تولیدات گیاهی

تولیدات گیاهی

ارزیابی تحمل به خشکی در اکوتیپ‌های مختلف نعناع فلفلی (Mentha piperita) با استفاده از صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک و بیوشیمیایی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - گیاهان دارویی و معطر

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم باغبانی و مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
2 دانشیار، گروه علوم باغبانی و مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
3 استادیار، گروه مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران
چکیده
نعناع فلفلی (.Mentha piperita L) یکی از گیاهان دارویی مهم خانوادۀ نعناعیان است که به‌دلیل داشتن ترکیبات مؤثر، در صنایع مختلف غذایی، دارویی، آرایشی و بهداشتی کاربرد فراوانی دارد. پراکندگی و گسترش کشت این گیاه در جهان آن را در معرض تنش‌های غیرزیستی مانند خشکی قرار داده است. با توجه به این که توده‌ها و اکوتیپ‌های مختلف در شرایط نامساعد محیطی سازگاری‌هایی به‌دست آورده‌اند، می‌توانند به‌عنوان منابع ژنتیکی ارزشمند برای بهبود عملکرد این گیاه در مناطق کم‌آب مورد استفاده قرار گیرند. بنابراین، با توجه به شرایط خشک و نیمه‌خشک بیشتر مناطق ایران، این مطالعه به منظور ارزیابی اثر سطوح مختلف تنش خشکی بر ویژگی‌های رشدی و بیوشیمیایی در جهت انتخاب اکوتیپ‌های برتر نعناع فلفلی طراحی و اجرا شده است. این آزمایش گلدانی به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایۀ طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار در گلخانۀ تحقیقاتی دانشکدۀ کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 1400 اجرا شد. عامل اول شامل تنش خشکی در دو سطح 70 (تنش ملایم) و 50 (تنش شدید) درصد ظرفیت زراعی خاک و عامل دوم شامل شش اکوتیپ نعناع فلفلی (مازندران، ماهان کرمان، طبس، سرخس، خاش و قزوین) بود که از مناطق مختلف ایران جمع‌آوری شده بودند. اعمال تنش خشکی به مدت دو ماه صورت گرفت و صفات مورفولوژیک و بیوشیمیایی در مرحلۀ گلدهی اندازه‌گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که برهم‌کنش تنش خشکی و اکوتیپ بر تمامی صفات اثر معنی‌داری داشت. با افزایش تنش خشکی ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد شاخۀ اصلی و جانبی، طول برگ، عرض برگ، تعداد گلاذین، طول گل‌آذین، قطر ساقۀ اصلی، وزن خشک برگ و ساقه، محتوای کلروفیل a، b و کل و محتوای نسبی آب برگ در اکوتیپ‌های نعناع فلفلی کاهش یافت، به‌طوری‌که بیشترین مقدار این صفات در تنش ملایم و کمترین مقدار در شرایط تنش شدید حاصل شد. این احتمال وجود دارد که کاهش شدید رطوبت خاک در تنش شدید باعث کاهش دسترسی به آب و مواد معدنی برای اکوتیپ‌های نعناع فلفلی شده و در نهایت باعث کاهش شاخص‌های رشدی شده است. تنش خشکی شدید در اکوتیپ‌های مازندران و سرخس سبب افزایش فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی (به ترتیب 32 و 39/67 درصد)، محتوای کارتنوئید (به ترتیب 138 و 131 درصد)، محتوای فنول کل (به ترتیب 30/53 و 29/65 درصد) و فلاونوئید کل (به ترتیب 38/34 و 33/36 درصد) در مقایسه با تنش خشکی ملایم شد. همچنین تجزیه خوشه‌ای و نمودار بای پلات در هر دو شرایط تنش، اکوتیپ‌های متحمل سرخس و مازندران را در یک گروه و اکوتیپ‌های حساس ماهان کرمان، خاش، طبس و قزوین را در گروه دیگر قرار داد. نتایج نشان داد که اکوتیپ‌های سرخس و مازندران بیشترین سازگاری را در شرایط خشکی از طریق افزایش ترکیبات فنولی، حفط رطوبت نسبی و به دنبال آن کمترین آسیب را از خسارت نشت یونی در مقایسه با سایر اکوتیپ‌ها داشتند. بنابراین، اکوتیپ‌های مازندران و سرخس به عنوان اکوتیپ‌های مقاوم‌تر به خشکی نسبت به سایر اکوتیپ‌ها شناسایی شده و می‌توان آن‌ها را برای مطالعات آتی پیشنهاد کرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Assessment of drought tolerance in various ecotypes of peppermint (Mentha piperita) through morphological and biochemical traits

