Plant Productions - Articles List

Evaluation of seed germination of Salicornia persica under iso osmotic conditions using hydrotime and halotime models

Tayebeh Ataei Nasab; Hamidreza Balouchi; Ali Moradi; Mohsen Movahhedi Dehnavi

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 79-90

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41253.2045

Abstract

IntroductionSeedling germination and establishment are one of the most sensitive stages of plant life that play a role in plant production, proper plant establishment, plant density, ... Read More IntroductionSeedling germination and establishment are one of the most sensitive stages of plant life that play a role in plant production, proper plant establishment, plant density, and uniformity and management goals. Osmotic stress has a significant effect on germination percentage and rate. Salicornia persica is an annual halophyte plant that can grow in saline environments. According to the studies and the importance of determining the tolerances of salinity and drought tolerance in germination and plant establishment, this study aimed to investigate the effect of osmotic potentials of polyethylene glycol and sodium chloride on germination and fit of time-moisture and time-salinity models of Salicornia seeds. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of osmotic potentials caused by polyethylene glycol and sodium chloride on germination and fit of Hydrotime and Halotime models of Salicornia seeds, two experiments were conducted based on a completely randomized design at Yasouj University in 2020. The first experimental in drought stress treatments included 13 levels of osmotic potential (zero, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2, -1.5, -1.8, -21, -2.4, -2.7, -3, 3.3 and -3.6 MPa) which were made of polyethylene glycol 6000 and second in salinity stress included 13 levels of sodium chloride concentration that was iso-osmotic with first experiment (Zero, 62, 122, 187, 249, 311, 368, 435, 498, 560, 622, 684 and 745 mM). After the end of the germination period, the characteristics of germination rate and percentage were calculated and the hydrotime model was used to describe the relationship between germination and water potential, and the halotime model was used to describe the relationship between germination and salinity. To select the best model among the osmotic potentials, root mean square parameters and R2 were used. Results and DiscussionThe results of mean comparison of effect of osmotic potentials on the percentage of germination showed that in PEG and NaCl treatment, it was almost 100% up to the level of -1.2 and -1.5 MPa, respectively, and after that, a decreasing trend was observed, so that at the level of -3.3 MP showed a decrease of about 90 and 85%, respectively. The output results of the models showed that the coefficient of the hydrotime and halotime models were 96.8 MPa.h and 16181.87 mM.h, respectively, and the drought and salinity tolerance thresholds were -3.28 MPa and 714.62 mM, respectively. The halotime model quantified the germination of Salicornia seeds better than the hydrotime model. Drought stress limits the absorption of water by seeds and affects germination by reducing the movement and transfer of seed reserves or by directly affecting the structure and synthesis of protein in the embryo. Salinity increases the osmotic pressure of the solution and reduces water absorption through the seeds. On the other hand, high salinity causes toxicity and disturbs the ionic balance and reduces seed germination by affecting the vital interactions of the seed. ConclusionThe rate of decrease in germination rate and percentage in drought stress was higher than salinity stress. Based on the results of this study, using the halotime model in biological studies of halophyte plants under osmotic stress, the tolerance threshold and the time required for germination at different salt concentrations can be well determined.

The effect of camel manure and manganese sulfate on yield and yield components of Foxtail millet (Setaria italic)

Sadegh Salehinia; Mohammad Ali Behdani; Mohammad Hassan Sayyari Zahan; HamidReza Fallahi

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 91-103

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41899.2057

Abstract

IntroductionIncreasing the yield of agricultural products per unit area is very important for preparing the food needed by the growing population of the country. One of the solutions ... Read More IntroductionIncreasing the yield of agricultural products per unit area is very important for preparing the food needed by the growing population of the country. One of the solutions is to add fertilizers in different forms and compositions to the soil to increase crop yield and strengthen soil fertility. Far away has been common all over the world. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of camel manure and manganese sulfate on growth and yield and yield components of Setaria italic, a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2009-2010 in Abuzar well cultivated lands. Khosf city was implemented. Experimental treatments included: camel manure at three levels (0, 10 and 20 t / ha) and manganese sulfate at four levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha). Results and DiscussionThe results of statistical analysis of the data showed that different levels of manure and manganese sulfate and the interaction between them had a significant effect on biological yield, number of grains per panicle and grain yield. So that the highest values of the above indices were observed in the treatment of manure 20 tons per hectare and 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. The highest and lowest number of panicles were obtained in the treatment of 20 tons of camel manure and the application of 30 kg/ha of manganese sulfate and the control treatment without the use of camel manganese and manganese sulfate. The length of the panicle was also affected by the main effects of manure and manganese sulfate. So that the maximum panicle length was obtained in the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of manure and the treatment of 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. The effect of manure levels on number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant and number of plants per square meter was significant, but other effects had no significant effect on these traits and the highest number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant and number of plants In the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure were obtained per square meter. The main effects of different levels of manure and manganese sulfate at the level of one percent probability had a significant effect on 1000-grain weight and millet harvest index, but the interaction of these factors did not have a significant effect on these traits. The highest 1000-seed weight was observed in the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and the treatment of 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. Also, the highest harvest index was related to the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and also the highest harvest index was obtained from the consumption of 60 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. ConclusionFinally, it can be concluded that the best treatments in this experiment were the use of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. In fact, manure improves plant growth by gradually providing elements and using micronutrients. The use of manure is one of the appropriate solutions to achieve ecological agriculture that can increase agricultural production and due to the fact that most of the soils of South Khorasan province are calcareous and manganese deficient, the use of this element can be Help to remove this limitation and increase plant yield.

Evaluation of periods of interference and weeds control in chemical and organic nutrition management on yield and yield components of garlic

Reza Zahedipour; Aydin Khodaei Joghan; Ahmad Zare

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 105-115

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40244.2017

Abstract

IntroductionGarlic (Allium sativum L.) as one of the medicinal plants has an important role in human health. Weeds control is very important to achieve optimal yield in agro-ecosystems. ... Read More IntroductionGarlic (Allium sativum L.) as one of the medicinal plants has an important role in human health. Weeds control is very important to achieve optimal yield in agro-ecosystems. The competitive ability relationship between plant and weeds is determined by the species' biological traits and environmental conditions such as space, light, water, and nutrient availabilities. Fertilizers play a significant role in the competition between crops and weeds in agriculture. Responses of weeds and crops to fertilizer application could be different, but many weeds tend to respond better than crop species to the high availability of nutrients. Also, the kind of fertilizer (chemical and organic) can affect crop-weed competition. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate interference and weeds control periods in the application of chemical and organic fertilizers on the yield and yield components of garlic in Ramhormoz climate. Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was carried out in Ramhormoz during 2019—2020 growing season. The first factor included nutritional management (chemical and organic) and the second factor included 12 treatments of interference and control period of weeds (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 120 and 160 days). Chemical nutrition management includes the application of urea (46% application preplanting and after emergence) and Triple superphosphate (46% application preplanting) and Organic management, including the application of cattle compost and inoculation with Mycorrhiza. Results and DiscussionThe results of analysis of variance revealed that the effect of nutritional management on height of garlic wasn’t significant and on other traits garlic (Bulb diameter, bulb weight, Number of cloves per bulb, Biological yield and yield bulb) and weeds (narrow leaf dry biomass, Broad leaves dry biomass and Total weeds dry biomass) was significant. Periods of Weed Interference and Control weed treatments on all measured traits of garlic and weeds were significant. No interaction effects of nutrition and weed management treatments on the studied traits were observed. There was a significant difference between chemical and organic nutrition management, most of the yield traits and yield components of garlic were higher in organic application than chemical fertilizers. Also, the narrow leaf biomass, broadleaf, and total weeds in chemical application in comparison to organic fertilizers increased by 11.5%, 9%, and 10.5%, respectively. During the interval period for 120 days, garlic yield decreased by 100% and with the increase of control period (control in all growing seasons), bulb yield reached the highest value (3230 g.m-2). In weed control treatment for 20 days, bulb yield decreased by more than 86% compared to weed control treatment throughout the growing season. It seems that organic fertilizers with gradual release of nutrients could affect the competition of garlic with weeds, and by using organic fertilizers, the dry weight of weeds was less than chemical fertilizers. ConclusionThe results indicated that due to the presence of weeds and the poor competitive ability of garlic against weeds, the field must be controlled for a long time and the use of manure fertilizer for organic agriculture and increasing soil organic matter is recommended.

Chemical control of dandelion (Taraxacum sp.) weed in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.)

