Plant Productions

Plant Productions

The Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Three Commercial Rootstocks of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Under Controlled Temperature Conditions

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
H. Hokmabadi 1
M. Rezaei 2
H. Hokmabadi 3
1 M.Sc. Graduate of Horticultural Science, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
3 Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center Semnan, Shahrood, Iran
10.22055/ppd.2018.20314.1423
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Objectives
In recent decades, global warming causes climate changes which triggers physiological and nutrition disorders in plants. Iran is a main pistachio producer in the world. Pistachio cultivar is mainly grafted into seedling rootstocks are which obtained from especial cultivars and wild type pistachio. The changes in the vegetative growth and yield in pistachio orchards have been obviously observed in the years with so warm or so cold weather conditions. The purpose of this research was evaluating the effects of temperature on the growth of three pistachio rootstocks.
Materials and Methods
In order to study the effect of temperature on the growth and physiological characteristics of three commercial pistachio rootstocks, a factorial experiment on the basis of a completely randomized design (CRD) was carried out with three replications. The first factor was three rootstocks including: Pistacia vera cv. Badamie-zarand, P. vera cv. Ghazvini and P. vera var. Sarakhsi and the second factor was four temperature conditions including: 10, 15, 20 and 25 degrees Celsius. Pistachio seedlings after planting up to 15-leaf stage were kept in the greenhouse condition and then the pots were transferred to growth chambers which adjusted to defined temperature treatments. The plants were kept in temperature treatments for fifteen days. At the end of experiment, growth parameters including fresh and dry leaf weight, fresh and dry weight in shoot and root and leaf area and physiological parameters including stomatal conductance, relative water content of leaves and leaf chlorophyll index were measured. The statistical analysis was done using SAS 9.1 software and mean comparison was done by using the lowest significant difference test (LSD).
Results
The results showed that with increasing environmental temperature, an increase in the number of leaves, stem height, dry weight of leaf, stem and root, leaf area was observed in pistachio rootstocks. There were significant differences among rootstocks in most of the growth parameters. Badamie-Zarand was more vigorous than the other rootstocks in low temperature. The highest SPAD index was observed in high temperature environment (20, 25°C) beside lowest SPAD index level was observed at Low temperature environmental (10, 15°C). Minimum and maximum stomatal conductance was respectively obtained at 10 and 25 °C in Sarakhsi rootstocks which reveals the sensitivity of this rootstock to temperature fluctuations. In contrast, stomatal conductance variations in the Ghazvini rootstocks are lower than the other rootstocks when exposed to different environmental temperature. This may show the tolerance of this variety to changes of environmental temperature conditions. The leaf RWC in three pistachio rootstocks at different ambient temperatures shows a significant difference. At 15 and 20°C, Ghazvini rootstock has the highest RWC and Badamie- Zarand rootstock has the lowest levels of RWC. The highest relative water content was obtained at 10°C in Sarakhsi rootstock and at 25°C in Badamie-Zarand rootstock. Positive correlation between root dry weight and stomatal conductance reflects the rootstock compatibility with ecological conditions.
Discussion
Badami Zarand rootstock has more vegetative growth in low temperature environment and more adaptation to a wide range of temperature in comporison to two others rootstock and also can be recommended to nursery as a rootstock for planting.
Keywords
Chlorophyll index
Growth champer
Root dry weight
Stomatal conductance
Subjects
Azizi, K. H., Amini Dehaghi, M. and Heidari Sharif Abad, H. (2004). Growth and development of three annual meicago species under different air and root zone temperatures. Journal of Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 17(3), 58-66. [In Farsi]
Bartholomew, P. W. and Williams, R. D. (2005). Cool-season grass development response to accumulated temperature under a range of temperature regimes. Crop Science, 45(2), 529-534.
Berndt, M. L., McCully, M. E. and Canny, M. J. (1999). Is xylem embolism and refilling involve in the rapid wilting and recovery of plants following root cooling and rewarming?. Plant Biology, 1(5), 506-515.
Blum, A., Gozlan, G. and Mayer, J. (1981). The manifestation of dehydration avoidance in wheat breeding germplasm. Crop Science, 21(4), 495-499.
Davarynejad, G. H., Azizi, M. and Akheratee, M. (2009). Effect of foliar nutrition on quality, quantity and alternate bearing of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 23(2), 1-10. [In Farsi]
Day, T. A., Heckathorn, S. A. and Delucia, E. H. (1991). Limitations of photosynthesis in Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) at low soil temperatures. Plant Physiology, 96(4), 1246-1254.
