Plant Productions

The effect of foliar application of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of strawberry cv. Camarosa

Naeimeh Soukht Saraei; Feryal Varasteh; Hamid Reza Sadeghipour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47877.2199

Abstract

IntroductionStrawberry is one of the most popular fruits, accordingly, its maintenance and increased quality without using harmful chemical compounds is of great concern. Gamma-aminobutyric ... Read More IntroductionStrawberry is one of the most popular fruits, accordingly, its maintenance and increased quality without using harmful chemical compounds is of great concern. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid that affects plant growth activities, tricarboxylic acid cycle, production of primary and secondary metabolites, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Growth hormones, especially those growth regulators that increase photosynthesis and plant function, have good potential for agricultural development. The plant hormone cytokinin plays an effective role in controlling many vital processes, including plant growth and flowering. Cytokinins cause an increase in cell division, and therefore, if they are used in the initial stage of the sigmoid curve of fruit growth, when cell division is underway, they may increase the number of cells in each fruit.Materials and MethodsThe well-developed and consistent strawberry plantlets of the Camarosa cultivar were planted during October 2022 in Ramian County, Golestan province, Iran (UTM: 318446, 4092385). The foliar application of GABA solutions at 10 and 20 mM as well as control (water) was carried out at the flowering stage and 10 days later and the foliar application of forchlorfenuron )CPPU( solutions at 5 and 10 mg/L was carried out at the flowering stage. This research was conducted in the form of a complete randomized blocks design in three replications. Fruits were collected when they reached a consistent ripening stage, as characterized by change of fruit's surface color to red by more than 75% and were promptly transported to the laboratory for analysis. Root volume and weight, total sugar and leaf photosynthetic pigments, length, diameter and shape of fruit, percentage of malformed fruit, fruit firmness, total sugar, fruit color, total weight of harvested fruit and fruit cytokinin were assessed. Data analysis was done using SAS version 9.1 software and comparison of means was done through Duncan's multiple range test at the 1% probability level.Results and DiscussionThe analysis of variance of the data showed that the effect of GABA treatment at the probability level of 1% on root volume and weight, carotenoid and chlorophyll b of leaf, fruit firmness and the total weight of the harvested fruit at the probability level of 1% and on the total chlorophyll of leaf and percentage of malformed fruit at the probability level of 5% was significant. Leaf area, chlorophyll a, total leaf sugar, fruit length, diameter and length-to-diameter ratio were not affected by GABA spraying. Also, the effect of CPPU treatment was significant at 1% probability level on root volume and weight, leaf area, leaf carotenoid, fruit length and firmness, and percentage of malformed fruits, and at 5% probability level on chlorophyll a and total, fruit length to diameter ratio. Total sugar and chlorophyll b of leaf, fruit diameter and total weight of harvested fruit were not affected by CPPU solution. GABA treatment (20 mM) could increase the total weight of the harvested fruits from each experimental unit by 17%. Plants sprayed with CPPU had more leaf area compared to the control non-sprayed plants. The total chlorophyll amount of leaf increased with increasing GABA and CPPU concentration, and the highest leaf total chlorophyll was found in 20 mM GABA (1.384 mg/g) and 10 mg/L CPPU (1.430 mg/g). 10 mg/L CPPU treatment caused 107 and 59% increase in root volume and weight compared to the control, respectively. The highest fruit length (65.51 mm) and fruit length to diameter ratio (1.69) were obtained in plants sprayed with 10 mg/L CPPU. The highest firmness of the fruit tissue (1.96 N/cm2) was observed in plants sprayed with 20 mM GABA. Accordingly, GABA and CPPU treatments could significantly reduce the malformed fruit and the lowest was observed in CPPU treatment at a concentration of 10 mg/L. Also, both GABA and CPPU treatments had a significant effect on fruit color brightness index and total fruit sugar.ConclusionGABA and CPPU can act as a regulatory factor for plant growth and development. In general, the fruits obtained from plants sprayed with GABA and CPPU were of higher quality. Finally, according to the results, foliar spraying of Camarosa strawberry plants with 20 mM GABA and 10 mg/L CPPU is recommended in order to produce high-quality and long-lasting fruit.

The Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside on some Morphological and Physiological Traits of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) under Salt Stress

Saeideh Alizadeh-salteh; Aysan Nourizad Ahmedabad; Sahebali Bolandnazar; Mina Amani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47316.2186

Abstract

Introduction: Salinity is one of the environmental stresses that has a negative effect on the growth and development process and causes oxidative stress in plants. By creating harmful ... Read More Introduction: Salinity is one of the environmental stresses that has a negative effect on the growth and development process and causes oxidative stress in plants. By creating harmful changes in the balance of ions, water status, nutrients, stomatal function and photosynthesis efficiency, salinity causes a decrease in plant growth and development processes such as germination, seedling growth, and finally, a decrease in the amount of crop production in the plant. Sodium nitroprusside is a relatively stable gas radical that prevents the production of reactive oxygen radicals in low concentrations. It has been reported that sodium nitroprusside as a signal conducting molecule in various physiological processes such as seed germination, leaf senescence, ethylene production, stomatal closure and various defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and UV-B radiation is involved. Also, sodium nitroprusside plays a role in regulating various developmental processes and plant growth, including root growth, respiration, flowering, and cell death. Considering the positive effects of sodium nitroprusside on plants and the importance of evening primrose, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside on improving the morphological and physiological properties of evening primrose medicinal plant in adjusting salinity stress in greenhouse cultivation.Materials and methods: In the present experiment, the effect of salinity stress caused by sodium chloride at four levels (0, 4, 8, 12 dS/m) and its modification by sodium nitroprusside as foliar spraying at four concentrations of zero (control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mM as sodium nitroprusside releasing compound in evening primrose was carried out factorially based on a completely randomized design in three replications in the greenhouse of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. Salt treatment (NaCl) was applied after planting in pots and two times in the form of a solution in water and injected into the plant roots, and nitroprusside treatment was applied at four levels and with an interval of two weeks until flowering (mid-spring). It was done to the leaf. To facilitate sodium nitroprusside foliar spraying and also to increase accuracy, a sprayer was used so that foliar spraying is done uniformly on the aerial part of the plant. At first, the test of normality of the data and the uniformity of intra-treatment variances was performed and confirmed. Analysis of the variance of the data was done factorially in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications. The mean comparison of the treatments was done by Duncan's test at the probability level of 1%. SAS software (Ver. 9.3) was used for data analysis and Excel software was used for drawing graphs.Results and Discussion: In total, the results of the present experiment showed that the application of salinity treatment caused a significant decrease in fresh and dry weight of leaves, the amount of leaf area and leaf chlorophyll index, while it caused a significant increase in the percentage of ionic electrolyte leakage. The decrease in leaf area due to salt stress is either as a result of a decrease in the number of leaves due to a decrease in photosynthesis or a decrease in leaf size due to a decrease in turgor pressure. So that the highest number (47/08) was obtained in the 4 decisimons treatment and per meter and leaf area (247/95) in the control treatment. Also, the highest percentage of ionic electrolyte leakage (27.5%) was observed at a concentration of 12 deci-siemens/m, but the effect of different concentrations of salinity on the amount of antioxidant activity was not significant. The results showed that sodium nitroprusside treatment caused a significant decrease in leaf dry weight, ion electrolyte leakage percentage. On the other hand, it has caused a significant increase in dry matter percentage, leaf surface, chlorophyll index and antioxidant activity. So that the maximum amount of leaf area, chlorophyll index and antioxidant activity was obtained in the concentration of 0.15 mM sodium nitroprusside. Conclusion: Sodium nitroprusside has a useful and effective role in improving the growth characteristics and function of aerial organs and the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of evening primrose. So that the concentration of 0.15 mM was considered as the optimal concentration for improving the morphological and physiological traits.

Effect of humic acid and seaweed extract application on some biochemical traits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld.) in the condition of interruption of irrigation in two places of Kermanshah province

Ghobad Mohamadpoor; salim farzaneh; saeed khomari; seyedeh yalda Raeisi Sadati; Raouf Seyed Sharifi; Behrooz Smaielpoor; kianoosh azashab