Seyedeh Maryam Mesbahi; Masoud Ghasemi Ghahsareh; Somayeh Esmaeili

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 117-127

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41710.2055

Abstract

Introduction Dandelion with the scientific name (Taraxacum sp.) from the Asteraceae family is one of the common weeds of turfgrasses and pastures. Post-growth control of weeds in established ... Read More Introduction Dandelion with the scientific name (Taraxacum sp.) from the Asteraceae family is one of the common weeds of turfgrasses and pastures. Post-growth control of weeds in established turfgrasses is crucial and ignoring it severely damages the aesthetic aspect of turfgrass. Chemical methods are commonly used to control weeds in established turfgrass (Karimmojeni et al., 2012). The use of herbicides helps in the management of weed control in damaged turf fields along with non-chemical methods such as correct mowing height, effective irrigation, sufficient fertilization, and timely weeding. Perennial broad-leaf weeds can be selectively controlled with herbicides. U-46 Combi Fluid, Duplosan super, and Ioxynil are suitable herbicides for controlling broadleaf weeds in narrow-leaf fields. Materials and Methods In order to control the dandelion in Kentucky bluegrass turf, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications and 9 treatments in September 2022, at the green space of Shahrekord University. Replications included 1×1 m2 plots and the factors included two herbicides of U46-Combi Fluid and Duplosan Super and their interaction with Ioxynil. All selected plots were infested with dandelion weed. The treatments included U46-combi fluid at two levels of 1.5 and 2 L ha-1 (U1.5 and U2), Duplosan Super at two levels of 2 and 2.5 L ha-1 (D2 and D2.5), their interaction with Ioxynil herbicide at two levels (0 and 2 L ha-1) (I0 and I2), and the control (use of distilled water instead of herbicide). U-46 Combi Fluid and Duplosan Super herbicide treatments were applied at the end of September. Then, Ioxynil was applied 10 days after the first spraying. Finally, 15 days later, the effect of the treatments on the biomass characteristic of the dandelion shoots and the visual quality of turfgrass were recorded. After 50 days, the last spraying, the percentage of regrowth, herbicide control efficiency, and the biomass of turfgrass shoot were measured during the experiment. Variance analysis of data was done using SAS 9.1 statistical program and the comparison of means was conducted using LSD test (P≤0.05). Results and Discussion The results showed the lowest fresh and dry weight of dandelion and the highest efficiency of herbicide were found in treatments U2 + I2 and D2.5+ I2. However, these treatments had not significantly different from D2+I2 and U1.5+I2 treatments. The lowest percentage of regrowth was obtained in D2 + I2. The highest fresh weight of turfgrass was found in the control which had no significant difference with D2 + I2 and U1.5 + I2. Moreover, total chlorophyll in turfgrass leaves was improved by removing weeds. The amount of chlorophyll a, b, and total was higher in the U1.5 treatment than in other treatments. Therefore, improving the greenness of turf could be due to more light being provided to turf leaves as a result of dandelion leaf removal or positive physiological effects of 2,4-D or MCPA. There were no differences among treatments for total chlorophyll, carotenoid, visual quality, dry weight of turfgrass, and dandelion control percentage. Therefore, D2 + I2 and U1.5 + I2 can be recommended, due to the higher fresh turf weight, the good control of dandelion, and the low rate of regrowth of weed. Conclusion Application of Duplosan Super and then Ioxynil, both with a concentration of 2.0 L ha-1 and/or U-46 Combi Fluid with a concentration of 1.5 L ha-1 and then Ioxynil with a concentration of 2.0 L ha-1 treatments are recommended due to the high weight of turfgrass, the reasonable control of dandelions, and their reduction of regrowth. In addition, leaf chlorophyll of Kentucky bluegrass treated with of U-46 Combi Fluid with a concentration of 1.5 L ha-1 was higher than in other treatments. It also had a higher turfgrass fresh weight than the 2.0 L ha-1 of U-46 Combi Fluid treatment. Duplosan Super (2.5 L ha-1) and then Ioxynil (2.0 L ha-1) treatment led to a decrease in turfgrass fresh weight compared to the same treatment without Ioxynil. In conclusion, Ioxynil concentrations at high levels did not cause visible damage, but had adverse effects on turfgrass growth, suggesting that a lower dose should be studied.

The effect of foliar application of iron and zinc fertilizers on some agronomic traits of Lallemantia iberica L. under post anthesis water deficit

Mandana Azhand; Mohsen Saeidi; Ali Beheshti Al Agha; Daniel Kahrizi

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 140-154

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41711.2056

Abstract

Introduction Among various non-biological stresses, drought stress is the most important factor that has limited production in the agricultural sector of the country (Akhzari and Pessarakli, ... Read More Introduction Among various non-biological stresses, drought stress is the most important factor that has limited production in the agricultural sector of the country (Akhzari and Pessarakli, 2016). Today, the supply of oilseeds for the extraction of vegetable oils needed for various industrial, edible, medicinal and cosmetic uses is one of the basic needs of the current population growth (Beynam, 2015). Balangu (Lallemantia iberica L.) is an annual, herbaceous and drought-resistant plant belonging to the mint family (Lamiaceae). With medicinal-oil properties, it is considered a multi-purpose plant in agriculture (Hendawy et al., 2015). In order to check and predict the phenological stages of the planted plants in an area, the relationship between the phenological stages and the thermal factor should be considered. For this purpose, thermal units of growth degree days (GDD) are used to check the amount of heat needed to pass each growth stage of plants (Kumari et al., 2020). In plants under drought stress, where the absorption of nutrients through the root faces a problem due to the decrease in soil water volume, the absorption of micronutrients such as iron and zinc can be effective through foliar spraying. (Rafique et al., 2015). In the conditions of lack of water resources, like what is happening in our country, it is necessary to change the agricultural pattern towards planting plants adapted to dry land, as well as ways to increase yield per unit area. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the development of Balangu planting and the role of foliar application of iron and zinc micronutrients on phenology and the adjustment of stress effects. Materials and Methods This research was conducted in the research farm of Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kermanshah during two consecutive years (2017-2018 and 2018-2019) as a split-plot-factorial experiment in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments include: irrigation (Water deficit after flowering and Normal) in the main plots, foliar spray factors (zero, four and eight per thousand concentrations of iron and zinc sulfate) and foliar application time (at the beginning of the vegetative and reproductive growth stage) were factorially placed in sub-plots. The seeds (native population of Songhor region of Kermanshah province) were planted manually at a depth of two centimeters and with a density of 400 plants per square meter in a row at the first appropriate time in late March of 2017 and 2018. Application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers was based on need. Dehydration stress was applied by stopping irrigation from the time of full flowering (opening of 50% of flowers). Results and Discussion The results showed that, with the application of water stress, the seed yield and oil yield decreased by 24% and 17%, respectively, and the oil percentage increased by 8% compared to the treatment without water stress. Also, water deficit stress reduced the number of days and heat requirement to maturity by 10 days and 275 growth days degree, respectively. The greatest increase in oil yield compared to the treatment without foliar spraying (control) was related to the 4 and 8 per thousand zinc foliar treatments in reproductive stage and under stress conditions, which increased these traits from 339 and 283 respectively in conditions Lack of stress and water deficit stress increased to 539 and 513 kg/ha. The greatest effect of iron and zinc foliar application treatments on increasing plant height and the number of days and heat requirement to maturity stage was related to 4 and 8 per thousand iron and zinc foliar application in the vegetative growth stage. Conclusion In the present study, it can be concluded that the Balangu having adaptability, suitable production, relatively short growth period and matching the length of the growth period with the rainfall of the study area, and it can be considered as a common plant for rotation in this region. Foliar application of iron and zinc micronutrient elements should be used by farmers to moderate the effects of water deficit stress, taking into account its small and economical amounts.

Effects of potassium silicate on some morphological and physiological traits of dichondra (Dichondra repens) cover plant grown under water deficit

Mahdieh Niazbal; Sepideh Kalatejari; Foad Fatehi; Marjan Diyanat

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 505-517

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.38291.2061

Abstract

IntroductionDichondra repens is a low growing, creeping perennial that spreads by underground runners. This plant is usually planted instead of lawn in warm areas and is also suitable ... Read More IntroductionDichondra repens is a low growing, creeping perennial that spreads by underground runners. This plant is usually planted instead of lawn in warm areas and is also suitable as a cover to fill the gap between the pavements and for planting in rock gardens. Soil drought is one of the major abiotic factors that limit crop growth and productivity worldwide. Drought stress triggers production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative damage to proteins, membrane lipids and other cellular components. Silicon (Si) is the second most prevalent element after oxygen in the soil. The beneficial effect of the silicon is well documented for several agricultural crops. Materials and MethodsThe present study was conducted to assess the effect of potassium silicate on growth characteristics of Dichondra repens under water deficit as factorial in a completely randomized design in 2018. Water deficit was applied in three levels (100%, 66% and 33% Field capacity) and potassium silicate in four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/l). Data analysis was performed with SAS software. Mean data were compared with Duncan test at 5% level. Plant height was measured from the collar to the tip of the plant with a caliper. To measure the fresh weight of the shoot, the plant was weighed after harvesting with a digital scale. To measure the roots, the roots were gently removed from the soil and weighed with a digital scale. Leaf chlorophyll was measured by Arnon (1949) method at 480, 663 and 645 nm with a spectrophotometer. Catalase activity was measured by Eising and Gerhardt (1989) method. Measurement of superoxide dismutase activity by Dhindsa et al. (1982) was performed. Potassium concentration was measured by flame photometry. Elliott and Snyder (1991) method was used to measure leaf silicon concentration. Results and DiscussionPlant height decreased by 38% in 33% field capacity and non-use of potassium silicate interaction in comparison of 100% field capacity and 200 mg/l potassium silicate interaction. Potassium silicate 200 and 100 mg/l increased chlorophyll content in 100 and 66% of field capacity. Catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes showed the highest activity in 33% field capacity and 200 mg/l potassium silicate interaction and 33% field capacity and no potassium silicate interaction, respectively. The lowest relative leaf water content was observed in 33% field capacity and no potassium silicate interaction and there is no significant difference between it and potassium silicate at 50 mg/l. The highest amount of potassium was observed in the treatment of 66% of field capacity and 50 mg/l of potassium silicate, which was not significantly different from the interaction of 100% of field capacity and 100 mg/l of potassium silicate. The highest amount of silicon was observed in treatment of 100% of field capacity and 200 mg/l of potassium silicate, which was significantly different from other treatments. ConclusionTreatment of 100% field capacity and potassium silicate at 200 mg/l was identified as the most efficient treatment in improving the growth characteristics of dichondra. So with proper management 66% field capacity and 100 mg potassium silicate treatment can be replaced with 100% field capacity potassium silicate at 200 mg/l.

