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مقایسه تاثیر روش‌ها و سطوح مختلف آبیاری و کوددهی بر عملکرد و ویژگی‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیک ذرت علوفه‌ای

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - زراعت

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

4 استادیار، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

چکیده

مدیریت نادرست آبیاری و شیوه­ های نامناسب کوددهی باعث می ­شود تا سالانه مقادیر زیادی از کودهای شیمیایی از طریق آب­شویی از دسترس گیاهان خارج و وارد منابع آبی گردد. این پژوهش در قالب طرح آماری بلوک­ های کامل تصادفی به روش فاکتوریل با چهار سطح آبیاری (آبیاری فتیله ­ای، آبیاری جویچه­ ای 50، 70 و 100 درصد نیاز آب گیاه) و دو سطح کود نیتروژن (50 و 100 درصد کود توصیه شده بصورت کود اوره) با سه تکرار در دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه طی دو سال 1399 و 1400 اجرا شد. در روش آبیاری فتیله­ ای کود از طریق مخزن­ ها و بصورت محلول در اختیار گیاه قرار گرفت. درحالی که در روش آبیاری جویچه­ ای کود بصورت سرک در سطح خاک پخش شد. میزان کود اوره مورد نیاز برای هر تیمار براساس آزمون خاک محاسبه شد. برای محاسبه حجم آب مصرفی و تبخیر و تعرق پتانسیل (ETo) از برنامه CROPWAT 8.0 و روش پنمن-مانتیث استفاده شد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که تعداد برگ زرد، ارتفاع بلال از سطح خاک، شاخص سطح برگ، وزن مخصوص برگ، عملکرد علوفه تازه و خشک تحت تاثیر اثر سال و تیمارهای آبیاری و کود قرار گرفتند. اثرات متقابل آبیاری و کود نیز بر تعداد کل برگ، قطر ساقه و ارتفاع گیاه معنی­ دار بود. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین قطر ساقه و ارتفاع گیاه  در کود آبیاری فتیله ­ای با مصرف 100 درصد کود و در سطح احتمال 5 درصد بدست آمد. در هر سال تفاوت کمی بین تیمارها از نظر عملکرد علوفه خشک دیده شد. در سال اول آبیاری فتیله ­ای با کود 100 درصد نسبت به آبیاری جویچه ­ای با مصرف 50 درصد آب و مصرف 50 یا 100 درصد کود و آبیاری فتیله ای با مصرف 50 درصد کود عملکرد علوفه خشک بیشتری داشت. در سال دوم آبیاری فتیله­ای با مصرف 100 درصد کود نسبت به آبیاری جویچه ­ای با مصرف 70 درصد آب و مصرف 100 درصد کود و آبیاری جویچه ­ای با مصرف 50 درصد آب و 50 درصد کود برتری داشت. همچنین بیش­ترین شاخص سطح برگ به تیمارهای آبیاری جویچه ­ای 100 - کود 100 و آبیاری فتیله­ ای -کود 100 درصد در سال اول تعلق داشت. مصرف آب در روش آبیاری فتیله ­ای کم­تر از آبیاری جویچه­ ای با 70 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه بود. کاهش مصرف آب در روش فتیله­ ای می­تواند بعلت کاهش سطح خیس خاک باشد که باعث کاهش تبخیر می­ گردد، زیرا در این روش آبیاری، آب در سطح محدودی پخش می ­گردد. در مجموع، آبیاری فتیله ­ای با 50 درصد مصرف کود بعلت صرفه ­جویی در مصرف آب (به مقدار 58 درصد) و کود بعنوان تیمار برتر توصیه گردید. هرچند آبیاری فتیله­ ای هزینه بالاتری نسبت به آبیاری جویچه ­ای دارد اما بعلت اقلیم خشک کشور و ارزش بالای آب، استفاده از این روش آبیاری مفید است.
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کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of the effect of different methods and levels of irrigation and fertilization on the yield and morphophysiological characteristics of fodder maize

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zhaleh Zarei 1
  • Hassan Heidari 2
  • Saeid Jalali Honarmand 3
  • Ali Bafkar 4

1 Ph.D Student of Agronomy, Department of Plant Production and Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Prodution and Genetic, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Enjineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Improper management of irrigation and fertilizing methods cause large amounts of chemical fertilizers to be removed from the reach of plants and enter water sources through leaching.
Materials and Methods
The research was conducted in the Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University. The experiment was carried out in two crop years (2020-2021) and factorial in the randomized complete block design with three replicates. Experimental treatments included four levels of irrigation (wick irrigation, furrow irrigation with 50, 70, and 100% of the plant's water requirement) and two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (50 and 100% of the recommended fertilizer through urea). In the wick irrigation method, fertilizer was provided to the plant through tanks and in solution. While in the furrow irrigation method, fertilizer was used as topdressing. The amount of urea fertilizer required for each treatment was calculated based on the soil test. CROPWAT 8.0 program and Penman-Monteith method were used to calculate the volume of water consumption and potential evapotranspiration (ETo). The studied traits included number of nodes, internode length, number of yellow leaves, number of green leaves, total number of leaves, plant height, ear height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf area index, specific leaf weight, fresh fodder yield, dry fodder yield, water consumption, the relationship between water consumption and fresh fodder yield, and the relationship between water consumption and dry fodder yield. Data were compared using LSD test at the 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion
The results of variance analysis showed that the number of yellow leaves, ear height, leaf area index, leaf area, specific leaf weight, fresh forage yield, and dry forage yield were affected by year, fertilizer, and irrigation treatments. The interaction effect of fertilizer and irrigation on the total number of leaves, stem diameter, and plant height was significant. The mean comparison showed that wick irrigation with 100% fertilizer consumption had the highest stem diameter and plant height at the 5% probability level. In each year, there was a slight difference between the treatments in terms of ‎dry fodder yield. In the first year, wick irrigation with 100% fertilizer had ‎higher dry fodder yield compared to furrow irrigation with 50% water ‎consumption and 50 or 100% fertilizer consumption and wick irrigation with 50% ‎fertilizer consumption. In the second year, wick irrigation with 100% ‎fertilizer consumption was superior to furrow irrigation with 70% water ‎consumption and 100% fertilizer consumption and furrow irrigation with 50% ‎water and 50% fertilizer consumption. In the first year, furrow irrigation with 100% water consumption and 100% fertilizer and wick irrigation with 100% fertilizer had more leaf area index than other treatments. The water consumption in the wick irrigation method was less than that of the furrow irrigation with 70% of the plant's water requirement. The reduction of water consumption in the wick method can be due to the reduction of the wet surface of the soil, which reduces evaporation, because this irrigation method spreads water on a limited surface.
Conclusion
In total, wick irrigation with 50% fertilizer consumption was recommended as the best treatment due to the saving in water (58%) and fertilizer. Although wick irrigation has a higher cost than furrow irrigation, but due to the dry climate of Iran and the high value of water, this irrigation method is useful.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Capillary irrigation
  • Fertigation
  • Forage yield
  • Leaf area
  • Topdressing
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تولیدات گیاهی
دوره 46، شماره 3
آذر 1402
صفحه 411-426
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