نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - گیاهان دارویی و معطر

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد علوم و مهندسی باغبانی (گرایش گیاهان دارویی)، گروه گیاهان داروئی و معطر، دانشکده کشاورزی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه گیاهان دارویی و معطر، دانشکده کشاورزی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران

چکیده

تنش شوری جز مهم‌ترین تنش‌های محیطی است که رشد و نمو گیاهان را در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک مانند ایران محدود می‌کند. بررسی تغییرات بیوشیمیایی و فیزیولوژیکی در شرایط تنش شوری منجر به شناسایی مکانیسم‌های موثر در تحمل به شوری می‌شود. به همین منظور ارزیابی اثر تنش شوری بر برخی صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک و بیوشیمیایی برخی جمعیت‌های زنیان، آزمایشی گلخانه ای به‌صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملا تصادفی در سه تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه اراک در سال 1398 اجرا شد. دو سطح شوری شامل صفر (شاهد) و 100 میلی مولار کلرید سدیم به‌عنوان فاکتور اول و 10 جمعیت زنیان شامل شیراز، اصفهان، همدان، زاهدان، تبریز، مشهد یک، مشهد دو، یزد، اهواز، اراک به‌عنوان فاکتور دوم در نظر گرفته شد. شوری موجب کاهش معنی‌دار ارتفاع گیاه، وزن تر و وزن خشک اندام‌های هوایی و محتوای نسبی آب گردید، در حالی‌که موجب افزایش معنی‌دار نشت یونی، ترکیبات فنلی، فلاونوئید و فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی شد ولی بر رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی بی‌تأثیر بود. بیشترین ارتفاع ساقه و وزن تر اندام هوایی به‌ترتیب مربوط به جمعیت‌های همدان و مشهد 1 بود. همچنین کمترین مقدار میانگین ارتفاع ساقه و وزن تر اندام هوایی مربوط به جمعیت اراک بود. در بین جمعیت‌های مورد بررسی از نظر صفات فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی بجز ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی اختلاف معنی‌دار مشاهده نشد، که بیشترین ظرفیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی مربوط به جمعیت اراک و کمترین آن مربوط به جمعیت مشهد یک بود. برهمکنش جمعیت و شوری در هیچ یک از صفات معنی‌دار نشد. براساس نتایج تجزیه به عامل‌ها بیشترین مقدار انحراف معیار مربوط به صفت فلاونوئید و کمترین مقدار انحراف معیار مربوط به صفت وزن خشک اندام‌های هوایی بود. در مجموع نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد با توجه به این که در ده جمعیت مورد مطالعه، کاهش قابل توجهی در صفات مورفولوژیکی مشاهده نشد و یک سری از پارامترهای بیوشیمیایی افزایش یافت گیاه زنیان شوری تا100 میلی مولار را به خوبی تحمل می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of salinity tolerance of some native ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.) populations of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Atieh Drayabeigi 1
  • Faezehossadat Abtahi 2
  • Hossein Salehi Arjmand 2

1 M.Sc. in Horticulture (Medicinal Plants), Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak, Iran

2 Assistant professor, Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Today, one of the most important environmental stresses that become a great threat to agricultural activities around the world is soil salinity. The salinity issue is more in arid and semi-arid climate finding hardy plants should be a priority. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of salinity stress on morphophysiological and biochemical traits of some accesions of ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.).
 
Materials and Methods
In this study, the effects of salinity stress on two levels (control and 100 mM NaCl) as the first factor and 10 accesions of ajwain (Shiraz, Isfahan, Hamedan, Zahedan, Tabriz, Mashhad 1, Mashhad 2, Yazd, Ahvaz, Arak) as the second factor as factorial and the basis of a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications (n =3) were evaluated in the research greenhouse of Department of Medicinal Plants of Arak University in pot conditions in 2019. In each experimental unit, a few seeds were sown, after emergence; additional seedlings were thinned to prevent competition, so that in each pot, finally, four strongest and uniform seedlings were kept. Until the seedlings reached 8-10 leaves, salinity treatment was done by irrigation with 500 ml of 100 mM NaCl solution. Plants were sampled and harvested to study the morphophysiological and biochemical traites of T.copticum L. in the flowering stage. The obtained data were statistically tested by analysis of variance (GLM) using SAS software Version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, 1990). Duncan’s new multi range test was applied for means comparison and significant differences among employed treatments at P <0.05 and 0.01 using SPSS software Version 16 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA). The parameters, including minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. In order to identify some of the main factors to reduce the number of effective traits in differentiating populations, principal component analysis (PCA) was used. In order to have a simple structure and better interpretation of the results of the analysis, the data was rotated by Varimax procedure. Also, the two- dimensional plot was generated using the first and second principal components (PC1and PC2) with PAST software.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that salinity caused a significant decrease in plant height, fresh weight of aerial parts, dry weight of aerial parts and relative water content, while salinity caused a significant increase in leakage of electrolytes, phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Salinity stress had no effect on the content of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoids. The highest height and fresh weight were related to the populations of Hamedan and Mashhad 1, respectively. Also, the lowest mean value of height and fresh weight was related to Arak population. No significant difference was observed among the investigated populations in any of the physiological traits, and only significant difference was observed in the antioxidant capacity, the highest of which was related to the population of Arak and the lowest was related to the population of Mashhad 1. The interaction between population and salinity was not significant in any of the traits. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA), the highest value of standard deviation was related to the flavonoid and the lowest value of the standard deviation was related to the trait of total dry weight of aerial parts.
 
