نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - زراعت

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای زراعت گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

2 استاد گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

چکیده

تنش غرقابی هر ساله باعث آسیب­های جدی به محصول مهم و راهبردی گندم در سرتاسر جهان می­شود و در بسیاری از موارد تنش غرقابی به علل گوناگون در مراحل ابتدایی رشد این گیاه رخ می­دهد. گزارش­های متعددی در مورد وجود تفاوت در میزان تحمل تنش غرقابی در ارقام و ژنوتیپ­های مختلف گندم وجود دارد، ولی تا کنون از این تفاوت­ها به طور کامل بهره برداری نشده است. جهت بررسی اثر تنش غرقابی بر عملکرد ماده خشک اندام هوایی، غلظت رنگدانه­های فتوسنتزی، میزان فعالیت آنزیم­های آنتی اکسیدان، غلظت مالون دی­آلدئید و محتوی کارتنوئید، این پژوهش طراحی و اجرا شد. آزمایش به صورت کرت­های خرد شده (اسپلیت پلات) در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار اجرا شد. اعمال تنش در مرحله  سه برگی و در سه سطح شاهد (بدون تنش غرقابی)، تنش ملایم (48 ساعت) و تنش شدید (120 ساعت) به عنوان فاکتور­های اصلی در نظر گرفته شدند، 11 رقم و 10 ژنوتیپ نیز به  عنوان فاکتورهای فرعی لحاظ شدند. کشت گیاهان به صورت گلدانی و در فضای باز بود، سطح آب در طی دوره اعمال تنش حدود پنج سانتی­متر بالاتر از سطح خاک حفظ شد. تنش ملایم و شدید غرقابی به ترتیب منجر به کاهش 06/14 و 37/38 درصدی ماده خشک اندام هوایی شد، که در همه ارقام و ژنوتیپ­ها معنی­دار بود. ارقام و ژنوتیپ­های مختلف پاسخ­های متفاوتی به تنش غرقابی از خود بروز دادند، به منظور درک بهتر دلایل این تفاوت­ها از بین 21 رقم و ژنوتیپ، ارقام مهرگان و سارنگ و ژنوتیپ­های ms 93-16 و ms 93-6 برای مطالعه برخی صفات فیزیولوژی انتخاب شدند. در مجموع تنش غرقابی منجر به کاهش میزان رنگدانه­های فتوسنتزی، افزایش غلظت مالون دی آلدئید و افزایش فعالیت آنزیم­های آنتی اکسیدان شد که در این موارد نیز تفاوت­های بین این ارقام و ژنوتیپ­ها آشکار بود. به طور کلی ارقامی که در مواجه با تنش غرقابی سطح بالاتری از فعالیت آنزیم­های آنتی اکسیدان را داشتند، توانستند با آسیب کمتری به ساختار غشای سلولی (با توجه به میزان غلظت مالون دی­آلدئید) و رنگدانه­های فتوسنتزی از دوره تنش عبور کرده و درصد کاهش کمتری در ماده خشک را از خود نشان دادند. رقم مهرگان با وجود کاهش شدید عملکرد ماده خشک اندام هوایی در مواجه با تنش غرقابی، در هر سه سطح تنش به طور معنی­داری دارای بیشترین عملکرد ماده خشک نسبت به سایر ارقام و ژنوتیپ­ها بود. بین پاسخ فیزیولوژی به تنش شدید و تنش ملایم نیز تفاوت هایی وجود داشت، به عنوان مثال در همه ارقام مورد بررسی فقط تنش شدید توانست منجر به افزایش معنی­دار فعالیت آنزیم پراکسیداز شود، ولی در مورد کاتالاز در ارقام متحمل تنش ملایم نیز منجر به افزایش معنی­دار فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of waterlogging stress at the three-leaf stage on the growth and some physiological characteristics of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Bashir Fazeli 1
  • Moosa Meskarbashee 2
  • Afrasyab Rahnama Ghahfarokhi 3

1 PhD Student, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran Universityof Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

2 Professor of Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

3 Associate Professor of Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Wheat is one of the most important crop plants in the world. Waterlogging stress causes serious damage to the wheat crop wheat crop worldwide annually, and it is likely that these damages are increasing with climate change. In many cases, waterlogging stress occurs for various reasons in the initial stages of the growth of this plant. There are many reports about the existence of differences in waterlogging stress tolerance in different cultivars and genotypes of wheat, but so far these differences have not been fully exploited. This research was designed and carried out to investigate the effect of waterlogging stress on the dry matter yield of shoot system, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, the activity level of antioxidant enzymes, the concentration of malondialdehyde and carotenoid content.
 
Materials and Methods
Floods will increase as a result of climate change and in some areas will have a negative impact on wheat production. Plants are obligate aerobic organisms and they need to absorb oxygen from their surroundings to complete their life cycle, growth, reproduction and competition. With 215 million hectares, wheat has the largest area of cultivated plants in the world, waterlogging stress usually damages winter wheat during Seedling establishment and tillering. a field experiment in the form of a split plot design, based on randomized complete blocks in 3 replications accomplished. Stress was applied at the three-leaf stage and at three levels, control (no waterlogging stress), mild stress (48 hours) and severe stress (120 hours) as the main factors. Cultivars and genotypes were also included as secondary factors. Plants were cultivated in pots and grown in open space (outdoor), the water level was maintained about five centimeters above the soil level during the stress period.
 
Results and Discussion
Mild and severe waterlogging stress resulted in a decrease of 14.06 and 38.37 percent of shoot dry matter, respectively, which was significant in all cultivars and genotypes. Different cultivars and genotypes showed different responses to waterlogging stress. to better understand the reasons for these differences, among 11 cultivars and 10 genotypes, Mehrgan and Sarang cultivars and ms 93-16 and ms 93-6 genotypes were selected to study some physiological traits. Waterlogging stress led to a decrease photosynthetic pigments, an increase in the malondialdehydeconcentration and an increase in the antioxidant enzymes activity, and in these cases, the differences between these cultivars and genotypes were obvious. There were also differences between severe stress and mild stress, for example, in all studied cultivars, only severe stress could lead to a significant increase in peroxidase enzyme activity, but in the case of catalase, mild stress tolerant cultivars also led to a significant increase.
 
Conclusion
In general, cultivars that had a higher level of antioxidant enzyme activity when faced with waterlogging stress were able to pass through the stress period with less damage to the cell membrane structure (according to the concentration of malondialdehyde) and photosynthetic pigments and showed a lower percentage reduction in dry matter. Mehrgan cultivar had the highest dry matter yield compared to other cultivars and genotypes in all three stress levels, despite the severe decrease in shoot system dry matter yield.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Antioxidant enzymes
  • Carotenoid
  • Chlorophyll
  • Malondialdehyde
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