Investigating the phenological stages and soybean yield under the influence of seaweed extract and initial seed quality

safiye arab; mehdi baradaran firouzabadi; ahmad gholami; mostafa haydari

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 533-548

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41967.2059

Abstract

Introduction Soybean seeds are sensitive to storage due to their high oil content and they aged quickly. Aging of seeds leads to a decrease in the percentage and speed of germination ... Read More Introduction Soybean seeds are sensitive to storage due to their high oil content and they aged quickly. Aging of seeds leads to a decrease in the percentage and speed of germination and ultimately to a decrease in seed yield. Although the aging rate can be reduced with proper storage methods, the application of some treatments on the aged seeds or spraying some substances on the plants obtained from these seeds can be effective in improving the seed yield. The use of anti-aging substances such as seaweed extract in plants can act as antioxidants and reduce the effects of aging. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the phenological stages and yield of soybean, an experiment was carried out in the research farm of Shahrood University of Technology during 2019 and 2020 in three replications. The treatments include the initial seed quality in two levels (normal seeds and aged seeds) and seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) in four levels (control, priming, foliar spraying and combined application of priming and foliar spraying with a concentration of 0.3%). The experiment was carried out as a factorial in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks. Results and Discussion In this research, applying accelerated aging caused a significant increase in phenological traits in soybean plants. The use of seaweed extract as a priming and the combined use of priming and foliar spraying could increase the rate of occurrence of phenological traits to a significant level. The seed yield in plants obtained from aged seeds was 32.69% less than that of control plants. The use of seaweed extract as priming, foliar spraying and the combined use of priming and foliar spraying increase the seed yield by 43.54, 15.69 and 87.85 percent, respectively. Aging caused a significant decrease of 23.50 and 25.33 percent of final emergence percentage. Pretreatment of normal and aged seeds with seaweed extract in the first year increased this trait by 16.33 and 7.33% compared to the absence of seaweed extract. In the second year of the experiment, the application of seaweed extract resulted in a 12.67% increase in seedling growth under normal conditions, and an 8.33% increase was recorded with the application of seaweed extract under aging conditions. Conclusion In this study, the application of seaweed extract as seed priming better than foliar spraying. It is possible to recommend priming and the combination of priming and foliar spraying with seaweed extract to accelerate the occurrence of phenological traits in soybeans. The combined use of priming and foliar spraying of seaweed extract is recommended to improve the performance of soybeans in normal and aged conditions.

The effect of salicylic acid on winter crop production of new potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) in different planting dates in Ahvaz

Maral Dinarvandi; Moosa Meskarbashee; Habibolah Roshanfekr; Javad Soltani kazemi

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 561-573

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.41877.2058

Abstract

IntroductionAutumn cultivation of potato plant is very important because of meeting domestic needs of the country in winter and reducing the price of this product in the market. Cold ... Read More IntroductionAutumn cultivation of potato plant is very important because of meeting domestic needs of the country in winter and reducing the price of this product in the market. Cold stress in the early stages of potato growth is the most important factor that limits potato production in these areas.The yield and chemical composition of potato tubers under winter planting date and salicylic acid foliar application in Khuzestan region are very importance because one of the problems in cultivation of potato under Khuzestan conditions is insufficient growth due to dealing with high temperature at the end of the growing season in the autumn cultivation. Because few studies have been done in this regard on new cultivars of potato plant. Therefore, this experiment was performed to investigate of the tuber yield and attributes of tuber yield in potato plant. Materials and MethodsThe current study was conducted in a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replication in the experimental farm of the Department of Plant Genetics and Production Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran, during the crop year 2020-21. The experimental factors in this research include the date of cultivation as the main plot in three levels (25 November, 9 December, 26 December), salicylic acid foliar application as a sub-plot in two levels (0.5 mM and non-foliar application) and cultivars as sub-sub plot at three levels (including early and new cultivars Sifra, Challenger and Columba). Results and DiscussionAccording to the results of this experiment, the three-way interaction effects of investigated factors on tuber yield and attributes of tuber yield, the number of tubers more than 100 g, number of tubers between 50-100 g and number of tubers less than 50 g was significant. The interaction effects of planting date × salicylic acid foliar application and planting date × cultivar on plant height trait was significant, also the interaction effect of salicylic acid foliar application × cultivar was significant for the starch percentage trait and the simple effect of planting date and cultivar on the SPAD value trait was significant. In the following, the results of three-way interaction effects of the studied factors showed that the highest number of tubers more than 100 g in Sifra cultivar under 0.5 mM salicylic acid foliar application in 9 December planting date (with an average of 4.33 tubers per 1 kg), the highest number of tubers between 50-100 g related to the Challenger cultivar with 0.5 mM salicylic acid foliar spraying under 9 December planting date (with an average of 8.33 tubers per 1 kg), the highest number of tubers less than 50 g related to the Challenger cultivar under 26 December planting date and non-foliar application of salicylic acid (with an average of 33.33 tubers per 1 kg) and the highest tuber yield (with an average of 2.368 kg /m2) was related to the Sifra cultivar with 0.5 mM salicylic acid foliar application in the 9 December planting date. In addition, the highest amount of SPAD value belonged to the 25 November planting date (with an average of 42.61) and the Challenger cultivar (with an average of 42.41). Sifra cultivar also showed the highest starch percentage of tubers under 0.5 mM salicylic acid foliar application (with an average of 46.16%). ConclusionNow, due to the lack of potato product in late winter, especially in the southern regions in the Iran, cultivation of early cultivars compatible with the region, such as Sifra on 9 December, in order to achieve optimal yield, and the use of salicylic acid foliar application is suggested in conditions similar to this study.

Assistant Professor Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

Majid Gholamhoseini; Amirkhosro Danaie; Abbas Fallah toosi

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 575-587

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40492.2023

Abstract

Introduction Sesame (Sesamum indicum. L) belongs to the Pedaliaceae family and is an annual and thermophilic plant known as the queen of oilseeds. Sesame is compatible with the climatic ... Read More Introduction Sesame (Sesamum indicum. L) belongs to the Pedaliaceae family and is an annual and thermophilic plant known as the queen of oilseeds. Sesame is compatible with the climatic conditions of Iran, and due to its unique characteristics, it is possible to cultivate it second after wheat in arid and semi-arid regions. To utilize the maximum production capacity of sesame, implementing the proper agronomic practices such as plant density, optimal planting arrangement and selecting the appropriate genotype is inevitable. Materials and Methods To investigate the effect of planting arrangement and planting density on grain yield of two sesame genotypes, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in a hot and dry region situated in Behbahan (30° 36’ N; 50° 14’ E) in 2017 and 2018. The region is characterized as arid, and the average yearly precipitation (over a 30-yr period), which occurs mostly during the autumn and winter months, is 345 mm for the site. The annual mean temperature is 24 °C. The average temperature in 2017 was similar to the long-term meteorological data trend, while in 2017, the average temperature (22 °C) was lower. In this experiment, three factors included planting arrangement (cultivation of one and two rows on the ridge), planting density per unit area (including 20, 30 and 40 plants per square meter) and sesame genotypes Behbahan (local name) and Shavin cultivar were investigated. Data were subjected to ANOVA using SAS software (9.4 version). Because Bartlett’s test revealed homogeneity in the variance of all studied traits, data were presented as the mean values for both years. When an F-test showed statistical significance at, the protected LSD was used to separate the main effects, and the significant interaction effects were separated by the slicing method. Results and Discussion The results of grain yield, as the most important trait, indicated that in single-row cultivation, the maximum yield of the Behbahan genotype (1068 kg ha-1) was obtained at a density of 20 plants per square meter. An increase in planting density caused a significant reduction in grain yield when Behbahan genotype was sown as single-row arrangement. In two-row cultivation, the Behbahan genotype responded positively to an increase in plant density and an increase in planting density was associated with a significant increase in grain yield. However, the maximum grain yield obtained in two-row cultivation with a density of 40 plants per square meter (919 kg ha-1) was 16% lower compared to the superior treatment (single-row cultivation with a density of 20 plants per square meter). In the Shavin cultivar, the maximum grain yield was obtained in single-row (683 kg ha-1) and two-row (610 kg ha-1) arrangements at densities of 40 and 20 plants per square meter. The results showed that the average grain yield of the Behbahan genotype (851 kg ha-1) was significantly higher than the Shavin cultivar (561 kg ha-1). Conclusion Overall, in the Behbahan region and for the local genotype of Behbahan, as the superior genotype, a single-row arrangement and plant density of 20 plants per square meter is recommended.