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46890.2168

Abstract

Introduction: Due to its high protein content, the balance of essential amino acids such as lysine and plant tryptophan with great nutritional value, quinoa can be a suitable substitute ... Read More Introduction: Due to its high protein content, the balance of essential amino acids such as lysine and plant tryptophan with great nutritional value, quinoa can be a suitable substitute for rice, so the development and cultivation of this product is very important. Since our country is located in an arid and semi-arid region and the amount of evaporation and transpiration is higher than the amount of rainfall, the planted crops suffer from drought stress especially at the end of the season, so the use of natural fertilizers such as seaweed extract and humic acid can be suitable in adjusting the effect of stress.Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate some biochemical indices of quinoa under the condition of irrigation interruption in two locations with hot climate (Qasar Shirin) and cold climate (Dalaho) in Kermanshah province in it was implemented as a split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design in the 2018-2018 crop year. The main plots of irrigation treatment were at three levels (complete irrigation, stop irrigation at the beginning of flowering and the beginning of seeding) and the sub-plots of foliar spraying at five levels of seaweed extract at two levels (2.5 g/L and 3.57 g/L), humic acid at two levels (3.75 g/L and 5 g/L) along with a control treatment (solution spraying with pure water).. Results and Discussion: The results showed that stopping irrigation caused a decrease in the concentration of photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid, the amount of protein and the relative water content of quinoa plant leaves compared to full irrigation. Also, under stress conditions, proline content and electrolyte leakage from the cell membrane, the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase increased. The use of seaweed extract and humic acid reduced the effect of irrigation interruption, so that the highest amount of chlorophyll a (1.760 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.989 mg/g), carotenoid (0.291 mg/g), protein (1.40 mg/g) and the relative water content in foliar application was 3.75 g/L of seaweed extract. The effects of interruption of irrigation were greater in Qasr-Shirin hot location and the greatest effect of drought stress was observed in the phase of interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering.Conclusions: In general, these findings showed that foliar spraying with seaweed extract and humic acid can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy to reduce the adverse effects of irrigation interruption on Koshia plant.Conclusions: In general, these findings showed that foliar spraying with seaweed extract and humic acid can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy to reduce the adverse effects of irrigation interruption on Koshia plant.Conclusions: In general, these findings showed that foliar spraying with seaweed extract and humic acid can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy to reduce the adverse effects of irrigation interruption on Koshia plant.Conclusions: In general, these findings showed that foliar spraying with seaweed extract and humic acid can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy to reduce the adverse effects of irrigation interruption on Koshia plant.

Effects of mycorrhizal and rhizobium inoculation on some physiological and biochemical traits of soybean under copper toxicity

Sharareh Shiati; Jalil Khara; Siavash Hosseini Sarghein; Abdollah Hassanzadeh Ghorttapeh

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 603-615

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41415.2048

Abstract

Introduction Heavy metals enter the surroundings through natural means as well as human activities. These metals reduce biomass, growth and photosynthesis and absorption of nutrients, ... Read More Introduction Heavy metals enter the surroundings through natural means as well as human activities. These metals reduce biomass, growth and photosynthesis and absorption of nutrients, which ultimately lead to plant death. Heavy metals such as copper, induce oxidative stress in plants by producing reactive oxygen species. Nowadays, heavy metal refining by physical and chemical methods are less used for economic and environmental reasons, and biological refining has been introduced as an alternative method. Among these, we can refer to the inoculation of plants with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium, which can protect the plants against this stress. The purpose of this research was to study the effects of mycorrhiza and rhizobium on the physiological and biochemical traits of soybean under copper stress. Materials and Methods For this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was performed in the Faculty of Science, Urmia University in 2021. Experimental factors included four levels of copper sulfate stress (0, 50, 400 and 200 mg/kg soil) and four inoculation treatments (control, mycorrhiza, rhizobium and mycorrhiza + rhizobium). Plants were colonized by inoculum Glomus verusiforme (for mycorrhiza) and Rhizobium japonicum (for rhizobium). The soybean plants were grown in 16 treatment groups with a diurnal regime of 16-hour light and 8 hours dark at 18-29°C. Forty days after planting, the harvest was done and the factors were examined. The studied traits included the activity of guaiacol peroxidase and catalase enzymes, malondialdehyde, fresh and dry weight, soluble sugar of shoots and roots and chlorophyll a and b content. Results and Discussion Results showed that chlorophyll a and b content, soluble sugar and dry and fresh weights of shoots and roots were significantly reduced in treated plants compared to the control. This decrease was less evident in Inoculated plants than in non- Inoculated samples. However, antioxidant enzymes activity and malondialdehyde increased under copper stress. Increased enzymatic activity was more dramatic in rhizobia and mycorrhizal plants samples than non- rhizobia and mycorrhizal ones, which was the opposite of malondialdehyde. Based on the results of this study, the use of fungi and rhizobia in copper stress conditions reduced the effects of stress. The highest enzymatic activity, soluble sugar, fresh and dry weight and photosynthetic pigments and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde were observed in co-inoculation with Mycorrhiza- Rhizobia and control, respectively. The efficiency of plants inoculated with rhizobium and mycorrhizal against copper stress can be due to the reduction of oxidative stress, high antioxidant capacity, maintenance of natural plant metabolism, increased phosphorus uptake, increasing the rate of photosynthesis, Impact on heavy metals bio-availability and improvement of nitrogen fixation e in these plants. Conclusion According to the results, it is concluded that copper stress has severe effects on effects on soybean (Saba cultivar) and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia can somewhat reduce this stress. Furthermore arbuscular mycorrhiza and rhizobia had synergistic effects so in many cases co-inoculation was more effective than single inoculation. On the basis of these results, co-inoculation with Glomus verusiforme and Rhizobium japonicum is suggested for improving soybean tolerance to copper stress.

