Plant Productions

Impact of intensive, sustainable and organic agriculture systems of grain yield and energy use efficiency in sesame, mung bean and corn crops

aram gorooei; amir aynehband; afraseyab rahnama

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2020

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32356.1871

Abstract

Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the ... Read More Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the patterns of energy consumption on agriculture will necessary. In addition, study of energy trend in environmental impact of agriculture activity (Baran and Gokdogan, 2017; Ozkan et al, 2004). Materials and methods: This study was conducted at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during the summer of 2018. Statistic design was split-plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main factor was agriculture production systems including: 1- intensive (all inputs including fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide were chemical). 2- Sustainable (management of this system farming was the combination of both the organic and intensive systems) 3- organic (In this system farming, all inputs were organic and biological, and haven't used chemical fertilizers and poisons, control of weeds were mechanical). the sup-plot was three crops including corn (cereal), mung bean (legume) and sesame (oil seed). In this research, all input and output energy equivalent was measured, also, energy efficiency indices were calculated. Results: Results showed that grain yield of all three crops including corn, mung bean and sesame was the highest in conventional and the lowest in organic system. lowest (1.18) and highest (3.69) energy efficiency was belonged to intensive sesame and organic corn, respectively. We have found that Highest (34396.34 MJha-1) and lowest (8247 MJ ha-1) input belonged to intensive corn and organic mung bean, respectively. Energy intensive corn had the Highest (59649) net energy index but this index in sesame was the highest level (7032) at organic production systems. On the other hand, organic corn yield was reduced almost 30 percent in compared with intensive corn yield. But in return, input energy organic corn than intensive corn was reduced almost 50 percent. In other words, in the production of organic corn, reducing input energy (denominator) was much more effective in determining energy efficiency than reducing output energy (numerator). This subject has made the production of organic corn has the most energy efficiency. Therefore, in organic corn reducing inputs has been more effective that output in determining energy efficiency index. The comparison of means was performed using SAS software with Duncan’s method. Conclusion: For agricultural evaluation of both different crop production systems and crops we should be consideration set of agro ecological indices according to both production history (energy use efficiency, net energy, energy productivity and special energy) and agronomic culture (human productivity, agrochemical energy and co2 emissions) in each agriculture region. Also, we must consider the combine of optimum level of both crop yield and energy status.

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Investigating the rapeseed yield gap in Dehloran

Marzieh Absalan; Esfandiar Fateh; َAmir Aynehband; Abolfazl Derakhshan

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 455-472

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.43006.2082

Abstract

IntroductionAs suitable agricultural land for increasing crop production is decreasing, while the expansion of agricultural land is associated with irreparable damage to the environmen, ... Read More IntroductionAs suitable agricultural land for increasing crop production is decreasing, while the expansion of agricultural land is associated with irreparable damage to the environmen, intensifying sustainability in existing agricultural land is the only way to increase production to meet the increasing demand for food resources. Therefore, investigating the biophysical limitations on yield and estimating yield gaps in the cultivated lands, as well as reducing this gap, is one of the ways to increase the yield per unit area. After soybean, rapeseed is the world's second produced oilseed. Ilam province is one of the most important oilseeds producer regions of the country, including rapeseed, and about 80% of the rapeseed crop of this province is produced in the border city of Dehloran, and this city is one of the pioneer cities and the main pole of rapeseed production in the province. Therefore, according to the importance of rapeseed in Deholran city, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the limiting factors of rapeseed production in Dehloran. Materials and MethodsIn the present study, all the management operations were performed from seedbed preparation to harvesting in 51 farms were recorded through field studies during the years 2021 to 2022. In this study, the yield gap was estimated by the method of yield comparison analysis and borderline analysis, and to determine the yield model, the relationship between quantitative and qualitative variables was measured and yield was evaluated by step-by-step regression method. Results and DiscussionDetermining the limiting factors on rapeseed production in the studied area showed that there was a gap between the actual yield of farmers and the yield predicted by the model of about 833.54 kgha-1, which was the contribution of the variables of potash fertilizer consumption, sulfur consumption, and the number of irrigations. The consumption of micronutrients from this yield interval was equal to 102.99, 118.56, 442.20 and 169.79 kgha-1, which is equivalent to 12.36, 14.22, 53.05 and 37, respectively. 20% of the total yield gap was observed. Gap analysis of rapeseed yield showed that the number of irrigations alone accounts for 53% of yield reduction compared to attainable yields.ConclusionAs, there is a need to irrigate the field in the very early planting date in October, it seems that with better management of rapeseed for this planting date in the region, the occurrence of drought stress can be reduced to the plant and to some extent fill the gap in the existing yield. In addition, 57% of the yield gaps in the region were related to the use of potash, sulfur and micronutrient fertilizers, which can be easily removed this limitations in the fields.

Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) Management in Sugarcane Fields of Subtropical Iran

Farkhondeh Eskandari; Batool Keramat; Yousef Filizadeh; Amir Aynehband

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, , Pages 123-132

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33905.1919

Abstract

IntroductionAmong all weeds, cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) has been identified as a problematic weed in the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields of Iran for over ... Read More IntroductionAmong all weeds, cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) has been identified as a problematic weed in the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields of Iran for over 20 years since 1996. Failure to control of cogongrass regrowth during spring develops it rapidly and, in turn, reduces the sugarcane yield in subtropical Iran. In effect, the identification of weak points in cogongrass phenology and frequency is deemed to help decision makers adopt effective controlling strategies in optimum time. Storage of carbohydrate reserves by plants is, in turn, the best mechanism for optimizing the timing of management strategies when reserves are at the lowest levels in storage organs. Glyphosate has been also widely used in Iran to control of weeds in the sugarcane fields. Currently, despite double spraying, the spring control of cogongrass is not satisfactory in the sugarcane fields in subtropical Iran. Materials and MethodsTwo studies were carried out in Salman Farsi Agro-Industrial Company in about 40 km south-west of the center of Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz, Iran, in 2017. In the first experiment, monthly (February–November) total nonstructural carbohydrate allocation patterns of cogongrass were evaluated to determine carbohydrate low points in the seasonal phenological cycle. To that end, glyphosate (00, 0.92, 1.84, 2.76 and 3.68 L a.i ha-1) was applied in April and June, 2017, in a 10×2 factorial design under randomized complete block designs with four replications. Data were analyzed using standard ANOVA procedures with the subsequent use of Least Significant Difference test (Little and Hills 1978( to separate means. Results and DiscussionThe occurrence of carbohydrate low points (CLPs) (88.69±13.15 mg g-1) was considered from May to August, CLP was found to have two important points with the potential control of cogongrass reported. The first and second points were in May (579 GDD) and August (2683GDD), respectively. The suppression of cogongrass (58-100%) was achieved with the three highest rates (1.84, 2.76 and 3.68 L a.i ha-1) in both application times, although substantial regrowth occurred in all plots by 5 months after the first treatment. Double spraying with a 60-day interval did not result in the effective control of such a troublesome weed in the sugarcane fields. Applying glyphosate two times in the spring and mid-summer (the end of CLP, 2683 GDD) was determined effective for the long-term control (>6 months) of cogongrass. The results suggest that glyphosate 1.84 L a.i ha-1 should be performed on cogongrass in the spring for improved control. ConclusionWe concluded that frequent spring spraying may be excluded to control of cogongrass in the sugarcane fields and only spraying should be made on twice the growth seasons. The first use of glyphosate in its minimum optimum dose (1.84 L a.i ha-1) is made on early spring. The second is sprayed in its maximum optimum dose (3.68 L a.i ha-1) at the midsummer, once the single-sprayed cogongrass gets appropriate leaf surface for transferring the herbicide.

