the classification of environments based on the SHMM model was completely consistent with the GGE biplot model. Based on environmental vector of the biplot, Dar2 and Ker1 had high discriminating ability for the genotypes. Also, Dezful in the first and second year (Dez1 and Dez2), Karaj in the second year (Kar2) and Kermanshah in the second year (Ker2) showed low discriminating ability for genotypes. The environments that were placed in the same group were close to each other in terms of genotype x environment interaction values. Based on the SHMM model, the environments with the least cross over effects are placed in one group. Accordingly, the placement of Kermanshah and Dezful in the same group indicates the relative similarity of these places. Also, these results were confirmed by the GGE biplot model Conclusion As a conclusion, GGE biplot identified G10 (DW-99-10) and G18 (DW-99-18) as the superior durum wheat genotypes which that can be released as new commercial cultivars for the temperate and warm regions of Iran.

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Research Paper - Olericulture

Evaluation the morphological and phytochemical response of broccoli seedling to the application of sucrose, Bordeaux mixture and potassium silicate under sudden cold stress

Alireza Nickkhoo; Kamran Ghasemi; Vahid Akbarpour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44617.2120

Abstract

1. Introduction: Broccoli is a one of the vegetables that has a very high nutritional value and it is cultivated in many countries all around the world. Due to the intensification of ... Read More 1. Introduction: Broccoli is a one of the vegetables that has a very high nutritional value and it is cultivated in many countries all around the world. Due to the intensification of climate change, sudden drops in temperature during the winter in northern countries pose a serious threat to some vegetable species, including broccoli. In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sucrose, potassium silicate, and Bordeaux mixture on increasing the tolerance of broccoli seedlings to the frost stress. 2. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight treatments, three replications, and three samples per each replication. The treatments included: control, sucrose1%, potassium silicate 0.2%, Bordeaux mixture 0.2%, sucrose + potassium silicate, sucrose + Bordeaux mixture, potassium silicate + Bordeaux mixture, and sucrose + potassium silicate + Bordeaux mixture. 3. Results and Discussion: The effect of the treatments on the growth of broccoli seedlings one week after exposure to low temperature stress, including stem height, leaf number, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight, was not statistically significant. The highest concentration of chlorophyll b (1.647 mg/g fresh weight) was obtained in the Bordeaux mixture treatment which along with the combined treatment of sucrose + potassium silicate + Bordeaux mixture were the only treatments that showed a significant superiority compared to the control. The highest transpiration rate among the tested treatments was observed in the sucrose + Bordeaux mixture treatment, which did not show a significant difference compared to the three-component treatment of sucrose + potassium silicate+ Bordeaux mixture, but showed a significant superiority compared to the other treatments. The foliar application of Bordeaux mixture caused a higher stomatal conductance compared to the control after a temperature stress of minus 2 Celsius degrees, but the other treatments did not show a significant difference compared to the control. In terms of the non-photochemical quenching (Y(NPQ)), the highest Y(NPQ), was observed in the control and potassium silicate treatments, which was significantly higher than all other treatments. Meanwhile, the lowest level of this index was observed in the potassium silicate+ Bordeaux mixture treatment, which did not show a significant difference compared to the sucrose + potassium silicate, sucrose + potassium, and silicate+ Bordeaux mixture treatments. The highest level of antioxidant activity was observed only in the sucrose treatment and the sucrose + potassium silicate and Bordeaux mixture treatments, which were superior to all other treatments without any significant difference among them. In terms of total phenolic content, only the sucrose+ Bordeaux mixture treatment showed a significant superiority compared to the control, and the other treatments did not show a significant difference from the control. In the trait of soluble sugar content, the sole potassium silicate and the three-component treatments were better than the control, and the other treatments did not show a significant difference compared to the control. The highest ion leakage was observed in the sucrose + Bordeaux mixture treatment, which was higher than the control and all other treatments. The lowest ion leakage was also observed in the sucrose + potassium silicate and potassium silicate+ Bordeaux mixture treatments, although the difference between them and the control and potassium silicate-only treatments was not significant. The highest level of proline was observed in the sucrose+potassium silicate treatment, which was significantly superior to all other treatments. 4. Conclusion: Sucrose+potassium silicate treatment improved the defense system of the plant against freezing stress by increasing the amount of carotenoid and proline, and as a result of these activities, the antioxidant of the whole plant and higher chlorophyll also increased. Also, this treatment showed low ion leakage and low non-photochemical quenching, which can show higher freezing tolerance. Another favorable treatment was Potassium Silicate+Bordeaux mixture which produced a higher assimilation rate, although this photosynthetic production did not affect the biomass, but since the ion leakage was low and caused the lowest Y(NPQ), it can be said that the plant in this treatment receive lower stress. Overall, considering all the evaluated traits, the top-performing treatment in this experiment was the potassium silicate+ Bordeaux mixture treatment, followed by the sucrose + potassium silicate treatment.