نویسندگان English

Ghader Rostami 1
Mohammad Moghaddam 2
Leila Samiei 2
Sadrollah Ramezani 3
1 Ph.D Student, Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
چکیده English

Introduction
Peppermint (Mentha piperita), an important medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiacea family, is widely used for its essential oil in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, baking, chewing gum, soft drinks, and additive industries. However, peppermint is exposed to varouse abiotic stresses drought during its growth period, particularly drought stress. Ecotypes of medicinal plants have evolved diverse adaptive mechanisms to tolerate harsh environmental conditions, making peppermint a valuable genetic resource for the development of drought-tolerant products in water-limited regions. Given that arid and semi-arid climates dominate much of Iran, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of drought stress on the growth and biochemical characteristics of peppermint and to identify the most drought-tolerant ecotypes.
Materials and Methods
To evaluate drought tolerance in different peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) ecotypes, a pot experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with three replications during the 2022 growing season. The experiment was carried out in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The first factor was drought stress at two levels: 70% field capacity (mild stress) and 50% field capacity (severe stress). The second factor consisted of six peppermint ecotypes collected from different regions of Iran: Mazandaran, Mahan (Kerman), Tabas, Sarakhs, Khash, and Qazvin. Plant identification was performed at the Research Institute of Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Drought stress treatments were applied for two months, and morphological and biochemical traits were measured at the flowering stage.
Results and Discussion
The results indicated that the interaction effect of drought stress and ecotype was significant for all measured traits. Increasing drought stress led to reductions in plant height, number of branches, leaf length and width, number and length of inflorescences, stem diameter, leaf and stem dry weight, photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll), and relative water content of leaves across all ecotypes. The highest values for these traits were observed under mild stress, whereas the lowest values occurred under severe stress. The substantial reduction in soil moisture at 50% field capacity likely limited water and mineral availability for the peppermint ecotypes, ultimately resulting in reduced growth. Under severe drought stress, Mazandaran and Sarakhs ecotypes showed marked increases in antioxidant activity (32% and 39.67%, respectively), carotenoid concentration (138% and 131%), total phenol content (30.53% and 29.65%), and total flavonoid content (38.34% and 33.36%) compared with mild stress conditions. Cluster analysis and biplot results grouped the drought-tolerant ecotypes (Sarakhs and Mazandaran) into the same cluster, while the remaining ecotypes (Mahan [Kerman], Tabas, Khash, and Qazvin) were classified as drought-sensitive. These findings suggest that Sarakhs and Mazandaran ecotypes activated non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to the accumulation of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and enhanced antioxidant capacity, thereby mitigating oxidative damage under drought stress. Furthermore, the grouping of ecotypes did not fully correspond to their geographical origins, indicating that factors beyond climate such as genetic exchange, introduction of plant material, and genetic erosion, also contribute to the observed diversity.
Conclusion
The effects of mild and severe drought stress on peppermint ecotypes indicated that Sarakhs and Mazandaran ecotypes exhibit the highest adaptability under drought conditions. Their tolerance is associated with increased phenolic compound accumulation, improved leaf water retention, and reduced damage from ion leakage compared with other ecotypes. Therefore, Sarakhs and Mazandaran ecotypes can be recommended as drought-tolerant genotypes and are suitable candidates for further physiological and breeding studies.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Drought stress
Growth
Phenolic compounds
Photosynthetic pigments
Relative water content
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