The Effect of Azomite Application on Reducing the Damage of Salinity Stress in Mexican Marigold (Tagetes minuta L.)

Farahnaz Azizi; Mohammad Moghaddam; Sara Farsaraei; Din Mohammad Moshfegh

Volume 44, Issue 2 , August 2021, , Pages 247-258

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.29933.1778

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesSalinity stress is one of the main factors that limited crop production. Salt stress causes physiological effects by decreasing soil water potential. Azomite ... Read More Background and ObjectivesSalinity stress is one of the main factors that limited crop production. Salt stress causes physiological effects by decreasing soil water potential. Azomite is an inorganic mineral that contains more than 60 forms of nutrients (macro and microelements). This material modifies and improves the soil, and the high ionic exchange capacity of this substance has resulted in some of it being used to reduce the effects of salinity stress. Mexican Parsley (Tagetes minuta) is a medicinal plant from Asteraceae family that used in the food and cosmetic industries. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate biochemical response and dry aerial biomass of Tagetes minuta under salinity stress and Azomite application. Materials and methodsA pot experiment was conducted at the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad as factorial based on completely randomized design with three levels of salinity (0, 30 and 60 mM NaCl in irrigation water) and four levels of Azomite (0, 4, 8 and 12 g/kg soil) in three replications in 2018. The studied traits were included biochemical characteristics (RWC, Electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, antioxidant activity, total phenol, soluble carbohydrates, and proline) and dry biomass. Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab 17 software. The mean comparison was done by Bonferroni test at the 5% probability level. The figure drew by Microsoft Excel software. Results and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that the interaction effects of salinity and Azomite had a significant effect at a probability level of 1% on all of the studied traits. The highest amount of dry biomass (30.25 g.plant), RWC (74.2 %), chlorophyll a (7.5 mg.g-1FW), chlorophyll b (9.26 mg.g-1 FW), carotenoid (16.73 mg.g-1FW), total chlorophyll (33.39 mg.g-1FW) and essential oil content (0.46 %) were observed in treatment without salinity and 12 g/kg soil of Azomite. The highest amount of Electrolyte leakage (83.55 %), antioxidant activity (9727 %), Total phenol (95.10 mg.g-1FW), soluble carbohydrates (114.4 mg.g-1FW) and proline (0.12 µM/gDW) was observed on 60mM salinity and without the use of Azomite. NaCl stress can reduce nutrient uptake by the root of the plant and cause to decrease the growth of plants (Dry aerial biomass), RWC, Chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll and increase antioxidant activity, total phenol, soluble carbohydrates, and proline. Azomite in salinity stress increase water holding and inhibited the plants from Na uptake. Therefore it prevents plants from Na toxicity. The result of this study showed that the highest salinity level (60 mM NaCl) and application of Azomite especially at 12 g/kg soil level had the highest effect on ameliorating biomass and biochemical characteristics of the plant.

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Keywords = Photosynthetic pigments

The effect of foliar application of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of strawberry cv. Camarosa

Abstract

The Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside on some Morphological and Physiological Traits of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) under Salt Stress

Abstract

Effect of humic acid and seaweed extract application on some biochemical traits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld.) in the condition of interruption of irrigation in two places of Kermanshah province

Abstract

Effects of mycorrhizal and rhizobium inoculation on some physiological and biochemical traits of soybean under copper toxicity

Abstract

The Effect of Azomite Application on Reducing the Damage of Salinity Stress in Mexican Marigold (Tagetes minuta L.)

Abstract