Risk Assessment of Gas Pollutants on Seed Germination of Canola by Grey Theory and Image Analysis

Fatemeh Afsharnia; Amir Mousavi

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 347-359

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40213.2016

Abstract

IntroductionFrom an agricultural point of view, seeds are the starting point of all activities that lead to crop production. Today, agricultural machinery is one of the most important ... Read More IntroductionFrom an agricultural point of view, seeds are the starting point of all activities that lead to crop production. Today, agricultural machinery is one of the most important sources of environmental pollutants in mechanized farms and pollution caused by them can disrupt the germination process and plant growth. Therefore, in addition to a variety of environmental challenges, such as salinity and drought stress, contamination from agricultural machinery can also be added to germination and seedling growth as a threat. Materials and MethodsBased on the gray correlation coefficient between the comparison series and the standard series, a relative series can be created. If γ (x_0, x_i) ≥γ (x_0, x_j), which indicates the degree of correlation between x_i and x_0, is greater than x_j and x_0; In this case, the relationship between potential causes and the optimal amounts of decision factors is shown. In the sense that a larger degree of connection has a smaller effect. Therefore, increasing the degree of prioritization of risk indicates the potential reasons that need to be improved. To analyze the risk of gaseous pollutants leaving the tractor exhaust, the treatment with the lowest gray correlation coefficient should show the highest risk priority. So that the highest degree of gray connection determines the best state of seed treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pollutants from tractor exhaust in three different initial life, useful life and burn on canola seed germination. This factorial experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental treatments include three different tractor life periods including initial life, useful life and wear as the first factor, and treatment for the duration of seeds exposed to tractor exhaust pollution including zero, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes as the factor. The second was considered. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the highest values of root and stem length, germination rate coefficient, germination index, germination rate index and canola seed vigor were obtained from the absence of exhaust pollution; while the lowest amount of these traits was related to the treatment of exposure to contamination for 120 minutes and worn tractor. Conversely, the amount of seed protein and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase and peroxidase increased with increasing tractor wear and duration of contamination. Calculations based on gray theory showed that the treatment with a lower rank is the preferred treatment and has a lower risk according to all growth indices considered for rapeseed. In this study, zero time for different tractor lives without treatment, the risk was identified. Therefore, it is likely that increasing the exposure time to the tractor exhaust contaminant will gradually reduce the seed tolerance and poisoning threshold. ConclusionGray's theory has shown that the duration of exposure is more important than the amount of contamination. The severity of exposure also varied depending on the degree of infection. Rapeseed seeds were more sensitive to contaminants from worn-out tractors than new tractors. The sensitivity of these seeds doubles the need to replace worn-out machines, service and repair tractors in a timely manner, use clean fuel, and use new or serviceable tractors.

The Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Producing ACC-Deaminase, IAA, Siderophore and Phosphate Solubilization on Growth Indices, Chlorophyll, Proline and Protein in Alfalfa at Different Levels of Salinity

Seyed Hassan Tafaroji; Seyed Ali Abtahi; Mojtaba Jafarinia; mehdi ebadi

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 375-384

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40265.2018

Abstract

IntroductionAgriculture practices involve the extensive utilization of chemical fertilizers that lead to several impacts, namely groundwater pollution, eutrophication, and production ... Read More IntroductionAgriculture practices involve the extensive utilization of chemical fertilizers that lead to several impacts, namely groundwater pollution, eutrophication, and production of greenhouse gases. These ultimately lead to environmental pollution and pose several health risks. With this respect, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) consist of a diverse collection of rhizobacteria that occur in the rhizospheric zone and interact with plant roots. Moreover plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a heterogeneous group of bacteria found in the rhizosphere, associated with roots and root surfaces or living freely in the soil and influencing plant growth directly or indirectly. A large number of bacteria is reported to contribute to plant growth, including species of Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Burkholderia, Bacillus, and Serratia. Additionally, several reports indicate the application of ACC-deaminase-producing PGPR in facilitating plant growth and inducing tolerance in various abiotic stresses, namely (1) salt stress, (2) drought stress, (3) heat stress, (4) chilling stress, etc. The present study was performed to screen PGPR strains with different PGP traits in calcareous soils under salinity condition and to use such PGPR strains as biological inoculation. Materials and MethodsIn this study, 45 rhizospheric soil samples were collected from different crops in agricultural farms and placed in plastic bags, and transported to a laboratory, where it was refrigerated at 4 ° C until further use. To obtain a solution of 10-4 to 10-6 dilutions, one milliliter of suspension was serially diluted and 100 microliters of this suspension solution were spread onto the sterile nutrient agar medium. plates were incubated at 28±2°C for 48 hours in a BOD incubator. Rhizobacterial isolates with a different morphological appearance and fast growth on agar plates were randomly selected and purified by repetitive streaking on the fresh medium. After purification, these PGPR isolates were screened for PGP traits. Isolates with phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, IAA production and ACC-deaminase production were screened and finally three isolates were selected for molecular identification and pot experiments. Results and DiscussionIn this research, a total of 45 rhizospheric soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of different plants. 181 isolates were purified and isolated. In the initial screening, some of them were characterized by phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and indole acetic acid (IAA) production. In the secondary screening, superior isolates were selected in these three growth-promoting traits, and in the ACC-deaminase production test, all three isolates were able to produce this enzyme. Molecular identification of the isolates was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique and the isolates belonged to Bacillus Cereus, Pseudomonas Syringae and Pseudomonas Alcaliphila which were registered in the NCBI database. In greenhouse experiments, inoculation of Pseudomonas Alcaliphila showed the best performance shoot length, shoot dry weight, chlorophyll production, crude protein production of alfalfa (medicago sativa L.) and lowest proline production under salinity stress, while inoculation of Pseudomonas Syringae had better yield at root length and root dry weight. ConclusionExtremely cost-effective methods such as applications of microorganisms with PGPR activities can enhance plant growth, speed up seed germination, improve seedling emergence, and protect plants. In conclusion, the applied plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) bacterial SF1050 strain (Pseudomonas Alcaliphila) proved to be a potential candidate for improving alfalfa crops in salinity conditions. Nevertheless, it is suggested to validate the current results by conducting field trials.

Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers and Salicylic Acid Spraying on Yield and Some Physiological Traits of Wheat Under Drought Stress

Fatemeh Chaharlang Badil; khosrow Azizi; Hamid Reza Eisvand; Ali heidar Nasrollahi; Ahmad Ismaili

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 397-408

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40567.2026

Abstract

IntroductionWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important and strategic crops worldwide. Drought stress is one of the important and abiotic stresses that reduces the growth ... Read More IntroductionWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important and strategic crops worldwide. Drought stress is one of the important and abiotic stresses that reduces the growth and yield of plants.in arid and semi-arid regions. Today, the economic damage and destructive effects of the environment due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture are known worldwide, and it is obvious that a suitable alternative must be found for these fertilizers. Currently, biofertilizers are used as an alternative to chemical fertilizers based on the principles of sustainable agriculture and stress tolerance of plants. Salicylic acid is a natural phenolic compound that is involved in reducing the harmful effects of abiotic environmental stresses and regulating vital physiological processes in plants. Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out to assess the effect of fertilizer nutrition and foliar application of salicylic acid on wheat tolerance of Chamran 2 cultivar to drought stress experiment as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design in the 2019-2020 crop year in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University in three replications was performed The experimental site was located at a latitude 33°26′ N, a longitude 45°17′ E, and an altitude of 1210 m with a semi-arid climate, mean annual precipitation of 462.8 mm, mean annual evaporation of 1842.52 mm, and mean annual temperature of 16.6 °C .Main plot includes irrigation levels in two levels of without stress (100% of field capacity) and drought stress (50% of field capacity) and sub-plots including fertilizer in five levels including no use of biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer, application of 100% chemical fertilizer, seed inoculation of nitroxin biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer, seed inoculation of mycorrhizal + 50% chemical fertilizer, (simultaneous use of biofertilizers (nitroxin + mycorrhiza) + 50% chemical fertilizer, and foliar application treatment at two levels (foliar application with water and foliar application with a concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid). Results and DiscussionThe results showed that drought stress increased grain protein and malondialdehyde and decreased other evaluated traits. Fertilizer nutrition and salicylic acid foliar application treatment alone increased the evaluated traits and decreased malondialdehyde content compared to the no use of biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer and no foliar application of salicylic acid. Combined treatment of fertilizer (nitroxin + mycorrhiza) + 50% chemical fertilizer and salicylic acid could reduce the effect of drought stress on the traits evaluated in this study on wheat of Chamran 2 cultivar. As a result can this treatment suggested to the farmer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of this wheat variety under drought stress conditions. ConclusionIn general, it can be concluded that the application of biofertilizers (nitroxin + mycorrhiza) + 50% chemical fertilizer and salicylic acid foliar application can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and water shortage in Khorramabad for sustainable agriculture. As a result, this treatment can be recommended to the farmer to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of this wheat cultivar under drought stress conditions.

