Plant Productions

Investigating the spatial variations of water use efficiency, and fertilizer sources for irrigated and rainfed wheat systems in different regions of Iran

Mostafa Torkaman; Soroor Khorramdel; Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam; Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 263-277

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42802.2074

Abstract

IntroductionChemical fertilizers have played a significant role in increasing the yield of agricultural products, especially since the 1950s, but the excessive application of these ... Read More IntroductionChemical fertilizers have played a significant role in increasing the yield of agricultural products, especially since the 1950s, but the excessive application of these fertilizers in recent years has led to environmental pollution and a drop in agricultural productivity, food security, ecosystem and human health, and economic prosperity. Researchers believed that the best and most accessible approach to solve these problems is the improvement of the efficiency indicators of inputs. So, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the use efficiency indicators for nitrogen and phosphorus and water in wheat-irrigated and dryland systems of Iran. Materials and MethodsIn this research, provinces with more than 80% production in irrigated and rainfed systems of Iran were determined and, in each province, cities with more than 80% production of this crop were selected. The required data were collected by using face-to-face interviews and recorded statistics. Afterward, the consumption productivity of inputs was determined, and then the Pearson correlation coefficient between the productivity of different sources was computed. Also, multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between yield with climatic variables and fertilizers and water. For this purpose, the two-year average for total precipitation for irrigated and rainfed systems in each region were extracted. Results and DiscussionThe results revealed that in the main areas of wheat production, the average productivity of nitrogen consumption for irrigated was calculated as 16.69 kg of grains per kg of nitrogen compared to 17.27 kg of grains per kg of nitrogen for rainfed conditions. Contrary to nitrogen, the efficiency of phosphorus consumption in rainfed agriculture was lower than in the irrigated wheat system. Also, the highest correlation between nitrogen and phosphorus productivity for the irrigated system was computed with r=0.506 and the coefficient between nitrogen and water productivity was calculated with r=0.309 for rainfed conditions. The results for regression analysis between yield and climatic and agronomic parameters showed that increases in temperature had a positive effect on grain yield in rainfed conditions. On the other hand, increasing in other parameters such as precipitation, nitrogen, phosphorus, and irrigation in the irrigated and rainfed systems had a direct relationship with grain yield. ConclusionExcess use of nitrogen fertilizers in irrigated wheat systems led to lower nitrogen use efficiency. Although, the grain yield in irrigated conditions was higher than in dryland conditions, due to the sensitivity of using nitrogen by farmers and the adverse effects of excessive use in rainfed wheat, the consumption of nitrogen has been used with more precision and sensitivity. This ultimately led to an increase in the efficiency of nitrogen consumption in rainfed compared to irrigated systems. Unlike nitrogen, the phosphorus use efficiency was lower in rainfed compared to the irrigated system due to the direct effect of soil moisture on the release of phosphorus in the soil. According to these results, nitrogen and water were the most important factors affecting the yield in irrigated and rainfed systems. Also, the regression analysis of the relationship between wheat yield and climatic and agronomic parameters showed that in irrigated systems, nitrogen and irrigation and in rainfed conditions, nitrogen and precipitation had the most impact on grain yield.

Investigation of Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Drought and Salinity Stress Resistance Index in Pistachio Rootstocks Coexisted with Mycorrhiza Arbuscular

Masoud Fattahi; abdolrahman Mohammadkhani; Behroz Shiran; Bahram Baninasab; Rudabeh Ravash