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Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Effect of UV-B radiation on physiological and phytochemical indices related to cold tolerance in Yaghooti grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)

Ahmad Orooji; Rouhollah Karimi; Alireza Shayganfar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46261.2146

Abstract

Introduction Environmental stresses, especially damage caused by frost, often have a significant effect on plant growth and development. In order to adapt to the cold, plants show specific ... Read More Introduction Environmental stresses, especially damage caused by frost, often have a significant effect on plant growth and development. In order to adapt to the cold, plants show specific physiological and biochemical responses that lead to an increase in their duirability and survival during exposure to low temperature. The use of ultraviolet (UV) rays to increase cold tolerance and physiological and biochemical changes related to it has been less researched. This is while UV-B is not necessarily a source of stress, but moderate, non-harmful levels of UV-B act as an environmental signal in higher plants and able to induce several key reactions in order to adapt to cold in the plant. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out on rooted seedlings of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Yaghooti in a factorially (3×3) based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Malayer University in the spring and summer of 2022. In the 15-leaf stage, the vines (except for the control) were exposed to two doses of UV-B radiation in the following order: first dose (control): natural light, second dose (moderate): 5.98 kJ m-2 d-1 ( equal to 0.55 W/m2 for 3 hours) and the third dose (severe): 9.66 kJ m-2 d-1 (equal to 0.55 W/m2 for 4.5 hours) was applied to the plants under the natural photoperiod in the greenhouse in June. After applying UV-B radiation treatments, one group of pots was kept in the greenhouse (temperature 24±1 ºC) and another group of pots (control vines and treated with UV-B rays to apply cold stress to the cooling chamber) transferred and placed under the temperature of 4ºC and -4ºC (for 6 hours at each temperature). Results and Discussion According to the results, the highest and lowest total chlorophyll content was related to the treatment without irradiation and temperature of 24°C and the treatment of severe irradiation and temperature of -4°C, respectively. The highest and lowest carotenoid content was related to the severe UV-B irradiation treatment and 24°C temperature and the treatment without irradiation and 24°C temperature, respectively. The relative water content was the highest in the treatments without radiation and temperature of 24°C, and the lowest in the treatment of moderate irradiation and temperature of -4°C. The highest and lowest percentages of electrolyte leakage were observed in treatments without irradiation and temperature of -4°C and treatment without irradiation and temperature of 24°C, respectively. The content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide was the highest in the vines under severe UV-B irradiation along with (-4°C) and was the lowest in treatment without irradiation along with 24°C. The highest content of soluble sugar and soluble protein was observed in plants treated with severe irradiation + (-4°C), and the lowest amount of these compounds was observed in the treatment without UV-B irradiation + (24°C). The content of proline was the highest in the treatments with severe irradiation + (4°C), and the lowest in the treatment without radiation and temperature of 24°C. The highest and lowest activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme was observed in the treatments of sever irradiation + (4°C) and moderate irradiation + (-4°C), respectively. The activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and catalase enzymes (CAT) were the highest in plants under moderate irradiation + (4°C), and the lowest activity of these enzymes observed under non-irradiation condition + (-4°C). The highest and lowest total phenol and flavonoid contents were related to those vines that were treated with sever irradiation + (4°C) and without UV-B irradiation + 24°C, respectively. Conclusion Totally, it can be concluded that moderate radiation treatment through the stimulation of antioxidant systems, the accumulation of UV-B absorbing compounds and acclimate osmolytes in the plant led to an increase in their tolerance to chilling temperatures (+4°C), but there was no effect on frost tolerance (-4°C). However, sever UV-B irradiation treatment both at normal and low temperatures caused damage to cell membranes and leaf necrosis. Based on the results of application of moderate dose of UV-B rays, it can be used as an elicitor to improve plant antioxidant system and cell membrane stability under chilling temperature (4°C).