Response of rice and weeds to seed priming under different weed management in direct-seeded

Ali Asghar Sobhani; Faezeh Zaefarian; Mohammad Kaveh; Arastaoo Abbassian

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 421-434

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40389.2024

Abstract

Backgrounds and ObjectivesDirect seeding is being developed in many Asian countries as a new technology that farmers are tending to use this technology in current years considering ... Read More Backgrounds and ObjectivesDirect seeding is being developed in many Asian countries as a new technology that farmers are tending to use this technology in current years considering that it has appropriate economic efficiency, faster and easier cultivation, less labor force, more mechanization and shorter growth period than transplanting cultivation and due to discontinuous irrigation, less methane emission. But what makes it mainly obstacle are weeds.The use of seed priming can be one of methods that it can compensate the paucities of direct seeding and get promote seed quality. Seed priming also can active the initial germination mechanisms before planting and many benefits were mentioned for this treatment that the most significant of them is increasing the percentage and rate of germination. Indeed these plants expand their root system in shorter period of time compared untreated seeds. They are also reached to autotroph stage earlier by absorbing more water, nutrients and producing photosynthetic part. Materials and MethodsThe field experiment was conducted in Neka in 2018. The experiment was performed as a factorial in randomized complete block design in three replications. Experimental treatments include seed priming in four levels 1- no priming, 2- hydropriming (priming with water), 3- priming with humic substances (10 g per 1.5 liters of water) 4- priming with auxin hormone (1.5 cc in 1.5 liters of water) and also, weed management at five levels 1- no weeding, 2- council active herbicide (15 g per 20 liters of water), 3- twice weeding (one month after planting + before the earing stage), 4- council active herbicide (15 g per 20 liters of water applied about one month after planting) + weeding (1.5 months after planting) and 5- complete weeding (weeding of all weeds during the growing season). ResultsBased on the results, by applying seed priming with humic acid, the maximum plant height, ear length and number of plants m-2 were obtained and complete weeding caused the maximum plant height, fertile tiller, total tiller and ear length. Also, seed priming with humic acid along with complete weeding caused the highest filled grain number (79.67 number) and total grain number (90 number), 1000-grain weight (23.47 g), grain yield (2327 kg ha-1), biological yield (11220 kg ha-1). Based on total weed density and biomass, in all three stages of sampling, the lowest amount of weed biomass and density was obtained with application of humic acid priming along with council active herbicide + weeding, which was not significantly different from application of humic acid priming and twice weeding and application of auxin with council active herbicide + weeding and twice weeding. Overall, the findings of this study indicate the effect of priming of rice seeds especially with humic acid and auxin along with council active herbicide + weeding and twice weeding, on reducing the weeds density and biomass as well as increasing the yield and yield components of rice in direct cultivation. DiscussionAccording to results which were obtained this research and evaluation of yield and yield components are identified that application of herbicide cannot control the weed solitary. This research was showed that application of council active herbicide + weeding and twice weeding cause to reduce the weeds density and biomass as well as increasing the yield and yield components of rice in direct cultivation and also own to elimination of competing species, they improve the crop growth. Therefore, mechanical weeding, which is a non-chemical method of weed management, should be considered as a necessary part of sustainable agriculture.

Identification of different drought patterns of dryland wheat in the northwest of Iran by APSIM model

Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; Hamed Eyni-Nargeseh

Volume 45, Issue 3 , December 2022, , Pages 435-446

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40869.2036

Abstract

IntroductionImproving crop yields can meet the projected demand in developed and developing countries as a key and promising solution. To increase dryland wheat production in arid and ... Read More IntroductionImproving crop yields can meet the projected demand in developed and developing countries as a key and promising solution. To increase dryland wheat production in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, researchers and crop breeders need to understand the drought pattern (in terms of time and intensity) occurring in wheat agro-systems because depending on the time and intensity of drought stress, drought stress impacts on different processes and genes of crops. To accurately study the drought pattern of dryland wheat and different cultivars adapted to these conditions, researchers need to design multi-environmental field experiments, which are time-consuming and costly. Under these circumstances, some essential information is limited in the field experiments, especially when done for only a few years, and basically does not indicate fluctuations in the target environments. In contrast, the modeling and simulation approach is a useful method for comprehensive environmental impact assessment. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to identify and study different drought patterns in 8 locations including Ardebil, Khalkhal, Maragheh, Marand, Meshginshahr, Sarab, Tabriz, and Urmia in the northwest of Iran. APSIM model was used to simulate the growth and development of dryland wheat in the study locations. The long-term climatic included minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, and radiation (1980 to 2016) collected from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. These data were used as input to the crop growth simulation model. Water supply and demand index was used to determine different drought patterns. This index is obtained by dividing soil water content to plant water demand (WSDR). After calculating the water supply and demand index for each year and region, the CLARA clustering method was used to classify and group the index. The number of groups obtained by CLARA method was equal to the type of drought patterns of dryland wheat. Results and DiscussionThe results showed 4 different drought patterns during the dryland wheat growing season in the study locations. Drought pattern 1 showed no drought stress or mild drought stress throughout the growing season of dryland wheat. Under drought pattern 2, drought stress started before flowering and ended during seed filling. For drought pattern 3, water stress started from the time of germination but removed during the vegetative growth period. Drought pattern 4 started in the early stages of growth and continued until the end of the dryland wheat growing season. The frequency of occurrence of 1, 2, 3, and 4 drought patterns was 27.8%, 26%, 8% and 38.2%, respectively. On average across locations, transpiration was 160, 137.1, 31, and 86.7 mm for 1, 2, 3, and 4 drought patterns during the wheat growing season. Also, a significant difference was observed among different drought patterns in terms of biomass that biomass under drought patterns 1, 2, 3, and 4 was equal to 13411, 10076, 2097 and, 6435 kg ha-1, respectively. Grain yield under drought pattern types 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 3738.7, 2949.7, 694.6, and 1456.2 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest percentage of light and mild drought patterns (1 and 2) was related to Marand region with 100% and Sarab region experienced more severe drought patterns (3 and 4) than other regions (88.2%). Under different locations and drought patterns, on average across years, the highest grain yield was simulated for Marand under drought pattern 1 (4759 kg ha-1) and the lowest was recorded for Urmia under drought pattern 3 (208.8 kg ha-1). ConclusionIn general, the simulation results showed that 4 different types of drought patterns were observed during the dryland wheat growing period in the study locations. The frequency of occurrence of 4 drought patterns was various in the study locations and the grain yield varied under the drought patterns. However, the highest occurrence was related to drought pattern 4, under which drought stress begun in the early stages of growth and lasted until the end of the dryland wheat growing season. Accordingly, it is suggested to consider various strategies such as using cultivars with short maturity period to avoid drought stress at the end of the season and using cultivars with high resistance to drought stress (especially in the flowering period).

Evaluation of the Effect of Bio-Priming and Seed Coating on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Indices of Chenopodium Quinoa in Cadmium Stress

Zahra Hajizadeh; Hamidreza Balouchi; Amin Salehi; Ali Moradi; Rasool Rezaei

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 215-228

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.38615.1994

Abstract

IntroductionCadmium contamination limits biodiversity, the activity of microbes and enzymes in the soil, and threatens human health through the food chain. Seed pretreatment is a common ... Read More IntroductionCadmium contamination limits biodiversity, the activity of microbes and enzymes in the soil, and threatens human health through the food chain. Seed pretreatment is a common way to improve seed germination under stress conditions such as heavy metal stress, which increases seedling resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of bio-priming with Bacillus subtilis and seed coating on seed germination and seedling growth indices of quinoa under cadmium stress. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in laboratory and greenhouse conditions in three separate factorial experiments by two factors in a completely randomized design with 4 replications at laboratory and greenhouse of Yasouj University in 2019. In the first experiment, the first factor is bio-priming with Bacillus subtilis bacteria in two levels of presence and absence of bacteria and the second factor is cadmium stress in three levels of zero, 0.3, and 0.6 mM cadmium nitrate, in the second experiment, the first factor is the coating on three levels of seed inoculation with bio-priming treatment, then coating them, mixing bacteria with coating materials, then coating the seeds and coating alone and the second factor is three levels of treatment a combination coating of vermiculite (V), kaolin (K) and perlite (P) including V10K2.5P5, V8K2P4, and V12K3P6. In the third experiment, the first factor is Uncoated ± bio-priming and coated ± bio-priming and the second factor is cadmium stress factor at three levels of 0, 100 and 200 mM was cadmium nitrate. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that cadmium stress decreased germination indices and this downward trend increased with increasing stress intensity. Seed bio-priming increased the longitudinal index of quinoa seedling vigor and improved seedling growth. Seed coverage somewhat reduced germination indices, but in many cases, the presence of bacteria improved this downward trend and increased the number of quinoa germination indices. Also, increasing cadmium in soil caused a 72% increase in root cadmium content and a decrease in seed rate and germination percentage. Cadmium inhibits water absorption in seeds and reduces the amount of water in seedlings, which affects seed germination. Exposure to cadmium prevents seed germination, seedling growth, etc. The most important disorders caused by cadmium were reduced growth of roots and leaves and damage to DNA, which subsequently disrupted the cell cycle and changed the structure of cell walls and even cell death. Bacillus subtilis activates systemic induction resistance (ISR) in many plant products, thereby increasing disease resistance caused by pathogenic organisms and plant growth. This bacterium acts as a PGPR and protects the plant against stress. ConclusionConsequently, cadmium did not prevent quinoa germination, but its destructive effects were visible in other traits and caused a decrease in seedling length and weight, as well as seedling stem length and weight vigur index. Also, the coating of quinoa seeds caused a decrease in the germination rate, which by increasing the compounds surrounding the seed mixed with bacteria and coating materials, it was able to increase the germination rate by 8% in the combination of V10K2.5P5 and 16% in the combination of V12K3P6 rather than without bacteria treatment.

