نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - گیاهان دارویی و معطر

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، بخش تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و محصولات فرعی، موسسه تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

2 دکترا، بخش تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و محصولات فرعی، موسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

3 استادیار، بخش تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی و محصولات فرعی، موسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

4 استادیار، بخش تحقیقات منابع طبیعی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان شرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز، ایران

10.22055/ppd.2024.47372.2188

چکیده

استفاده از گیاهان دارویی و فرآورده‌های آن‌ها در کشورهای مختلف توسعه فراوانی یافته‌اند. مریم‌‌گلی با نام علمیSalvia officinalis  از گیاهان دارویی باارزش تیره نعنائیان است. برگ های مریم‌گلی حاوی انواع مختلفی از فلاونوئیدها و ترکیبات فنولیک می‌باشند و دارای خواص دارویی مهمی همچون فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی و ضد التهابی بوده و علاوه براین، از برگ‌ها و سرشاخه‌های‌گلدار مریم گلی در فراوری مواد غذایی و عطرسازی نیز استفاده می شود. برخی از ترکیبات موجود در اسانس مریم‌گلی نظیر 8,1-سینئول، بورنئول، کامفور و توجن دارای خصوصیاتی چون ضدمیکروبی، آنتی اکسیدانی، بهبود حافظه، آلزایمر و ضد سرطان می باشد.کاربرد کودهای زیستی نه تنها نقش مهم و اساسی در افزایش عملکرد گیاهان دارویی دارند، بلکه بر کیفیت مواد مؤثره نیز مؤثر هستند. یکی از راهکارها در سیستم های کشاورزی پایدار جهت افزایش حاصلخیزی خاک، استفاده حداقلی از نهاده های درون مزرعه ای، از جمله کودهای زیستی وکاربرد تلفیقی آن با کودهای آلی وشیمیایی می‌باشد. همچنین از عوامل ضروری موفقیت در کشت، مدیریت کود می‌باشد. به ‌منظور ارزیابی اثرات کاربرد مصرف کودهای شیمیایی و زیستی بر تغییرات درصد و ترکیبات اسانس گیاه مریم‌گلی آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 1401-1400درمزرعه تحقیقاتی مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع کشور اجراشد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل فاکتور اول، شاهد (عدم مصرف کود)، کودهای شیمایی شامل کود فسفات(P) 150کیلوگرم در هکتار از منبع سوپر فسفات تریپل و  کود ازته(N) 300 کیلوگرم در هکتار از منبع اوره) فاکتور دوم شامل عدم تلقیح و تلقیح با قارچ‌های مایکوریزا، گونه‌های Funneliformis mosseae و Rhizophagus irregularis و باکتری‌های حل‌کننده‌ فسفات Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 187  بودند. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از کودهای شیمیایی بر عملکرد و درصد ترکیبات اسانس آلفا-پنین، کامفن،8,1-سینئول، آلفا-توجون و بتا-توجون، مجموع مونوترپن‌های هیدروکربنی، مجموع منوترپن‌های اکسیژن‌دار و مجموع سزکوئی‌ترپن‌های اکسیژن‌دار، عملکرد ترکیب‌هایی نظیر آلفا-پینن، 8,1-سیئنول، آلفا توجون، بتا توجون و عملکرد کامفر معنی‌دار بود. همچنین بیشترین درصد ترکیب آلفا-توجون (25/0 %) در تیمار کاربرد هر دو کودهای شیمیایی (اوره و فسفاته) بدست آمد. بیشترین درصد لینالول و عملکرد کامفن نیز در تیمار کاربرد کودهای زیستی حاصل شد. بیشترین عملکرد اسانس با میانگین 57/97، 07/97 و 27/89 کیلوگرم در هکتار به ترتیب متعلق به تیمارهای  N300P0* Funneliformis mosseae + Rhizophagus irregularis + Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 187، Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 187 *N0P150، Funneliformis mosseae + Rhizophagus irregularis + Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 187* N0P150  بود. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد که مریم‌گلی به دلیل تولید اندام هوایی فراوان، نیازمند کوددهی مناسب برای دستیابی به عملکرد بالا است. با این حال، درصد اسانس این گیاه تحت تأثیر عوامل محیطی مانند کوددهی قرار نگرفت و به نظر می‌رسد بیشتر تحت کنترل عوامل ژنتیکی باشد. این یافته می‌تواند در آینده به انتخاب و معرفی ارقام با درصد بالای اسانس کمک شایانی کند. همچنین، با ترکیب کودهای شیمیایی و زیستی می‌توان به طور مؤثری بر درصد و مقدار ترکیبات اصلی اسانس مریم‌گلی تأثیر گذاشته و به تولید گیاهانی با کیفیت بالاتر و درصد بالای ترکیبات خاص دست یافت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A study on the effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on the essential oil content of sage (Salvia officinalis L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Bohloul Abbaszadeh 1
  • Masoumeh Layegh haghighi 2
  • Razieh Azimi 3
  • Negar Valizadeh 4