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Research Paper - Agronomy

Study of photosynthetic pigments, seed yield, and oil compositions of camelina (Camelina sativa L.) under the influence of urea foliar application and irrigation regimes in Tehran

Kimia Momeni-Shijani; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy; Ali Heidarzadeh; amir mohammad abedi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46765.2161

Abstract

Introduction: Oilseeds are rich in fatty acids, hence they are of paramount importance. Fats and oils are recognized as primary sources of energy in human nutrition. Additionally, fat-soluble ... Read More Introduction: Oilseeds are rich in fatty acids, hence they are of paramount importance. Fats and oils are recognized as primary sources of energy in human nutrition. Additionally, fat-soluble vitamins, which play a crucial role in maintaining human health, are supplied through the consumption of oilseeds in the body. Therefore, studying and researching oilseeds and their importance in today's nutrition is crucial. Camelina is an oilseed product belonging to the Brassicaceae family, which can adapt well to various environments and produce suitable oil for biological purposes. Due to its appropriate composition of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (omega-9), linoleic acid (omega-6), alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3), and low levels of saturated fatty acids, it is considered one of the highest quality edible oils. Materials and Methods: This research aimed to investigate the performance and composition of camelina oil under the influence of urea foliar application and irrigation regimes in split plots within a randomized complete block design with three replications during the agricultural year of 2022 at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. In this study, the examined factors included different irrigation regimes at the flowering stage of the plant at four levels defined as the main factor. These levels included optimal irrigation (no stress), mild water deficit stress, moderate water deficit stress, and severe water deficit stress. Irrigation continued until the plant's available moisture in the root zone reached 20, 40, 60, and 80 percent, respectively, and then irrigation continued to the field capacity. The secondary factor included the application of nitrogen fertilizer from urea source as foliar spray at six levels (0% (distilled water spray), 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and no foliar spray (control)). Results and Discussion: Under optimal irrigation conditions, seed yield and oil content showed the highest values, with the optimal irrigation treatment exhibiting the best yield. In mild water deficit stress conditions, seed yield decreased by 12.83% compared to the control (optimal irrigation), while foliar application of urea at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% increased seed yield by 18.23%, 27.95%, 16.30%, and 11.74%, respectively, compared to the control (no foliar spray). In mild water deficit stress conditions, the use of urea fertilizer foliar spray at a concentration of 3% resulted in a greater increase in grain yield and oil content compared to other concentrations. Oil yield decreased by 4.42% and 21.23% in mild and moderate water deficit stress conditions, respectively, compared to the control (optimal irrigation). Additionally, foliar application of urea at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% increased oil yield by 23.85%, 35.37%, and 23.81%, respectively, compared to the control (no foliar spray). Under severe water deficit stress conditions, the treatment with 2% urea fertilizer concentration led to the highest amount of seed oil, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b. Regarding the anthocyanin content, under severe water deficit stress conditions, foliar application of urea fertilizer at a concentration of 1% resulted in a greater increase in anthocyanin content compared to other treatments. Conclusion: In optimal irrigation conditions, grain yield and oil content showed the highest values. In mild water deficit stress conditions, the use of foliar spraying of urea fertilizer with a concentration of 3% led to a greater increase in grain yield and oil content than other concentrations. In severe water deficit stress conditions, urea fertilizer treatment with 2% concentration resulted in the highest amount of oil content and chlorophyll a and b.

