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Evaluation of the fruit quality of Fukumoto, Navelate and Thomson Novel orange cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks

Javad Fattahi Moghadam; Seyedeh Elham Seyedghasemi; Negin Akhlaghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43862.2102

Abstract

Introduction: It is important to attend the physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, especially in newly introduced cultivars that may be unknown to the consumer. Nutritive ... Read More Introduction: It is important to attend the physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, especially in newly introduced cultivars that may be unknown to the consumer. Nutritive compounds in fruit are usually influenced by variety, rootstock and post-harvest conditions. In this article, the results related to the evaluation of the fruit quality of three varieties of oranges on two rootstocks have been examined at harvest time and during storage.Materials and methods: Fruit of Thomson Novel, Fukumoto, and Navelate oranges on two rootstocks including Swingle Citrumelo and Citrange C-35 were harvested when TSS/TA reached about 6.5-7. Fruits were evaluated at the harvest time and then stored in cool storage (5oC, RH=85%) for 60 days. The fruit quality were checked on the 30th and 60th days of storage for two years. Characteristics evaluation were including fruit lenght, width, thickness; arithmetic, geometric, equivalent and harmonic means; fruit aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, true volume, apparent volume, volume error, density, weight, weight loss, peel thickness, juice percentage, peel color indices (L*, a*, b*, hue angle, chroma and CCI), total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), technological index (TI), total phenol, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity and organoleptic evaluation. Results: The fruit of Navelate orange on Citrumelo rootstock and Fukumoto orange on C-35 rootstock had smaller physical characteristics than Thomson Novel. In all treatments, the shape of the fruit was balanced and without elongation or indentation. The fruit of Navelate on Citrumelo (aspect ratio: 96.96) was slightly elongated. Navelate variety on C-35 produced larger and heavier fruit similarly Thomson fruit. The volume error in Fukumoto and Navelate varieties and on both rootstocks was less than the control. At the time of harvest, the fruit of the Fukumoto had a thicker peel (more than 4 mm) on both rootstocks than the other cultivars. The amount of juice percentage was not significantly different than control at harvest time, but at the end of storage, the fruit of Navelate on the C-35 had the lowest (35.73%) of juice percentage. Fukumoto and Navelate fruits on both rootstocks had higher TI index than Thomson at harvest time. The TSS at harvest time was the lowest (9.22 and 9.78 respectively) only in the fruits of Thomson and Navelate on Citrumelo rootstock. Navelate and Thomson fruits had higher TA on C-35 rootstock. In all treatments, the amount of TA decreased during storage. Fukumoto fruit on C-35 had the highest TSS/TA ratio, which was preserved during storage. The fruit of Navelate had a lower TSS/TA level at the harvest time on both rootstocks (7.12 and 7.5). At the time of harvest, the average ascorbic acid in all three cultivars on C-35 rootstock was higher than the same cultivars on Citrumelo rootstock. The value of a*, hue angle, and CCI of the skin of Navelate orange with a negative value were different from the other cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks (-1.12 and -0.61 respectively). The antioxidant capacity of Fukumoto fruit was 43.99% on Citrumelo and 62.12% on C-35 rootstock at the harvest time. The amount of antioxidant capacity and total phenol increased during storage. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the Fukumoto as Thomson, scored better in relations to peel and pulp appearance, sourness, aroma and taste than the fruit of the same cultivars on the C-35 rootstock. Navelate fruit produced higher score in terms of taste and sweetness (7) on Citrumelo rootstock than C-35 (6) rootstock.Conclusion: Based on the TSS/TA ratio, it was determined that Fukumoto and Navelate oranges are early and late ripening respectively. Citrumelo rootstock increased late ripening in Navelate fruit and contrary C-35 rootstock increased early ripening in Fukumoto fruit. According to the a* and CCI indices, the Navelate fruits did not have suitable coloring at the time of harvest, and Citrumelo rootstock delayed the color change of the fruit skin. In general, the organoleptic characteristics of the fruit on C-35 were better than Citrumelo. Finally, it seems that the combination of Navelate/C-35 is more suitable than Navelate/Citrumelo. Fukumoto/C-35 combination is suitable for having early ripening fruit.

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Evaluation of the Effects of Calcium Nitrate and Potassium Phosphite on the Storage Life and Some Quality Traits of Thomson Navel Orange

Amirali Mohammadi; Mehrdad Shahabian; Mahmoud Reza Ramezanpour; Shokrollah Hajivand

Volume 45, Issue 2 , September 2022, , Pages 181-192

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.35965.1959

Abstract

IntroductionOranges belong to the Citrus (family Rutaceae) and are an important source of antioxidants, including phenolic compounds and vitamin C. These compounds have a protective ... Read More IntroductionOranges belong to the Citrus (family Rutaceae) and are an important source of antioxidants, including phenolic compounds and vitamin C. These compounds have a protective effect against various diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular. Since there is a possibility of decay and rot of Citrus in all stages of harvest and post-harvest, the use of mineral elements may have an important effect on increasing the quality of the fruit and its shelf life. This effect varies depending on the species and cultivar of Citrus. Mineral elements, especially potassium and calcium, affect fruit growth and Citrus fruit quality. Materials and MethodsTo investigate the effect of spraying, a research was conducted in Qaemshahr city in 2019, which in this study, manual foliar application of calcium nitrate (0, 2 and 4 g / l) and potassium phosphite (0, 1.5 and 3 g / l) was done in the late October in three stages with a week interval. Then, one week after the last treatment, the harvesting operation was performed with garden shears. After washing, the fruits were kept in normal temperature for 3 months. Various parameters such as morphology (percentage of weight loss, firmness, percentage of decay, etc.), biochemical (total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and acidity of fruit juice (pH)), antioxidant (percentage of inhibition and vitamin C), enzyme (ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and marketability traits were evaluated. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the application of higher concentrations of calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite improved the measured traits at harvest day. The use of these materials has also increased the shelf life and quality of the fruit during storage. Fruits treated with calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite had more antioxidant properties on the day of harvest. The highest amount of vitamin C and inhibition percentage were observed in the treatment of 4 g / l calcium nitrate and 3 g / l potassium phosphite at harvest day. Treated fruits were more firm and less rotten during storage than control ones. Also, the treated fruits had more soluble solids and titratable acidity. Also, during storage, the quality of the fruit and its marketability decreased, but fruits treated with calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite received higher scores from the evaluators. The use of calcium increases the strength of the membrane and reduces the activity of enzymes that relax the cell wall, which therefore increases the firmness of the fruit and reduces the weight loss and rot of fruits during storage. The use of potassium phosphite has also been effective in reducing caries. Calcium along with potassium play a role in photosynthesis and cause the accumulation of sugars. Vitamin C is associated with a decrease during storage, due to the use of ascorbic acid as an ascorbate peroxidase cofactor. Finally, it seems that the marketability of the fruit has increased due to the increase of quality traits such as sugars, due to the use of calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite. ConclusionThe storage of Thomson Novel oranges was affected by the treatments used, and the highest firmness, weight and quality characteristics of the fruit were obtained in the highest amount of calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite. Also, the rate of caries has decreased significantly with the use of these treatments.

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Keywords = Citrus

Evaluation of the fruit quality of Fukumoto, Navelate and Thomson Novel orange cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks

Abstract

Evaluation of the Effects of Calcium Nitrate and Potassium Phosphite on the Storage Life and Some Quality Traits of Thomson Navel Orange

Abstract