Investigating of Yield and Quality Characteristics of Potato with Early Cultivation in Mashhad Weather Conditions

Ahmad Nezami; Jafar Nabati; Mohammad Kafi; Javad Shabahang

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 229-240

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.31878.1852

Abstract

IntroductionDetermination of the most suitable time for crop planting is one of the basic requirements to gain the highest yield and income. Planting date is one of the most important ... Read More IntroductionDetermination of the most suitable time for crop planting is one of the basic requirements to gain the highest yield and income. Planting date is one of the most important factors in growth, development and yield production in potato planting effects of temperature fluctuations on growth and tuber abnormality and inappropriate quality comes from the special features of the that region being uncontrolled by farmers. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in 2015-2016 in research station of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad as split-plot based on Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications. Treatments were combination of four planting dates (March 5th, March 19th, April 3th and May 4th) as main plot and three potato cultivars (Agria, Fontane and Sante) as sub-plots. Harvesting was done 90 days after 50% of emergence. Results and DiscussionNumber of stem per plant as one of the effective potato yield components was not affected by planting date. Results indicated that as planting date was delayed from March 5th to May 4th, leaf area index was increased by 64 and 85% in two cultivars of Agria and Fontane while a decreasing trend of this parameter was observed in Sante. Number of tubers per plant was decreased by delaying planting date from March 5th to May 4th except in Fontane in which number of tubers per plant was increased in April 3th and was reduced thereafter. The highest and lowest tuber yield with a difference of 12391kg.ha-1was found in April 3th and March 19th, respectively and was observed in Fontane cultivar. Tuber dry matter percentage of Agria was increased as planting date delayed while it was increased till April 3th and reduced in Fontane. The highest (22.13) and lowest (18.50) tuber dry matter percentage of Sante was found in March 5th and 19th, respectively. An increasing trend of potato tuber specific weight was observed with delaying planting date in a way that the highest and lowest mean of this parameter was found in March 19th and May 4th, respectively. No significant difference was observed between Agria and Fontane in different planting dates according to reduced sugars content of tubers. Total antioxidant and starch of potato tubers was increased in all three cultivars as planting date was delayed and reduction sugar decreased by delayed in planting date. ConclusionThe number of tubers per plant as well as the number of tuber <30mm per plant decreased with the delay in planting dates, which was affected by the photoperiods of the growing season. Although the tuber yield decreased with delay in planting dates, but the percentage of marketable tubers was higher in late planting dates than in early planting. Late planting dates were better than early plantings. Sante showed a better performance in early planting dates compared to the two other cultivars, producing more marketable tubers with higher quality and dry matter percentage. Generally, it could be concluded that in Mashhad weather conditions, Sante is more appropriate for early planting compared to Agria and Fontane but its superiority is lost when planting date is delayed.

The Effect of Dehydration Stress on Yield, Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Hybrids Obtained From Crossbreeding of Commercial Potato Cultivars

Mohammad Reza Vesali; Reza Baradaran; Davood Hassanpanah; Mohammad Javad Soqa al-Islami

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 241-252

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.32122.1862

Abstract

IntroductionPotatoes are a plant sensitive to water stress and are a rich source of carbohydrates, essential nutrients such as fiber, vitamins, minerals, proteins and antioxidants. ... Read More IntroductionPotatoes are a plant sensitive to water stress and are a rich source of carbohydrates, essential nutrients such as fiber, vitamins, minerals, proteins and antioxidants. Drought is one of the most common tensions that has always threatened the production of agricultural products and has affected a large area of the world. Therefore, due to the scarcity of water resources, it is necessary to increase water consumption efficiency in the agricultural sector and to pay more attention to water control and storage methods, including irrigation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dehydration stress on yield, quantitative and qualitative traits of hybrids obtained from crosses of commercial potato cultivars in Ardabil province. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of dehydration stress on yield, quantitative and qualitative traits of hybrids resulting from cross-breeding of commercial potato cultivars for two years (2017-97) in the greenhouse of Zare Gostar Arta Agricultural Company in Ardabil province. Split plot experiment Based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The main factor included three levels of irrigation (100, 85 and 70% of the plant's water requirement) and the sub-factor included 12 potato hybrids that were the result of crossing four cultivars Losta, Banba, Spirit and Agria as parents. Statistical calculations were performed using Sas 9.1 and Mini-tab 16 statistical software. Results and DiscussionThe results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in terms of all evaluated traits except main stem diameter, tuber dry matter percentage, tuber specific gravity and tuber starch percentage. In terms of bilateral effect of irrigation levels × cultivars, except for tuber dry matter percentage, tuber specific gravity and tuber starch percentage, significant differences were observed in other traits. Treatment of 100% water usable in the swamp (a Luca × Esprit♂) with an average of 53.56 tons per hectare maximum tuber yield and treatments of 85% water usable in the confluence (♀ Luca × Esprit×) and 65% water usable in the swamp (uc Luca × Esprit♂) with an average of 49.75 and 50.39 tons per hectare, respectively, had the lowest tuber yield. Crossing No. 10 (baBanba × Esprit♀) with an average of 21.52% had the highest percentage of dry matter and along with crosses No. 1, 7 and 9 were in the top group. The results of correlation between the evaluated traits in these three conditions separately showed that in all three water conditions the correlation between tuber yield and tuber weight per plant was positive and significant and at irrigation levels of 100, 85 and 65, respectively ( r= 0.98**, 0.99** and 0.99 **). Percentage of tuber dry matter, tuber specific gravity and percentage of tuber starch had a significant negative correlation with tuber yield and tuber weight per plant at 85% of usable water stress. ConclusionWith this in mind, Cross No. 10 (baBanba × Esprit♀) is recommended among the crosses under evaluation for processing (chips).

The Effect of Sugarcane Residue Compost on Growth and Grain Yield of Triticale under Drought Stress

Seyed Naser Safi; Ali Moshatati; Mohamad Hosein Gharineh; aydin khodaei joghan

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 253-266

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36017.1961

Abstract

IntroductionTriticale is a commercial cereal with a vast potential to feed human and animal. This plant can be cultivated in poor soils that are not suitable for wheat production. In ... Read More IntroductionTriticale is a commercial cereal with a vast potential to feed human and animal. This plant can be cultivated in poor soils that are not suitable for wheat production. In irrigation cutoff stress conditions, reduces growth and yield and yield components of triticale. One of the most important ways to reduce the negative effect of drought stress on plant is using compost fertilizer in the soil. Using compost fertilizer in agricultural soils lead to increase nutrient elements and conserving the soil water. Generally, compost fertilizer of sugarcane residues, improves moisture storage and physical and chemical conditions of the soil. So that sugarcane residue compost fertilizer contributes to preserving the moisture storage of the soil and to supply the nutrients required by the plant. In this study, the most important aim is to study the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on triticale yield and yield components under irrigation cutoff stress condition in Mollasani region, Ahwaz, Kuzestan province. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on growth, yield and yield components of triticale under drought stress conditions, a field experiment using a split-plot arrangement accomplished in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan (in 31º N, 48º E, 35 Km north-east of Ahwaz, and 20 m above the sea level) during 2018-2019 growing season. Experimental factors include four levels of drought stress (complete irrigation, irrigation cutoff from spike emergence to physiological maturity, irrigation cutoff from pollination stage to physiological maturity and irrigation cutoff from milky-dough stage to physiological maturity) as a main factor in main plots and five amounts of sugarcane residues compost (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1) as a sub factor in sub-plots. Results and DiscussionAnalysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress, sugarcane residue compost and their interaction on the measured traits were significant. Mean comparison showed that the maximum amount of triticale traits was obtained in full irrigation and the lowest amount was observed in drought stress from spike emergence to physiological maturity. Also, with increasing the amount of sugarcane residue compost, the amount of traits increased and reached a maximum at the level of 40 t ha-1. Mean comparison of grain yield under the interaction of drought stress and sugarcane residue compost showed that the highest grain yield (4288 kg ha-1) was under full irrigation and 40 t.ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest grain yield (1134 kg ha-1) was obtained in drought stress from spike emergence to physiological maturity and non-use of sugarcane residue compost. In the conditions of drought stress caused by the interruption of irrigation, the vegetative and reproductive growth of the plant is reduced, which causes a decrease in yield components and ultimately leads to a decrease in seed yield. On the other hand, the use of compost fertilizer reduces the effect of stress by preserving water and providing nutrients needed for plant growth and leads to an increase in seed yield. ConclusionGenerally, the results showed that drought stress conditions decreased growth, grain yield and yield components of triticale but using sugarcane residues compost fertilizer decreased the negative impact of drought stress conditions on measured traits. Also, in areas with irrigation shortage or lack of rainfall at the beginning of flowering stage, 40 tons per hectare of sugarcane residues compost fertilizer is recommended for maintaining grain yield.