Volume 44, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 587-600

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33219.1894

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionEnvironmental stresses are serious threats to agricultural production. Abiotic stress too is a serious threat to agricultural products. Pistachio is one of ... Read More AbstractIntroductionEnvironmental stresses are serious threats to agricultural production. Abiotic stress too is a serious threat to agricultural products. Pistachio is one of the most important agricultural products in Iran and United States and is grown in other countries as well. Pistachio has good yields in rain fed condition and increases the flush and quality of yield by irrigation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among the most useful microorganisms in soil, and most plants can become symbiotic with mycorrhiza, that help improve nutritional conditions and other functions such as photosynthesis and osmotic regulation under stress conditions. Materials and MethodsAMF, (Funneliformis mosseae) were grown using corn (Zea mays). Four pistachio rootstocks in symbiosis with mycorrhiza were subjected to drought and salinity stress in two separate experiments. Plants were divided randomly into three treatments (three replications and 6 plants per treatment), Treatments included drought, salinity, mycorrhiza and rootstock (In Shahrekord University 32 °21 N 50° 49 E, 2017-18). At the end of the experiment, the plants were harvested. Then all parts of the plant, including roots, shoots and leaves, were separated and weighted. The amount of phosphorus was measured using a spectrophotometer (UV-Vis Spectrometer) at a wavelength of 470 nm (Olsen et al., 1954). Data were evaluated by Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 25.0.0. Results and DiscussionThe rootstock biomass in this experiment were influenced by different treatments (mycorrhiza, rootstock type and stress). P content of both leaves and root tissues of pistachio rootstocks was affected by both drought and salinity stress (Not shown in the data). Mycorrhiza increased root, stem and leaf fresh weight under drought and salinity stress and leaf area ratio and specific leaf area under salinity stress. Mycorrhiza-inoculated plants had lower phosphorus use efficiency and more tolerance to drought and salinity stresses. Growth indices and phosphorus use efficiency of root, leaf and total, decreased under both drought and salinity stresses. The Sarakhs rootstock was more salinity-sensitive than other rootstocks. In this research, pistachio rootstocks showed differences in biomass and biomass reduced under salinity and drought stress. Biomass reductions under abiotic stress (drought and salinity stress) conditions in previous studies on almond, peaches, olives, apple and pistachio fruit trees are also reported here. Biomass was higher in +M rootstocks, which could have been due to effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis on P absorption. The difference between rootstocks is related to rootstock absorption capacitywhich has to do with root condition. Therefore, rootstocks with better roots growth may develope root survival under stress condition. They can also be better in mineral uptake and more tolerant to stress statue, because the ability of plants to withstand stresses depends to a large extent on roots. ConclusionThe use of beneficial soil microorganisms is one of the best strategies contributing to sustainable agriculture and the environment. Among the most beneficial soil microorganisms with which plants may establish a symbiotic relationship are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF can improve soil physicochemical properties that generate plant growth and elevate the status of plants in terms of water and mineral nutrition, leading to improved plant growth maintenance. Based on these findings, AMF in symbiosis with pistachio rootstocks helped increase drought and salinity stress tolerance.

Influence of three species of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on growth and nutrients uptake in zinnia plant under drought stress conditions

Vahed Bagheri; Mohammad Hossein Shamshiri; Hossein Alaei; Hassan Salehi

Volume 41, Issue 4 , March 2019, , Pages 83-96

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.23285.1513

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Drought is one of the major environmental constraints that limit plant growth and productivity more than any other environmental factor. Drought ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Drought is one of the major environmental constraints that limit plant growth and productivity more than any other environmental factor. Drought stress reduces normal growth, disturbs water relations and nutrition uptake in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase plant tolerance to drought via direct water uptake and transport through fungal hyphae to the host plants, enhance nutrient uptake, improve osmotic adjustment and antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of three AMF species (singly or in combination) on DS alleviation of zinnia seedlings (as a potentially drought-tolerant ﬂower crop) grown under different DS levels. Materials and Methods To study the effects of three identified isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on growth and elements concentration (P, K, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) of zinnia plants (Zinnia elegans L. var. Magellan Red) under drought stress condition, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with two factors including mycorrhiza at five levels (no mycorrhizae as control, Rhizophagus irregularis, Rhizophagus intraradisces, Funneliformis mosseae, Mix ) and four levels of drought stress (100% FC as control, 80% FC, 60% FC and 40% FC) with six replicates based on a completely randomized design (CRD). Seedlings with four true leaves were transplanted into 1 L pot and immediately inoculated with 210 spores per pot of the each of above symbionts. Control plants received the same amount of autoclaved inocula. The plants were irrigated with distilled water for 50 days to obtain certain amount of infection; then four irrigation regimes were achieved for four weeks. Results According to the results, vegetative growth traits like fresh and dry weight of shoot, root and flower leaf area and flower diameter were reduced significantly with increasing drought stress levels. Drought stress reduced uptake and transport of elements. The utilized AMF improved growth and nutrients uptake under drought stress considerably in 40% FC where R. irregularis, R. intraradisces, F. mosseae and mix increased dry weight of shoot by 20, 22, 20, 11 percent respectively in comparison with control. Discussion In conclusion, it is suggested that AMF inoculation improves drought tolerance of zinnia plants at least in part through the enhanced uptake of slowly diffusing mineral ions such as PO42- and Zn2+. Moreover, arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization provides better osmotic adjustment which can be correlated with K+ accumulation in top portions of inoculated plants. The results of this study showed that zinnia plants exhibited a better symbiotic relation with three identified isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi especially with mixed treatment.

Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Yield and Yield Components of Corn Hybrid (540) under Water Stress Condition

Seyed Mohamad Reza Ehteshami; mehdi Ramezani

Volume 39, Issue 3 , December 2016, , Pages 51-64

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12049

Abstract

Background and Objectives Maize is the most important grain crop that has great economic importance and is grown worldwide. The largest areas under maize in Iran are in the regions ... Read More Background and Objectives Maize is the most important grain crop that has great economic importance and is grown worldwide. The largest areas under maize in Iran are in the regions with semidry and dry climates. Bio-fertilizers differ from chemical and organic fertilizers in the sense that they are cultures of special bacteria which do not directly supply any nutrients to crops. The phenomena of fixation and precipitation of P in soil caused a low efficiency of soluble P fertilizers such as superphosphate. The studies on the application of biofertilizers as replacements or supplements to mineral nutrients in the crop production show economic and ecological justification of their broad practical application and commercialisation of biofertilizers. Given the importance of water and fertilizer in agriculture, research leading to improvements in water efficiency and the use of chemical fertilizers is essential. Material and Methods In order to investigate the effect of growth promoting bacteria and different levels of phosphorus chemical fertilizer on grain yield and yield components of corn hybrid (540) under humidity different regimes, an experiment was conducted as Line source based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural Education Center of Shahid Naseri in Karaj during 2012 and 2013. Line source was applied to four levels of irrigation (not stress, mild stress, moderate stress, severe stress). Phosphorus factor was in five levels including the application of 100% triple super phosphate fertilizer and without biofertilizer, 75% recommended chemical fertilizers with biofertilizer, 50% recommended chemical fertilizers with biofertilizer, 25% recommended chemical fertilizers with biofertilizer, biofertilizer and without chemical fertilizers, too. Results The results of the experiment showed the significant effect of fertilizer treatments on all traits both in the first and second years. In comparison, the effect of different levels of phosphorus fertilizers was investigated by the application of 100% phosphorus fertilizer and without inoculation it had the highest grain yield under non-stress conditions, while with increasing of stress intensity, grain yield in 75% recommended chemical fertilizers with biofertilizer treatment under mild stress, moderate stress and severe stress conditions was 2.1%, 5.5% and 35.8 % higher than the same treatment in similar circumstances, respectively. Discussions The result of the experiment showed that the use of plant growth promoting bacteria with a good percentage of the phosphorus chemical fertilizer, while increasing the efficiency of chemical fertilizers and soil conservation, improved grain yield under water stress conditions. The positive effect of bio-fertilizer may also be due to optimum soil pH which facilities maximum utilization of applied micronutrients to crops. Also, use of Biosuper biofertilizer had positive effects on all traits.

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Keywords = Phosphorus

Investigating the spatial variations of water use efficiency, and fertilizer sources for irrigated and rainfed wheat systems in different regions of Iran

Abstract

Investigation of Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Drought and Salinity Stress Resistance Index in Pistachio Rootstocks Coexisted with Mycorrhiza Arbuscular

Abstract

Influence of three species of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on growth and nutrients uptake in zinnia plant under drought stress conditions

Abstract

Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Yield and Yield Components of Corn Hybrid (540) under Water Stress Condition

Abstract