1 Associate Professor, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

2 Expert, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Research Division of Natural Resources, East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
The use of medicinal plants and their products has been expanded significantly in various countries. Sage, scientifically known as Salvia officinalis, is a valuable medicinal plant belonging to the mint family. Sage leaves contain various types of flavonoids and phenolic compounds and possess important medicinal properties such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, sage leaves and flowering tops are used in food processing and perfumery. Some compounds present in sage essential oil, such as 1,8-cineole, borneol, camphor, and thujone, exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, memory-enhancing, anti-Alzheimer's, and anticancer properties. The application of biofertilizers not only plays a crucial role in increasing the yield of medicinal plants but also affects the quality of active compounds. One of the strategies in sustainable agricultural systems to enhance soil fertility is the minimal use of on-farm inputs, including biofertilizers, and their combined application with organic and chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, nutrient management is a vital factor in successful cultivation.
Materials and methods
A factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in the 2021-2022 growing season at the Research Farm of the Forest and Rangelands Research Institute of Iran to evaluate the effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on the percentage and composition of sage essential oil. Treatments included a control (no fertilizer), chemical fertilizers (150 kg/ha phosphorus from triple superphosphate and 300 kg/ha nitrogen from urea), and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi (Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 187).
Results and Discussion
Results showed that the application of chemical fertilizers significantly affected the yield and percentage of essential oil compounds including alpha-pinene, camphene, 1,8-cineole, alpha-thujone, and beta-thujone, as well as the total of hydrocarbon monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. The yield of compounds such as alpha-pinene, 1,8-cineole, alpha-thujone, beta-thujone, and camphor was also significantly affected. The highest percentage of alpha-thujene (% 0.25) were obtained in the treatment with both urea and phosphate fertilizers. The highest percentage of linalool and camphor yield was obtained in the treatment with biofertilizers. The highest essential oil yield with averages of 97.57, 97.07, and 89.27 kg/ha belonged to the treatments N300P0 * Funneliformis mosseae + Rhizophagus irregularis+ Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 187, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 187 * N0P150, and Funneliformis mosseae + Rhizophagus irregularis + Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 187* N0P150, respectively."
Conclusion
The results of this study indicated that sage, due to its abundant aerial biomass production, requires adequate fertilization to achieve high yields. However, the essential oil percentage of this plant was not affected by environmental factors such as fertilization and seemed to be more controlled by genetic factors. This finding can significantly contribute to the selection and introduction of cultivars with high essential oil percentages in the future. Furthermore, by combining chemical and biological fertilizers, it is possible to effectively influence the percentage and quantity of major essential oil compounds in sage and achieve the production of higher quality plants with a higher percentage of specific compounds.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biofertilizer
  • Nutrition
  • Phytochemistry
  • Sustainable agriculture
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