Rapid test for Detecting Haloxyfop-R methyl Ester Resistance in Winter Wild Oat (Avena ludoviciana durieu)

Saeid Hassanpour-bourkheili; Javid Gherekhloo; Behnam Kamkar; Seyed Sanaz Ramezanpour

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 267-276

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.33123.1887

Abstract

IntroductionDetection of resistance to an herbicide in a putatively resistant accession requires a series of experiments which are capable of illustrating the response of the accession ... Read More IntroductionDetection of resistance to an herbicide in a putatively resistant accession requires a series of experiments which are capable of illustrating the response of the accession to various herbicide doses. Whole plant bioassay in pots usually takes approx. 2 months to obtain the results, thus, rapid tests were developed to accelerate the process. Although determination of discriminating concentration as well as conduction of rapid test for some ACCase inhibitors has been performed by various researchers, no reports are available in this regard for haloxyfop-R methyl ester herbicide in winter wild oat. Thus, the following study was conducted with the objective of rapid detection of resistance to the mentioned herbicide in this weed using the rapid test. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted using the seeds of 7 putatively resistant winter wild oat accessions and a susceptible biotype gathered from canola farms of Kalaleh Township located in Golestan province in 2015. Rapid test in petri dishes was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications, with each petri dish as one replicate. To determine the discriminating concentration, various concentrations of haloxyfop-R methyl ester was applied on the susceptible accession and then, all putative accessions were screened using this concentration. The biotypes of the studied weed were exposed to various doses of the herbicide in the petri dish bioassay to determine the resistance factor. Also, a completely randomized design experiment with three replications was conducted for screening of putative accessions in the greenhouse. Accessions which maintained their survival and dry weight respectively 50 and 80 percent compared to the unsprayed control were selected. A whole plant dose-response bioassay was also done separately for each biotype. Results and DiscussionDiscriminating concentration of haloxyfop-R methyl ester for winter wild oat was obtained 0.106 mg ai. L-1. According to the results, 5 out of 7 accessions were detected as resistant and underwent the concentration- response assay in petri dishes. Resistant factors of the biotypes in the rapid test ranged from 2783.054 to 3421.414. However, no significant difference was observed among the biotypes. According to the results of the greenhouse, 5 accessions were detected as resistant with resistance factors of 14.19 to 18.54, with no significant difference among the biotypes. There was a positive and significant correlation between the results obtained from the rapid test with the greenhouse assay, which indicates the validity of the Petri dish assay. ConclusionThe results of the rapid test are in accordance with those of the whole plant assay in pots. Therefore, putative winter wild oat accessions collected from the region may be screened using the obtained concentration of haloxyfop-R methyl ester (0.106 mg ai. L-1) and resistant biotypes may be detected more rapidly compared to greenhouse assays. Due to the swift development of herbicide resistance issue, rapid detection of resistance is essential. Thus, using methods such as rapid test may be very feasible.

Study of Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) and Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Competition in the Different Intercropping Ratios Based on Replacement Method

Rahmat Abbasi; Meisam Namdari

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.37720.1986

Abstract

IntroductionToday, efficient agricultural systems such as intercropping are essential due to the optimal use of resources. Meanwhile, using the Legume plant in intercropping can increase ... Read More IntroductionToday, efficient agricultural systems such as intercropping are essential due to the optimal use of resources. Meanwhile, using the Legume plant in intercropping can increase the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation and be a sustainable approach to meet the crop's nitrogen needs. Since the planting pattern and component crop greatly influence this biological process, selecting complementary species in intercropping can play an essential role in increasing flexibility and sustainability in farming systems. Materials and MethodsIn order to study the effects of intercropping culture on the agronomic traits of Chia and Soybean, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University in 2019. The planting ratios were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 (Soybean: Chia respectively) using replacement method. Results and DiscussionResults showed that intercropping significantly affected shoot height, No. branch, grain yield, components yield, and the N. derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa). In the Chia, reducing the number of planting rows in different planting ratios, shoot height, and 1000-seed weight increased in contrast to the number of inflorescences per plant. Different planting ratios had no significant effect on the number of branches per plant of Chia. The soybean crop had the highest no. of branches, the number of pods per plant, and the 1000 seed weight in the 25:75 planting ratio. The highest shoot height was related to the monoculture soybean (100:0), and with decreasing the number of soybean planting rows in intercropping, the shoot height decreased. Also, the Ndfa in intercropping culture was higher than in monoculture during different growth stages. Its amount increased with a decreasing share of soybean planting in intercropping. Biological nitrogen fixation in soybean intercropping cultivation with Chia increased 75 days after planting and then decreased. Besides, the pure stand of Soybean (100: 0) and Chia (0: 100) had the highest and lowest grain yield with an average of 4629.57 and 823.14 kg. ha-1, respectively. Considering the total yield of Chia and Soybean in intercropping cultivation and the compensatory ability to increase the yield of Soybean against the decrease in the yield of Chia, the effect of competition between the two crops is positive complementation. lculation of land equivalent ratio (LER) revealed that the planting ratio of 25:75 had the highest efficiency by 22 percent. ConclusionChia in intercropping can improve the yield components of Soybean while improving the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation. Increasing the efficiency of intercropping cultivation in the planting ratio of 25:75 due to the increase of 75.37% is the share of the complementarity effect on grain yield, creating balance and facilitating inter-species competition.

Effect of Methanol Spraying on some Morphophysiological Characteristics, Yield and Yield Components of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Drought Stress Conditions

Hamed Javadi; Seyyed Gholam Reza Moosavi; Mohammad Javad Seghatoleslami; Ali Reza Ebrahimi; Mohammad Kozegar

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 29-40

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33127.1888

Abstract

IntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the five important oil plants of Iran. Water deficit stress is one of the most important limiting factors in sunflower cultivation. ... Read More IntroductionSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the five important oil plants of Iran. Water deficit stress is one of the most important limiting factors in sunflower cultivation. Methanol is used to deal with environmental stresses, especially dehydration. Preventing or reducing light respiration, delaying leaf senescence, increasing photosynthetic activation period and leaf area duration index and increasing CO2 fixation are among the roles of methanol application in plants. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of methanol spraying on some morphophysiological characteristics, yield and yield components of sunflower under drought stress conditions. Materials and MethodsThis field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Birjand, Iran, in 2017. The main plots included two irrigation levels (irrigation after 80 and 160 mm evaporation form class A pan). On the other hand, the sub- plots included five levels of methanol spraying; control (spraying with water), 7, 14 and 21% v/v. Statistical analysis was performed using MSTATC software. Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level of probability was used to compare the means. Results and DiscussionResults showed that deficit irrigation reduced stem diameter, number of grains per head and kernel/husk weight ratio. Methanol spraying also increased the number of grains per head. Also, methanol spraying improved most of the studied traits under two irrigation treatments. So that under drought stress conditions, foliar application with 28% volumetric methanol increased plant height (9.9%), stem diameter (5%) and leaf number per plant (14.7%). Compared with control, foliar application with 14% and 21% volumetric methanol increased SPAD by 8% and 34.7%, respectively and also, increased 1000-grain weight (12%), grain yield (27.9%) and biological yield (23.4%). According to the results, under optimum irrigation conditions, maximum sunflower grain yield was obtained with 28% volumetric methanol spraying, but under drought stress conditions, spraying with 21% volume methanol was the best one. ConclusionThe results showed that foliar application of methanol under optimum and also deficit irrigation conditions did not affect the percentage and yield of sunflower oil seed, but increased grain yield. Maximum grain yield under optimum irrigation was obtained with 28% volumetric spraying, which was 27% more than control. Also, the results showed that under arid and semi-arid conditions of Birjand, deficit irrigation with using methanol (21% volumetric) produces acceptable grain yield.

Effect of Biochar and Hydrogel on Morphophysiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Common Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under Drought Stress

Shayesteh Ghias; Mostafa Shirmardi; Heidar Meftahizadeh; Maryam Dehestani Ardakani

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 67-80

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36030.1962

Abstract

IntroductionDrought and low organic carbon content are two main problems for agriculture in arid and semiarid regions. Drought stress is responsible for at least 40% of crop losses ... Read More IntroductionDrought and low organic carbon content are two main problems for agriculture in arid and semiarid regions. Drought stress is responsible for at least 40% of crop losses in the world. The use of biochar (BC) and hydrogels can decrease adverse effects of drought on the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of BC and hydrogel application on morphophysiological and biochemical parameters of Salvia officinalis L. under drought stress (DS). Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with three replicates was conducted in the research greenhouse of the Meybod industrial town in 1398/2018 to investigate the BC and hydrogel effects on the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Salvia officinalis L. under drought stress condition. The BC and hydrogel was applied by mixing dry soil at rates of 0, 10, and 20 ton BC.ha-1, 100, and 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 with three DS levels of D1 (irrigation in 80% field capacity (FC) as no-stress conditions), D2 (irrigation in 60% FC as mild-stress conditions) and D3 (irrigation in 40% FC as severe-stress conditions). The growth responses were examined included morpho-physiological (i.e., chlorophyll content, leaf area, relative water content (RWC), ion leakage (IL), and phytochemical (i.e., antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC)) parameters. Results and DiscussionResults showed that drought stress significantly decreased growth parameters and RWC while increased IL, AA and TPC. Application of 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 and 20 ton BC.ha-1 significantly increased chlorophyll index, root and shoot dry weight compared to the control under severe stress condition. At mild stress, all treatments significantly reduced the root:shoot ratio compared to the control. However, in severe stress, only application of 10 and 20 ton BC.ha-1 significantly reduced this parameter compared to the control. In no stress and sever stress, use of 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 increased RWC in plant in comparison with control (15.9 and 5.1% respectively). Results indicated that 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 and 20 ton BC.ha-1 treatments significantly decreased IL and TPC in mild and sever stress conditions in comparison with control. All treatments significantly decreased AA in severe stress and control has the highest amount of AA in this level of drought. It seems that use of BC and hydrogel in soil increased soil water holding capacity and improve soil structure. In addition, BC contains various elements that can improve plant nutrition under drought stress. The amount of BC and hydrogel application is very important on the effectiveness of these amendments on the plant characteristics under stress conditions. ConclusionThe application of hydrogel and biochar could improve the growth indices, leaf relative water content and reduce the total phenol concentration and antioxidant capacity in the plant under drought stress. It seems that these amendments reduce the negative effect of drought stress on the plant by increasing the soil water holding capacity, improving the structure and increasing the availability of nutrients for the plant.