Weed Population and Nutrient Uptake by Wheat as Influenced by Different Tillage Practices and Weed Management Options in Ahvaz

Rahim Nor Aftab; Ali Monsefi; Afrasiyab Rahnama Ghahfarokhi; Amir Aynehband

Volume 44, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 143-156

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34868.1938

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWeeds often pose severe constraints in the potential yield of wheat, if not controlled at a critical period of the first 30 days after sowing. Several ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWeeds often pose severe constraints in the potential yield of wheat, if not controlled at a critical period of the first 30 days after sowing. Several methods are developed to control weeds, viz. cultural, mechanical, and chemical have their own merits and demerits. Tillage is an age-old practice to control weeds. Tillage influences weed infestation, and thus interactions between tillage and weed control practices are commonly observed in crop production. Good tillage delays the emergence of weeds and provides a more favorable environment for early crop establishment. So, the competition for nutrients will be less. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to investigate the weed population and evaluate the nutrients uptake by wheat and weed in a split-plot design with three replications in the research farm of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in the year 2018-19. Tillage at three levels, including conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and zero tillage, as the main plot and weed control at six levels (uncontrolled, hand weeding, bromoxynil + MCPA herbicide, crop residue + Atlantis, Atlantis, and metribusin) as Post-emergence were considered in sub-plots applied on wheat of Mehregan cultivar. ResultsIn terms of the weed population, the highest weed population was observed in the zero tillage compared to conventional tillage and minimum tillage. In this regard, under uncontrolled treatment, the highest weed populations with an average of 16.3, 14.2, and 12.5 plants per square meter were observed at 30, 60, and 90 days after sowing, respectively. In the case of an interaction effect, it was found that in all three tillage systems, the highest amount of nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, absorbed by weeds was in the uncontrolled treatment. The reason was due to higher dry matter production and higher competition with wheat as it was incremental. DiscussionIn general, considering the higher weed population in the zero tillage as compared to the conventional tillage, it seems that weed control in the zero tillage and minimum tillage, at least in Khuzestan province, is preferable to prevent moisture content and soil structure. Nutrient depletion by weed is less in conservation tillage so that nutrient availability will be as much as plant requirements.

Comparison of different green manure biomass The effects of different green manure on soil fertilization and weed density reduction

kh d; e f; A A

Volume 39, Issue 2 , September 2016, , Pages 1-10

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12069

Abstract

Abstract: In order to study the effect of different green manure crops on soil fertilization and weed population a field experiment was conducted in experimental farm of Agricultural ... Read More

Comparing the effect of different green manure crops and nitrogen rates on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by nitrogen efficiency indices

F G; A A; E F

Volume 36, Issue 4 , March 2014, , Pages 135-148

Abstract

The green manure crops are one of the most important organic sources of nitrogen in agronomy. In order to evaluate of the influence of nitrogen rates and green manure crops by nitrogen ... Read More

Investigation in to Different Sowing Dates and Fertilization Methods (chemical and organic) on Yield and Yield Components of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.)

S A; E F; A A

Volume 35, Issue 1 , June 2012, , Pages 129-143

Abstract

In order to study the effects of different sowing dates and Fertilization methods on yield and yield components of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) a field experiment was conducted ... Read More

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Author = amir aynehband

Impact of intensive, sustainable and organic agriculture systems of grain yield and energy use efficiency in sesame, mung bean and corn crops

Abstract

Investigating the rapeseed yield gap in Dehloran

Abstract

Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) Management in Sugarcane Fields of Subtropical Iran

Abstract

Weed Population and Nutrient Uptake by Wheat as Influenced by Different Tillage Practices and Weed Management Options in Ahvaz

Abstract

Comparison of different green manure biomass The effects of different green manure on soil fertilization and weed density reduction

Abstract

Comparing the effect of different green manure crops and nitrogen rates on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by nitrogen efficiency indices

Abstract

Investigation in to Different Sowing Dates and Fertilization Methods (chemical and organic) on Yield and Yield Components of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.)

Abstract