نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - زراعت

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری اگروتکنولوژی، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

3 استاد، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

4 دانشیار، مؤسسه کشاورزی تاسمانی، دانشگاه تاسمانی، تاسمانی، استرالیا

چکیده

تاریخ کاشت به هنگام یکی از شیوه‌های مهم مدیریت مزرعه است که به طور قابل توجهی بر رشد و عملکرد گیاهان زراعی تأثیر می‌گذارد. ایــن پــژوهش به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در دو سال متوالی 1400 و 1401 در شرکت کشت و صنعت شهید رجایی دزفول اجرا شد. سه تاریخ کاشت (15 خرداد، 30 خرداد و 14 تیر) در کرت‌های اصلی و سه رقم ناشکوفای جدید و یک رقم شکوفای محلی کنجد (به ترتیب برکت، مهاجر، چمران و شوین) در کرت‌های فرعی قرار گرفت. نتایج هر دو سال آزمایش نشان داد تاریخ‌های کاشت به‌طور متفاوتی ویژگی‌های فنولوژیک، فتوسنتزی و عملکرد دانه و روغن ارقام کنجد را تحت تأثیر قرار داد. تغییر تاریخ کاشت به طور متفاوتی منجر به تغییر قابل‌توجه صفات ارتفاع بوته، ارتفاع اولین کپسول از سطح زمین، طول ناحیة کپسول‌دهی، تعداد روز تا شروع گلدهی، تعداد روز تا ظهور کپسول، هدایت روزنه‌ای، سرعت فتوسنتز و تعرق، شاخص سبزینگی، عملکرد زیست توده، شاخص برداشت، و عملکرد دانه و روغن شد. در سال اول آزمایش، تاریخ کاشت زود هنگام 15 خرداد در مقایسه با تاریخ کاشت 30 خرداد منجر به افزایش 1، 25، 11 و 6 درصدی عملکرد دانه به ترتیب در ارقام چمران و شوین، مهاجر و برکت شد، در حالی که در تاریخ کاشت 14 تیر در مقایسه با تاریخ کاشت 30 خرداد عملکرد دانه ارقام چمران و شوین به میزان به ترتیب 12 و 28 درصد افزایش یافت ولی مقادیر آن در ارقام مهاجر و برکت به میزان به ترتیب 21 و 37 درصد کاهش نشان داد. در سال دوم آزمایش نیز  روند تغییرات مشابهی برای صفات مورد مطالعه در بیشتر ارقام مشاهده شد. بین ارقام از نظر مقادیر عملکرد دانه و روغن و سایر صفات مورد مطالعه در واکنش به تغییر تاریخ کاشت تنوع ژنتیکی وجود داشت. در هر سه تاریخ کاشت ارقام ناشکوفا به ویژه مهاجر و برکت در مقایسه با رقم شکوفای شوین دارای بیشترین عملکرد دانه و روغن بودند. به طور کلی با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده در دو سال اجرای آزمایش می‌توان بیان داشت که در مزارع شمال خوزستان می-توان تاریخ کشت زودهنگام در فاصلة زمانی 15 الی 30 خرداد را به عنوان تاریخ کشت بهینه و همچنین ارقام جدید ناشکوفای برکت و مهاجر را به دلیل عملکرد دانه و روغن بالا به عنوان ارقام برتر جهت کشت زودهنگام در کشت تابستانه در منطقة دزفول معرفی نمود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of phenological, physiological, and yield responses of indehiscent and dehiscent sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars to sowing dates in Dezful, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Attar Roshan 1
  • Afrasyab Rahnama 2
  • Moosa Meskarbashee 3
  • Mohammad Reza Siahpoosh 2
  • Matthew Harrison 4

1 Ph.D Student of Agrotechnology, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

4 Associate Professor, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Newnham Drive, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oilseed crops cultivated for purposes relating to industry and household consumption. It is widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Sesame productivity can be highly variable depending upon the growing conditions, cultivars, and cultural practices. Sowing date is a critical field crop management practice that influences the intensity of other practices applied in crop growth and production. Seed yield significantly influences by sowing date and cultivar. The optimal sowing date is one of the most important and low cost field management practices affecting crop growth and yield. In general, early sowing dates correspond to higher growth and seed yields. The aim of this study was to explore an optimum sowing date for new indehiscent sesame cultivars and obtain new superior cultivars with the highest yield potential and adaptation to different sowing date in Dezful region.
 Materials and Methods
In order to study the effects of different sowing dates on phonological traits, photosynthetic parameters, and seed and oil yields of dehiscent and indehiscent sesame cultivars, a field experiment was carried out in a split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replications in 2021-2022. The study site was located in Dezful, Iran. The main plots included three sowing dates, June 5, June 20, and July 20, and the sub-plots consisted three indehiscent (Chamran, Mohajer, Barkat) and one dehiscent (Schewin) sesame cultivars. 5 th June sowing date was considered as early sowing date, and 5 th July sowing date was considered as late sowing date. Data were collected on various parameters, including plant heigh, height of the first capsule, length of the capsule-bearing zone, days to the first capsule emergence, days to flowering, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration, chlorophylle index, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil content and oil yield.
Results and Discussion
Significant genotypic differences were observed in phenological traits, photosynthetic parameters, and seed and oil yields across cultivars and sowing dates. Different sowing dates influenced photosynthetic properties, phenological traits, and yields of sesame cultivars in distinct ways. Changes in plant height, height of the first capsule, length of the capsule-bearing zone,  days to the first capsule emergence, days to flowering, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, chlorophylle index, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil content and oil yield were significant across both years. In 2021, the June 5 sowing date resulted in a significant decrease in the seed yield of Chamran, Schewin, Mohajer and, Barkat cultivars by 1%, 25%, 11 and 6%, respectively, compared to the June 20 sowing date. In contrast, the July 5 sowing date led to significant reductions in the seed yield of Mohajer and Barkat by 21% and 37%, respectively, but increased the seed yields of Chamran and Schewin by 12% and 28%, respectively. There was also genetic variation in seed and oil yield across cultivars in response to sowing dates. The Barkat and Mohajer cultivars, which had higher seed yields, showed greater yield stability across the early sowing date compared to the Schwin cultivar.
 Conclusion
Overall, the results of this experiment suggest that the optimal sowing window for improving sesame production in humid tropical regions is between June 5 and June 20. Moreover, the Barkat cultivar, which exhibited the highest seed and oil yields, is recommended for both early and late sowing conditions in the Khuzestan region, alongside the Mohajer cultivar.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Days to flowering
  • Oil yield
  • Photosynthetic rate
  • Stomatal conductance
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