تولیدات گیاهی

تولیدات گیاهی

اثر کاربرد تلفیقی کود شیمیایی نیتروژن،کمپوست بقایای نیشکر و باکتری محرک رشد بر صفات فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک و عملکرد گندم در شرایط تنش گرمای انتهای فصل اهواز

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - تنش محیطی یا زیستی

نویسندگان
1 دانش آموخته دکتری اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران
2 استاد، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران
3 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران
چکیده
به‌منظور بررسی اثر مصرف تلفیقی کود نیتروژنه با کمپوست بقایای نیشکر و باکتری محرک رشد بر صفات فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک و عملکرد گندم (رقم چمران 2) در شرایط تنش گرمای آخر فصل اهواز، آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌های دو بار خرد شده در قالب طرح پایۀ بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 1401-1400 در مزرعۀ پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان اجرا شد. عوامل آزمایشی شامل سه تاریخ کاشت یک آذر، 20 آذر و 10 دی در کرت‌های اصلی، شش سطح مصرف تلفیقی نیتروژن با کمپوست شامل شاهد،100 درصد نیتروژن (150 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، 75 درصد نیتروژن+ 25 درصد کمپوست (7/5 تن در هکتار)، 50 درصد نیتروژن+ 50 درصد کمپوست (15 تن در هکتار)، 25 درصد نیتروژن+ 75 درصد کمپوست (22/5 تن در هکتار) و 100 درصد کمپوست (30 تن در هکتار) در کرت‌های فرعی و دو سطح کاربرد و عدم کاربرد باکتری در کرت‌های فرعی فرعی بود. مقایسه میانگین نشان داد که مصرف تلفیقی 50 درصد کود نیتروژن+ 50 درصد کود کمپوست با باکتری محرک رشد باعث افزایش معنی‌دار نیتروژن خاک و عملکرد دانه شد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه در تاریخ کاشت اول (5864 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کمترین عملکرد دانه در تاریخ کاشت سوم (1116 کیلوگرم در هکتار) از تیمار شاهد (بدون کود شیمیایی و آلی) به‌دست آمد. به طور کلی در تاریخ‌های کاشت مختلف، مصرف تلفیقی 50 درصد کود نیتروژن+ 50 کود آلی نسبت به تیمار 100 درصد کود شیمیایی نیتروژن، موجب افزایش 9 تا 18 درصدی عملکرد دانه گندم شد. همچنین بیشترین مقدار کربن آلی (1/12 درصد) و هدایت الکتریکی (EC) خاک (4/56 دسی زیمنس بر متر)، با مصرف 100 درصد کمپوست و عدم کاربرد باکتری محرک رشد و کمترین میزان آن از تیمار شاهد حاصل شد. در رابطه با اثر کمپوست بر افزایش EC خاک، به دلیل شور بودن کمپوست نیشکر، EC خاک افزایش یافت. بیشترین تخلخل خاک (0/49)، با مصرف 100 درصد کمپوست و کاربرد باکتری محرک رشد و کمترین آن (0/30) از تیمار شاهد به‌دست آمد که با تیمار تلفیقی تفاوت معنی‌دار داشت. کودهای آلی با ایجاد منافذ درشت، باعث بهبود خواص فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک شد که این امر منجر به تسهیل نفوذ ریشه‌ها و آب و هوا و افزایش تخلخل خاک شد. به طور کلی نتایج نشان داد که کمپوست تهیه شده از بقایای نیشکر می‌تواند اصلاح کنندۀ آلی مناسبی برای بهبود مادۀ آلی و کیفیت خاک و افزایش عملکرد گیاه باشد. بنابراین در صورت تکرار این آزمایش و تأیید این نتایج، می‌توان این یافته‌ها را توصیه نمود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and sugarcane residue compost on soil physicochemical properties and wheat grain yield under terminal heat stress in Ahvaz

نویسندگان English

Masoumeh Makvandi 1
Abdulmahdi Bakhshandeh 2
Ali Moshatati 3
Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat 3
Aydin khodaei Joghan 3
1 Ph.D. graduate of Agrotechnology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
2 Professor, Department of of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran
چکیده English

Introduction
Under terminal heat stress conditions, several traits such as the number of spikes per unit area, the number of grains per spike, 1000-grains weight, and grain yield are significantly reduced. Nitrogen, the main limiting mineral nutrient in agricultural production, plays a fundamental role in enhancing yield by maintaining photosynthetic capacity. Therefore, nitrogen is widely applied as a chemical fertilizer to improve crop production. The excessive application of chemical fertilizers in recent decades has led to significant economic and environmental concerns. Sustainable agriculture increasingly relies on the incorporation of organic fertilizers to improve soil health, nutrient availability, and environmental compatibility. However, the slower nutrient release from organic amendments may limit plant growth. Thus, integrating organic and chemical fertilizers is recommended to create optimal growth conditions.
Materials and Methods
A field experiment was carried out during the 2021-2022 cropping season at the Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, using a split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots consisted of three planting dates (21 November, 10 December, and 30 December). Subplots included six fertilizer treatments:  control (no nitrogen or organic fertilizer), 100% nitrogen fertilizer, 75% nitrogen+ 25% compost fertilizer, 50% nitrogen + 50% compost, 25% Nitrogen f+ 75% compost, and 100% compost. Growth-stimulating bacteria were applied at two levels (with and without). After harvest, swheat grain yield and key soil physicochemical properties, including electrical conductivity (EC), pH, bulk density, porosity, temperature, organic matter, and organic carbon were measured.
Results and Discussion
Planting date significantly affected all measured soil traits (EC, pH, and specific gravity). The combined application of nitrogen and compost, as well as the use of growth-stimulating bacteria, significantly influenced all measured parameters. Notable interactions were observed: The interaction of planting date and nitrogen/compost combination significantly influenced organic matter, soil temperature, and porosity, grains per square meter, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield. The interaction of planting date and bacterial inoculation significantly affected soil organic carbon and grain yield. The interaction of nitrogen/compost fertilizer and bacterial inoculation significantly affected soil organic carbon, pH and specific gravity. Ultimately, the three-way interaction of planting date, nitrogen/compost fertilizer and bacteria was significant for soil organic carbon and grain yield. The highest soil porosity (0.49), EC (4.56 dS. m -1) and organic carbon (1.12 %) were obtained with 100% compost treatment. Delayed planting, and the associated increase in terminal heat stress, resulted in reduced grain yield.  However, across planting dates, the integrated application of 50% nitrogen fertilizer+ 50% compost significantly enhanced wheat grain yield compared to 100% nitrogen fertilizer application.
 Conclusion
The results of the experiment indicate the appropriate ability to use sugarcane compost as an organic fertilizer in combination with chemical fertilizers in wheat cultivation. In this experiment, the use of sugarcane compost increased wheat grain yield through its effect on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and sugarcane residue compost in the presence of growth-promoting bacteria, significantly improves soil properties and optimizes wheat grain yield under terminal heat stress. Sugarcane compost particularly enhances soil organic matter, porosity and EC.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Organic fertilizer
Soil EC
Soil nitrogen
Soil organic carbon
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