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Research Paper - Breeding of Fruit Trees Crops

Effect of rootstock and magnetized water on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of apple sapling (Malus domestica) under salinity stress

Zahra esmaillou; Mohammadreza Asghari; Fariborz Zaare-Nahandi; Ebrahim Sepehr

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46457.2154

Abstract

Salinity poses a significant challenge to plant growth and can lead to adverse physiological and metabolic alterations. The selection of tolerant rootstocks offers a promising solution ... Read More Salinity poses a significant challenge to plant growth and can lead to adverse physiological and metabolic alterations. The selection of tolerant rootstocks offers a promising solution to mitigate this issue. Magnetized water technology has emerged as an innovative approach to alleviate the negative impact of salinity on water quality. In this greenhouse study, we aimed to explore the synergistic effects of rootstock selection and magnetized water treatment under salinity stress conditions on the growth of apple saplings. By examining these combined factors, we seek to understand their potential in enhancing plant resilience to salinity-induced stress. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to develop sustainable strategies for managing salinity stress in agricultural settings, with implications for improving crop productivity and resilience in saline environments. Materials and Methods The factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replications from 2019 to 2020 at the University of Urmia, Iran. The factors examined included two rootstocks (M7 and MM106), three levels of magnetized water (0, 0.1, and 0.2 Tesla), and three levels of salinity stress (0, 40, and 80 mM). To evaluate the investigated factors, leaf thickness, leaf temperature, leaf area, internode length, rootstock diameter, branch growth, greenness index (SPAD), relative water content (RWC), total phenol, antioxidant capacity and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme were measured. Statistical analysis was done with SAS software (version 9.4). GLM procedure was used for the analysis of variance. Means were compared with the least significant difference (LSD) test. Results The three-way interactions of rootstock × magnetized water × salinity stress significantly influenced total phenol and PAL enzyme activity. Additionally, the main effects of rootstock, magnetized water and salinity stress on leaf thickness, root diameter, RWC and, SPAD were significant. Increasing salinity levels reduced rootstock diameter, shoot growth, leaf water content, SPAD, and leaf area. However, salinity treatment increased leaf thickness, leaf temperature, phenolic compound concentration, antioxidant capacity, and PAL activity compared to control. The highest internode (17.58 cm) and rootstock diameter (2.18 mm) were obtained with 0.1 Tesla magnetized water treatment. Conversely, increasing salinity stress reduced internode length in both M7 and MM106 rootstocks, and the maximum internode length was produced in M7 under non-saline conditions (19.35 cm). Also, the highest rootstock diameter (19.83 mm) was observed in MM106 under non-saline conditions. Moreover, leaf RWC was higher in M7 (82.70%) compared to MM106. The highest PAL enzyme activity (62.77 nmol g-1F.W.-1) was recorded under 80 mM salinity, 1.0 Tesla magnetic water, and M7 rootstock. Conclusion The utilization of magnetized water resulted in enhancements across various parameters including rootstock diameter, shoot growth, leaf water content, surface area, phenolic compounds, and PAL enzyme activity, surpassing the control group. Combining magnetic water treatment with M7 rootstock demonstrated significant mitigation of salinity-induced effects on apple saplings. Thus, the joint application of M7 rootstock and magnetic water is advocated for both saline and non-saline environments. This research underscores the importance of employing sustainable approaches to combat salinity stress in apple orchards, offering insights into effective management strategies for enhancing crop resilience in challenging agricultural conditions.

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Research Paper

Evaluation and comparison of the percentage and yield of seed oil in different populations of the Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica Fisch. et Mey) in the northwest of the country

Jalil Shafagh-Kolvanagh; Adel Dabbagh Mohammadi-Nasab; Yaegoob Raee; Payvand Samimifar; Mina Amani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46229.2148