The Effect of Two Mycorrhiza Fungi Species on Biochemical Characteristic and Aerial Dry Biomass of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Under Cadmium Stress

Fariba Mohammadifard; Mohammad Moghaddam

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 81-94

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30809.1817

Abstract

IntroductionNowadays, soil pollution to various heavy metals is one of the most important environmental issues in human societies, which has adverse effects on soil and soil flora and ... Read More IntroductionNowadays, soil pollution to various heavy metals is one of the most important environmental issues in human societies, which has adverse effects on soil and soil flora and groundwater contamination. Among the heavy metals, cadmium with a half-life of about 20 years, its high mobility in the soil and absorption by the plant, has a significant toxicity that its presence in the food chain seriously threatens human health. A wide range of studies have shown that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi increases the resistance of many plants against heavy metals. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on biochemical properties of coriander under heavy metal stress, a pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouses at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 2 factors and 3 replications was conducted. The first factor was heavy metal in 4 levels of 0, 20, 40, 80 mg/kg nitrate cadmium soil and the second factor was mycorrhiza fungi in 3 levels without fungi and Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradicese application. The soil mixture included soil, leafy soil and sand in a ratio of 1: 1: 1. All traits were measured at flowering stage. The studied traits include aerial parts dry biomass, chlorophyll, b, a, electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrate, antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoids and proline. Data analysis using Minitab 17 software was done. Results and DiscussionThe results were showed that by increasing the concentration of cadmium, the amount of electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrate, antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoids and proline increased. However, with increasing cadmium concentration, the amount of dry biomass of aerial parts, chlorophyll, a, b and carotenoids decreased. So, with increasing cadmium concentration, the amount of aerial parts dry biomass of coriander decreased by 40% compared with the control. Based on this study, using of mycorrhizal fungi under cadmium pollution reduced the stress influence, so that the highest amount of aerial parts dry biomass was found in plants treated with mycorrhizal and without cadmium application. The lowest amount dry biomass of aerial parts was found in without mycorrhizal with highest nitrate cadmium concentration (80 mg/kg soil). The highest amount of proline, soluble carbohydrate, phenol, antioxidant activity, and total flavonoids was observed in plants which treated with the highest nitrate cadmium concentration (80 mg/kg soil) and Glomus intraradicese application. ConclusionSo that inoculated plants with mycorrhizal fungi had drier biomass of aerial parts than plants without mycorrhiza. According to the results of this study, in the conditions of environmental stresses such as cadmium stress, the use of mycorrhizal fungi reduces its destructive effects, which can be used as a management solution in heavy metal contaminated areas. In general, the results of this study showed that application of Glomus mosseae fungus in cadmium stress has a better effect on the traits and its application is recommended in this condition.

Effect of Waterlogging Stress on Yield and Yield Components and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Mung Bean Cultivars in Ahvaz Conditions

Seyed Bashir Fazeli; Afrasyab Rahnama; Payman Hassibi

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 95-108

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30538.1805

Abstract

IntroductionMung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. This nitrogen-stabilizing plant has rapid growth and a short growth period, leading to improved ... Read More IntroductionMung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. This nitrogen-stabilizing plant has rapid growth and a short growth period, leading to improved soil fertility. Mung bean is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia due to its high adaptation range. Plants are obligate aerobic organisms and thus depend on O2 to grow and compete successfully with neighbouring plants in natural environments. Waterlogging stress is one of the most important factors limiting the planting of mung bean under Ahvaz conditions. Materials and MethodsIn order to study the effects of waterlogging stress on some agronomic and physiological characteristics of two Mung bean cultivars, a pot experiment was conducted as split factorial in a completely randomized block design with three replications in the field. The main plots were different growth stages consisted of vegetative growth stage, the beginning of flowering, grain filling stage, and three growth stages. The combination of stress levels (control and waterlogging stress) and two Mung bean cultivars (Hindi and Omrani) were as subplots. Results and DiscussionWaterlogging was caused to decrease significantly dry matter and grain yield in both cultivars at each growth stages, In Hindi cultivar, the highest grain yield reduction was observed at flowering stage and the least difference was observed in waterlogging stress at all three growth stages. In Omrani cultivar, the highest grain yield reduction was observed in waterlogging stress at all three growth stages, and the least grain yield decrease at flowering stage. Overall, the reductions in dry weight and grain yield were higher in Omrani than Hindi cultivar at three growth stages. Therefore, in stress-prone areas such as Ahvaz where summer plants such as Mung bean are exposed to waterlogging stress at different growth stages, Hindi cultivar is suggested for cultivation. Waterlogging stress did not show a significant effect on grain weight and grain number per pod, but significantly reduced the number of pods per plant. The number of pods per plant was significantly more important in determining yield and had a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.846 **) with grain yield. The reason of difference between two cultivars was the better physiological compatibility of Hindi cultivar under stress conditions, including higher levels of photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments contents. When plants were treated only with waterlogging stress in one growth stage, the Omrani cultivar could compensate some damages due to its indeterminate growth and phenological flexibility, as the period of pod formation was longer in this cultivar. SPAD value had the highest correlation with grain yield (r=0.707**) compared to other photosynthesis-related traits and could be used as a marker trait for selection of tolerant cultivars because of its ease, speed, cheapness and the possibility to measure this trait in the field. ConclusionThe results indicated that mung bean yield decrease in response to waterlogging stress, depending on growth stages, and experimental duration. The reductions in grain yield was impacted by the growth stage subjected to waterlogging stress. Moreover, the Hindi cultivar seems to be more tolerant to waterlogging in Khuzestan region

Microtuberization Efficiency of Three Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars under Osmotic Stress in vitro

Banafsheh Jamshidi; Marzieh Ghanbari Jahromi; Amir Mousavi

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 109-122

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30032.1782

Abstract

IntroductionPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide. It is vegetatively propagated using pieces or whole potato tubers, but a virus infection causes ... Read More IntroductionPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide. It is vegetatively propagated using pieces or whole potato tubers, but a virus infection causes crop reduction to almost a half or even one third, which varies from place to place and from season to another. Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce many progeny plants, using modern plant tissue culture methods. Microtuberization in potato needs the right interaction between several factors such as cyto, sucrose and osmotic stress. The purpose of present study was to investigate microtuberization efficiency of three potato cultivars under osmotic stress and in vitro conditions. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. Potato seeds of three cultivars (Agria, Savalan and HPS-II/67) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. After proliferation, plantlets were transferred to the media containing nine treatments with polyethylene glycol hydrogel (PEG) at four levels (0.003, 0.006, 0.009, 0.012 M), sorbitol at four levels (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 M). For this purpose, potato quality, microtuberization percentage, proline concentration, chlorophyll content, and Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that plantlets grown under non-stressed conditions (control) possessed higher rates of leaf number, new shoot length and proliferation index compared to the under stressed conditions. Agria cultivar presented better growth characteristics under stressed conditions compared to other experimental cultivars. The highest potato destruction was observed at 0.012 M PEG in Savalan cultivar followed by 0.4 M sorbitol in all cultivars. Microtuberization percentage increased in all three cultivars by stress conditions, in which it increased with progressing in stress levels. The greatest percentage of microtuberization was obtained from Agria cultivar at 0.003 M PEG. Compared to the control, proline concentration, and also CAT and SOD activities increased under stress conditions. Moreover, total chlorophyll content decreased under the stress conditions in comparison to the control. Generally, based on the results, maximum rates of microtuberization and viability were observed in Agria followed by HPS-II/67, and the highest microtuber weight was obtained in HPS-II/67 cultivar. When plants are faced to stress conditions like osmotic stress, free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases. On the other hand, plants use different strategies to scavenge the generated ROS. The reduction of chlorophyll content and increases of antioxidant enzyme activities are due to increase of ROS under osmotic stress conditions. ConclusionAt slight stress conditions, potato plants utilize the strategy to generate more tuber. Therefore, the lower concentrations of PEG can be introduced as a stimulator of microtuber.

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = A: Agronomy

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