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تعیین تراکم مطلوب گیاهی در دو نوع خاک با خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی مختلف در نشاکاری دستی و ماشینی برنج (Oryza sativa L.)

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - زراعت

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد چالوس، چالوس، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد چالوس، چالوس، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قائم‌شهر، قائم‌شهر، ایران

4 استادیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد چالوس، چالوس، ایران

چکیده

خاک یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل محیطی و منبع اصلی تأمین مواد مغذی و آب برای رشد گیاهان است. از اینرو خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک به‌طور مستقیم بر رشد گیاه و در نتیجه بر تولید محصول برنج تأثیر می-گذارد. همچنین تعیین تراکم مطلوب گیاهی اساسی‌ترین و حیاتی‌ترین اقدامات زراعی برای کاشت ارقام برنج پرمحصول می‌باشد. با توجه به نشاکاری برنج در ایران به هر دو صورت دستی و ماشینی، آزمایش جاری با هدف تعیین تراکم مطلوب گیاهی در دو نوع خاک با خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی مختلف در نشاکاری دستی و ماشینی برنج انجام شد. آزمایش حاضر به‌صورت کرت‌های دوبار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار طی سال‌های 1400 و 1401 در دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه آزاد قائم‌شهر، استان مازندران انجام شد. عوامل آزمایشی شامل خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک (خاک نوع اول و خاک نوع دوم) به‌عنوان عامل اصلی، روش کاشت (نشاکاری دستی و ماشینی) به‌عنوان عامل فرعی و تراکم بوته (به‌ترتیب 9/15، 8/20 و 8/27 بوته در متر مربع) به‌عنوان عامل فرعی-فرعی بودند. نتایج نشان دادند که در مرحله آغازش خوشه، بیشترین طول ریشه در سال 1401 در تراکم 8/27 بوته در متر مربع (9/23 سانتی‌متر) به‌دست آمد. در همان مرحله، بیشینه وزن تر ریشه در سال 1401 با خاک نوع دوم (2/66 گرم) مشاهده شد. در مرحله رسیدگی، بیشینه طول ریشه با خاک نوع دوم در نشاکاری دستی (4/22 سانتی‌متر) ثبت شد. در همان مرحله، بیشترین وزن تر ریشه با خاک نوع دوم در تراکم 9/15 بوته در متر مربع (4/86 گرم) مشاهده شد. بیشترین تعداد خوشه در متر مربع در خاک نوع دوم به‌ترتیب در نشاکاری ماشینی و تراکم 8/27 بوته در متر مربع (6/554 خوشه) و در نشاکاری دستی با همان تراکم بوته (4/547 خوشه) به‌دست آمد. بیشترین تعداد کل خوشه‌چه در خوشه در خاک نوع اول در نشاکاری دستی و تراکم 8/27 بوته در متر مربع (1/134 خوشه‌چه) مشاهده شد که به‌خاطر تعداد خوشه در متر مربع (0/427 خوشه) بود. کمترین وزن هزار دانه در سال 1400 با خاک نوع اول در نشاکاری دستی (6/26 گرم) به‌دست آمد. عملکرد دانه در خاک نوع دوم، 7/8 درصد بیشتر از خاک نوع اول بود. همچنین بیشترین عملکرد دانه در تراکم 8/27 بوته در متر مربع (8687 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مشاهده شد. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست آمده در مطاله حاضر، خاک نوع دوم و تراکم 8/27 بوته در متر مربع هر کدام به‌تنهایی به‌منظور دستیابی به بالاترین عملکرد دانه به‌عنوان پیشنهادات قابل ارائه می‌باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Determining the optimal plant density in two types of soil with different physicochemical properties in manual and machine transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L).

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ebrahim Rezaei 1
  • Morteza Sam Daliri 2
  • Hamid Reza Mobasser 3
  • Amir Abbas Mousavi Mirkolaei 4
  • Morteza Moballeghi 4

1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Chaloos Branch, Islamic Azad University, Chaloos, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Chaloos Branch, Islamic Azad University, Chaloos, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Chaloos Branch, Islamic Azad University, Chaloos, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa L) is recognized as an important food product in the world. The survival of approximately 3 billion people depends on the production of this crop. Increasing yield and sustainable production of rice is necessary for food security in the world. The transplanting of rice seedlings in Iran is by machine and manual-traditional. Machine transplanting is a promising technology that is more efficient and requires less labor than traditional manual transplanting. Having little land and the poor financial status of farmers are among the shortcomings of adopting this technology. Rice production is determined mostly by the soil. Soil is one of the most important environmental factors and the main source of nutrients and water for the growth of plants. Decreasing soil quality will reduce rice production. Maintaining soil properties at the desired level is one of the important management issues. Determining the appropriate plant density is the most basic and critical consideration for high-yield rice planting. Because it can accelerate tillering in each plant, balance the variables and promote the harmonious growth of the plant and the plant community. By determining the optimal plant density, it is possible to achieve the maximum yield of the crop. The current study aims to determine the optimal plant density in two soils with different physicochemical properties in a region under manual and machine rice transplanting methods.
Materials and Methods        
A split-split plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in 2021 and 2022. The experimental site is located along the coast of the Caspian Sea (36°50′N, 52°83′E; 29 m asl) at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Qaemshahr Azad University, Mazandaran Province (Northern Iran). Physical and chemical properties of soil (first type soil and second type soil) as the main factor, planting method (manual and machine transplanting) as a sub-factor, and plant density (15.9, 20.8, and 27.8 plants m-2 with spaces of 30 × 21, 30 × 16, and 30 × 12 cm2, respectively) as a sub-sub-factor were studied. In the current experiment, phenological traits (the number of days from transplanting to the beginning of flowering and the beginning of flowering to maturity), root morphological characteristics (root length and root fresh weight in tillering, panicle initiation, and maturity stages), and other agronomical traits (panicle length, number of panicles m-2, total spikelet panicle-1, 1000 - grain weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index) were measured.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that in the panicle initiation stage, the maximum root length in 2022 was obtained at a density of 27.8 plants m-2 (23.9 cm). At the same stage, the maximum fresh weight of the root in 2022 was observed with the second type soil (66.2 g). In the maturity stage, the maximum root length was recorded with the second type of soil during manual transplanting (22.4 cm). At the same stage, the highest root fresh weight was observed with the second type of soil at a density of 15.9 plants m-2 (86.4 g). The highest number of panicles m-2 in the second type of soil was obtained, respectively, during machine transplanting with a density of 27.8 plants m-2 (554.6 panicles) and during manual transplanting with the same plant density (547.4 panicles). The maximum total number of spikelets panicle-1 was observed in the first type of soil during manual transplanting and the density of 27 plants m-2 (134.1 spikelets), which was due to the number of panicles m-2 (427.0 panicles). The minimum 1000- grain weight in 2021 was obtained with the first type of soil during manual transplanting (26.6 g). The grain yield in the second type soil was 8.7% higher than the first type soil. Also, the highest grain yield was observed at a density of 27.8 plants m-2 (8687 kg ha-1).
Conclusion             
Based on the results obtained in the present study, the second type of soil and a density of 27.8 plants m-2 are separately suggested to achieve the highest grain yield.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Grain yield
  • Paddy soil
  • Plant density
  • Rice
  • Transplanting method
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تولیدات گیاهی
دوره 47، شماره 3
آبان 1403
صفحه 405-423
فایل ها
هم رسانی
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