Abstract

Introduction: Dragon's head, due to low water requirement or in other words, low water expectation, a short growth period of about 80-95 days can be useful for the climatic conditions ... Read More Introduction: Dragon's head, due to low water requirement or in other words, low water expectation, a short growth period of about 80-95 days can be useful for the climatic conditions of the Iran, especially Azerbaijan. According to the planting of several ecotypes with diverse growth and yield characteristics and the measurement of various quantitative and qualitative traits, as well as the use of statistical methods in data analysis, it is possible to identify and introduce the compatible and suitable ecotypes for the region and, if necessary, in the breeding programs. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the percentage and yield of the oil of 49 ecotypes of Dragon's head. Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the characteristics related to the percentage and yield of the oil of 49 ecotypes of the Dragon's head collected from different regions of the Iran, a research in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications was carried out during the years 2015 and 2016 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Tabriz. The most important traits measured included the length of the fertile branch, seed yield per unit area and the number of seeds in the main and branch branches, as well as some qualitative traits such as oil percentage and oil yield. Data normality test was done using SPSS software and statistical analysis of data based on randomized complete block design and composite analysis using MSTAT-C and SPSS software. The comparison of the average data of the evaluated traits was done using Tukey's test at the probability level of 1%. Also, to group the ecotypes, cluster analysis was done by Ward's method, and the cut point of the resulting dendrogram was determined using the detection function analysis, and Excel software was used to draw the figures. Research findings: The obtained results showed that the ecotypes significant differences in most of the studied traits. In the regression analysis of oil yield, the highest regression coefficient (1.098) was observed in seed yield per unit area. Based on the average comparison results, ecotypes No. 37 (Alwar village of Bostanabad) with an average of 116.3 gr/m2, No. 23 (Tabriz 4) with an average of 107.7 gr/m2 and No. 24 (local mass of Kalvanagh 14) with an average of 101.7 gr/m2 had the highest grain yield per unit area. According to the results of the variance analysis table of ecotype effect on seed oil percentage, the yield of oil per surface unit was significant. So that ecotype No. 8 (indigenous population of Kalvanaq 7 city) with an average of 44.3 % had the highest percentage of oil in the seed among the 49 tested ecotypes, and ecotype No. 27 (native population of Param 1 Harris village) was in the next rank. While ecotype No. 37 (native population of Alwar village, Bostanabad) had the highest oil yield per unit area with an average of 44.4 gr. Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, ecotypes No. 37 (Alwar village of Bostanabad), 23 (Tabriz 4) and 24 (Kolvanagh 14) were recognized as the most suitable and compatible ecotypes for Tabriz city in terms of grain and oil yield traits.

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Research Paper

Effect of Selenium, Silicon and Zeolite on Yield and Yield Components and Percentage of essential oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.) in Khosrowshahr Region

Jalil Shafagh-Kolvanagh; Mohammad Bagher Tajkhalili; Ahmad Bybordi; Mina Amani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44762.2122

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: Studies have shown that the use of some compounds whose importance is often neglected by researchers and farmers can have a significant effect on the growth and ... Read More Abstract Introduction: Studies have shown that the use of some compounds whose importance is often neglected by researchers and farmers can have a significant effect on the growth and yield of plants and increase the amount of essential oil production in medicinal plants. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of Selenium and Silicon foliar application and zeolite soil application on the yield and components of seed yield and the percentage and yield essential oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.). Materials and methods: This experiment was carried out in the form of a split split plot (twice chopped) based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Khosrowshahr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in the 2019 crop year. The first factor includes foliar spraying of calcium (zero and 4 gr/L) and the second factor includes foliar spraying of selenium (zero and 4 gr/L) in the main and secondary plots, respectively, and the third factor includes the application of zeolite (zero, 5 and 10 tons/ha) were placed in sub-sub-plots. In the full ripening stage, 50 plants were harvested from one square meter of each plot and the dry matter of the whole plant, number of seeds per umbels, number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, percentage and essential oil yield were measured. Results and Discussion: The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of selenium on the number of umbels per plant, the number of seeds per umbel and plant was significant. The number of seeds in umbels and bush were affected by silicon and zeolite, respectively. The main effects of these treatments on grain yield, total dry matter and essential oil yield were significant. The seed yield increased with the application of these treatments, which resulted in an increase in the yield of fennel essential oil per unit area. Based on the results of the average data comparison, the use of all three compounds of zeolite, selenium and silicon caused a significant increase in the yield of fennel essential oil and increased this attribute by 24, 23.1, and 22.5 percent, respectively. gave silicon and selenium increased the yield of essential oil by increasing the seed yield. In addition, zeolite had a positive effect on seed yield through the number of seeds, while silicon and selenium increased both characteristics of yield components, including 1000-seed weight and number of seeds. Conclusion: In this study, the increase of essential oil yield under the influence of zeolite application was related to the increase of essential oil percentage, while silicon and selenium increased the yield of fennel essential oil. The results of this study showed that the use of all three compounds of zeolite, selenium and silicon caused an acceptable increase in the essential oil product and in most cases, the effects of all three compounds had an effect on the studied traits separately, so it can be said that these three compounds were effective on the studied plant with different mechanisms.

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