نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - زراعت

نویسندگان

1 استادیار موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

2 استادیار بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی بوشهر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، برازجان، ایران

3 استادیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی بوشهر، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، برازجان، ایران

4 استادیار بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، دزفول، ایران

چکیده

با توجه به کاهش منابع آبی انجام تحقیقات هدفمند در ارتباط با برنامه‌ریزی آبیاری در زراعت کنجد در منطقۀ بوشهر به عنوان یکی از قطب‌های تولید کنجد در کشور ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. بدین منظور آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های دوبار خردشده در قالب طرح پایۀ بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دو سال 1401 و 1402 در مزرعۀ پژوهشی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان بوشهر، ایستگاه برازجان اجرا شد. در این آزمایش اثر رژیم آبیاری، شامل آبیاری پس از تبخیر 80 (آبیاری کامل) و 160 (کم آبیاری) میلی‌متر از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A و زمان قطع آخرین آبیاری، شامل قطع آبیاری در ابتدای گلدهی، قطع آبیاری در ابتدای کپسول‌دهی و قطع آبیاری در اواسط کپسول‌دهی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد، درصد و عملکرد روغن و کارایی مصرف آب دو ژنوتیپ کنجد شامل رقم دشتستان 2 و لاین در دست معرفی کنجد (لاین شماره 7) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که در دو صفت مهم تعیین‌کنندۀ عملکرد دانه در کنجد شامل تعداد کپسول در بوته و تعداد دانه در کپسول، لاین شماره 7 نه‌ تنها در تیمار آبیاری کامل برتر از رقم دشتستان 2 بود، بلکه رژیم کم آبیاری، صفات مذکور را در این لاین در مقایسه با رقم دشتستان 2 کمتر متاثر ساخت. در مقابل از نظر وزن هزار دانه رقم دشتستان 2 برتری داشت. نتایج حاکی از آن بود که متوسط عملکرد لاین شماره 7 در مقایسه با رقم دشتستان 2 حدود 25 درصد بیشتر بود، همچنین این لاین بر خلاف رقم دشتستان 2 برای دستیابی به حداکثر عملکرد دانه نیازی به ادامه دادن آبیاری پس از مرحلۀ ابتدای کپسول‌دهی نداشت. حداکثر بهره‌وری آب آبیاری در رقم دشتستان 2، 0/34 کیلوگرم دانه بر مترمکعب، از تیمار قطع آبیاری در ابتدای گلدهی به دست آمد. در لاین شماره 7، بیشترین این صفت از تیمار قطع آبیاری در اوایل کپسول‌دهی به مقدار 0/36 کیلوگرم دانه به ازای هر مترمکعب آب مصرفی حاصل شد. در لاین شماره 7، افزایش بهره‌وری آب آبیاری نه تنها به دلیل صرفه‌جویی در مصرف آب بلکه به دلیل عملکرد بالاتر به دست آمده (733 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار قطع آبیاری در اوایل کپسول‌دهی حاصل شد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد گرچه که رقم دشتستان 2، حدود 1/5 درصد محتوی روغن دانه بیشتری در مقایسه با لاین شماره 7 داشت، در مقابل عملکرد روغن لاین شماره 7 تا 24 درصد بیشتر از عملکرد روغن رقم دشتستان 2 بود. در مجموع چنین می‌توان نتیجه‌گیری کرد که از طریق جایگزینی ارقام قدیمی با لاین‌های جدید در دست معرفی کنجد و مدیریت بهینه آبیاری می‌توان با صرفه-جویی در مصرف آب علاوه بر جلوگیری از کاهش عملکرد موجب افزایش بهره‌وری آب آبیاری در زراعت کنجد شد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of seed yield and water productivity of a promising sesame line under different irrigation treatments in Borazjan region, Bushehr province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Majid Gholamhoseini 1
  • Davod Kiani 2
  • Mehrdad Norouzi 3
  • Farnaz Shariati 1
  • Gholam Reza Ghodrati 4

1 Assistant Professor, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Crops and Horticultural Science Research Department, Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Borazjan, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Soil and Water Science Research Department, Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Borazjan, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Crops and Horticultural Science Research Department, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Dezful, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an oilseed crop widely cultivated in dry and semi-arid regions. It is also among the most healthy and quality edible oil sources worldwide. With a short vegetation period, it has relatively high drought tolerance and potential for decreasing the present gap between consuming and producing the edible oil since it comprises 17–20% protein and 40–50% oil. With minimal input requirements, sesame is well-suited for crop rotation. However, research on optimal irrigation management, particularly the timing of irrigation cut-off, remains limited for existing cultivars and newly introduced lines in the Bushehr regions, a major sesame production hub. This study hypothesizes that optimizing water availability during non-critical growth stages can improve irrigation water productivity while maintaining seed and oil yields.
 Materials and Methods
The experiment was carried out during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in Borazjan, Bushehr, Iran. The region has a hot and arid climate with an average annual precipitation of 250 mm, primarily occurring in autumn and winter. The study examined two irrigation regimes: full irrigation (80 mm evaporation) and low irrigation (160 mm evaporation), and three irrigation cut-off timing: at the beginning of flowering, the beginning of capsule formation, and mid-capsule formation, and two sesame genotypes.  Dashtestan 2 cultivar and promising line 7, were evaluated for yield components, seed oil content, oil yield, and irrigation water productivity. A split-split-plot design was used, with irrigation regime as the main plot, irrigation cut-off timing as the sub-plot, and genotype as the sub-sub-plot, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. SAS software (version 9.4) was used to analyze variance on the data. Because Bartlett’s test showed homogeneity of variance in most of the studied traits, data were subjected to combined analysis of variance. Differences between the main effects of treatments were compared using the protected LSD at the 0.05 probability level when the F-test was significant. The slicing method was used to separate the significant interaction effects
 Results and Discussion
As anticipated, reduced water availability under the low irrigation regime significantly decreased seed yield components in both genotypes. However, line 7 outperformed Dashtestan 2 in key yield traits, including the number of capsules per plant and seeds per capsule, particularly under full irrigation, while showing greater resilience to reduced irrigation and earlier irrigation termination. Conversely, Dashtestan 2 exhibited a higher thousand-seed weight. Line 7 showed higher average seed yield across irrigation treatments, and did not require irrigation beyond the early capsule formation to reach its maximum yield, enabling a water saving of at least 600 m 3ha-1 without significant yield reduction. While both genotypes exhibited similar maximum irrigation water productivity, Dashtestan 2’s efficiency gains resulted from lower water use, whereas line 7 combined water savings with a satisfactory yield (733 kg ha-1) when irrigation was cut-off at the capsule-formation stage. Although Dashtestan 2 exhibited a slightly higher seed oil content (up to 1.5%), line 7 produced up to 24% more oil yield.
 Conclusion
Replacing older sesame cultivars with improved lines, combined with optimized irrigation management, can enhance water productivity, reduce water consumption, and minimize yield losses.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Irrigation cutoff timing
  • Irrigation management
  • Irrigation regime
  • Oil yield
  • Seed oil percentage
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