DeLucia. E. H. (1986). Effect of soil temperature on net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and carbohydrate concentration in Engelmann spruce (Picea engenmannii Parry ex Engelm.) seedlings. Tree Physiology, 2, 143-154.
Emami, A. (1997). Methods of plant analysis. Iran: Soil and Water Institute Press. [In Farsi]
Hatfield, J. L. and Prueger, J. H. (2015). Temperature extremes: Effect on plant growth and development. Weather and Climate Extremes, 10, 4-10.
Hatfield, J. L., Boote, K. J. Kimball, B. A. Ziska, L. H., Izaurralde, R. C., Ort, D., Thomson, A. M. and Wolfe, D. (2011). Climate impacts on agriculture: Implications for crop production. Agronomy Journal, 103(2), 351-370.
Kafkas, S., Ebru, K. and Perl-Treves R. (2002). Morphological diversity and germplasm survey of three wild Pistacia species in Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 49(3), 261-270.
Karimi, H. (2012). Evaluation of the behaviour of native Iranian pistachio species as rootstocks. Journal of Nuts and Related Sciences, 3, 41-46.
Lahti, M., Aphalo, P., Finer, L., Ryyppo, A., Lehto, T. and Mannerkoski, H. (2005). Effects of soil temperature on shoot and root growth and nutrient uptake of 5-year-old Norway spruce seedlings. Tree Physiology, 25(1), 115-122.
Landhusser, S .M., Wein, R. W. and Lange, P. (1996). Gas exchange and growth of three arctic treeline tree species under different soil temperature and drought precondition in regimes. Canadian Journal of Botany, 74, 686-693.
Lee, J., De Gryze, S. and Six, J. (2011). Effect of climate change on field crop production in California’s central valley. Climatic Change, 109(1), 335-353.
Luedeling, E., Zhang, M. and Girvetz, E. H. (2009). Climatic changes lead to declining winter chill for fruit and nut trees in California during 1950-2099. PLoS ONE, 4(7), e6166.
Mo, Y., G Liang, G., W Shi, W. and J Xie, J. (2011). Metabolic responses of alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) leaves to low and high temperature induced stresses. African
Journal of Biotechnology, 10(7), 1117-1124.
Nurzadeh namaghi, M., Davarynejad, G. H., Ansari, H. and Zarea Feyzabadi, A. (2016). Pistachio leaf stomatal conductance and temperature changes affect the types of organic and inorganic mulch. The Ninth Congress of Horticultural Sciences, Ahvaz. [In Farsi]
Ojeda M., Schaffer B. and Davies, F. S. (2004). Soil temperature, physiology and growth of containerized Annona species. Scientia Horticulturae, 102(2), 243-255.
Radville, L., McCormack, M. L., Post, E. and Eissenstat, D. M. (2016). Root phenology in a changing climate. Journal of Experimental Botany, 67(12), 3617-3628.
Reyes, F., DeJong, T., Franceschi, P., Tagliavini, M. and Gianelle, D. (2016). Maximum growth potential and periods of resource limitation in apple tree. Front in Plant Science, 7, 233-245.
Schonfeld, M. A., Johnson, R. C., Carver, B. F. and Mornhinweg, D. W. (1988). Water relations in winter wheat as drought resistance indicators. Crop Science, 28(3), 526-531.
Schulz, E. D., Beck. E. and Hohenstein, K. M. (2005). Plant ecology. New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Schwarz, P. A., Fahey, T. J. and Dawson, T. E. (1997). Seasonal air and soil temperature effects onphotosynthesis in red spruce (Picea rubens) saplings. Tree Physiology, 17(3), 187-194.
Takebe, M., Yoneyma, T., Inada. K. and Murakam, T. (1990). Spectral reflectance ratio of rice canopy for estimating crop nitrogen status. Plant and Soil, 122(2), 295-297.
Tamaki, M., Kondo, S., Itani, T. and Goto, Y. (2002). Temperature responses of leaf emergence and leaf growth in barley. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 138(1), 17-20.
Turner, D. W. and Lahav, E. (1985). Temperature influences nutrient absorption and uptake rates of bananas grown in controlled environments. Scientia Horticulturae, 26(4), 311-322.
Walsh, K. B. and Layzell, D. B. (1986). Carbon and nitrogen assimilation and Partitioning in soybeans exposed to low root temperatures. Plant Physiology, 80(1), 249-255.
Weih, M. and karlsoon, P. S. (2001). Growth response of mountain birch to air and soil temperature: Is increasing leaf- nitrogen content an acclimation to lower air temperature. Journal of New Phytologist, 150(1), 147-155.
Wolfe, D. W., Ziska., L, Petzoldt, C., Seaman., A., Chase, L. and Hayhoe, K. (2008). Projected change in climate thresholds in the Northeastern U.S.: Implications for crops, pests, livestock and farmers. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 13(5-6), 555-575.
Yamasaki, S. and Dillenburg, L. C. (1999). Measurements of leaf relative water content in Araucaria angustifolia. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal, 11(2), 69-75.
Zhang, F., Lynch, D. H. and Smith, D. L. (1995). Impact of low root temperatures on soybean Glycin max (L.) Merr.Nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Journal of Environmental and Experimental Botany, 35(3), 279-285.
Zhu, Y., Sheafer, C. C. and Barnes, D. K. (1996). Forage yield and quality of six annual Medicago species in the North Centeral, USA. Agronomy Journal, 88(6), 955-960.
Plant Productions
Volume 41, Issue 2
Summer 2018
Pages 79-90