Conclusion
Salinity negatively affects the growth and physiological responses of the plants. The results also showed that ajwain is classified as a relatively salt tolerant species, although there are significant differences between its accesions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Accesion
  • Medicinal plants
  • Morphophysiological traits
Ahmad Jan, S., Khan Shinwari, Z., Zeb, A., Talha Khalil, A., & Hussain Shah, S. (2015). Ethnobotany and Research Trends in Trachyspermum ammi L. (Ajowan); A Popular Folklore Remedy. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 15, 68-73.
Amooaghaie, R., Majidi, M., & Farhadian, S. (2022). Impact of nano-TiO2 on salt stress tolerance of Carum copticum. Journal of Plant Process and Function11(48), 19-34. [In Persian]
Belaqziz, R., Romane, A., & Abbad, A. (2009). Salt stress effects on germination, growth and essential oil content of an endemic thyme species in Morocco (Thymus maroccanus Ball.).‏ Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 5(7), 858-863.
Carden, D.E., Wakker, D.J., Flowers, T.J., & Miller, A.J. (2003). Single cell measurement of the concentration of cytosolic Na+ and K+ to salt tolerance. Plant Physiology, 131, 676-685.
Cheeseman, J. (2016). Food security in the face of salinity, drought, climate change, and population growth, halophytes for food security in dry lands (pp. 111-123). Urbana IL, USA: Science Direct.
Chegini, E., Ghorbanpour, M., Hatami, M., & Taghizadeh, M. (2017). Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on physiological traits, phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of Salvia mirzayanii Rech. F. & Esfand. under drought stress. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 16(62), 191-207. [In Persian]
Corwin, D.L., & Scudiero, E. (2019). Review of soil salinity assessment for agriculture across multiple scales using proximal and/or remote sensors. Advances in Agronomy, 158, 1-130.
Das, K., & Roychoudhury, A. (2014). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 2, 53.
Davazdahemami, S., Enteshari, S., Allahdadi, M., & Yasmani, S. (2021). Effect of salinity stress on some mineral contents and biochemical parameters of Ajowan (Carum copticum LCB Clarke). Journal of Crops Improvement, 23(1), 127-139. [In Persian]
Emami Bistgani, Z., Hashemi, M., DaCosta, M., Craker, L., Maggi, F., & Morshedloo, M.R. (2019). Effect of salinity stress on the physiological characteristics, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak. Industrial Crops & Products, 135, 311-320.
Fazeli, A., Zarei, B., & Tahmasebi, Z. (2017). The effect of salinity stress and salicylic acid on some physiological and biochemical traits of Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 9(4), 69-84. [In Persian]
Firoozeh, R., Khavarinejad, R., Najafi, F., & Saadatmand, S. (2019). Effects of gibberellin on contents of photosynthetic pigments, proline, phenol and flavonoid in savory plants (Satureja hortensis L.) under salt stress. Journal of Plant Research, 31(4), 894-908. [In Persian]
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. (2015). Status of the world,s soil resorces, regional assesment of soil changes in Europe and Eurasia, 332-363.
Jaleel, C.A., Sankar, B., Sridharan, R., & Panneerselvam, R. (2008). Soil salinity alters growth, chlorophyll content, and secondary metabolite accumulation in Catharanthus roseus. Turkish Journal of Biology, 32(2), 79-83.
Kerepesi, I., & Galiba, G. (2000). Osmotic and salt stress- induced alteration in soluble carbohydrate content in wheat seeding. Crop Science, 40, 482-487.
Khadivi-Khub, A., Salimpour, A., & Rasouli, M. (2014). Analysis of grape germplasm from Iran based on fruit characteristics. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 37(2), 105-113.
Khodavirdivand Keshtiban, R., Soltanloo, H., Ramazanpour, S.S., & Shariati, V. (2020).  Evaluation of biochemical response and defense mechanism of wheat antioxidant enzymes to salinity stress. Journal of Crop Breeding, 12(36), 90-100. [In Persian]
Lamaison, J.L.C., & Carnet, A. (1990). Teneurs en Principaux Flavonoides des fleurs de Crataegus Monogyna Jacq et de Crataegus Laevigata (Poiret D. C) en Fonction de la Vegetation. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetia, 65, 315-320.
Lara, M.V., Disante, K.B., Podesta, F.E., Andreo, C., & Drincovich, M.F. (2003). Induction of a Crassulacean acid like metabolism in the C4 succulent plant, Portulaca oleracea L.: physiological and morphological changes are accompanied by specific modifications in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Photosynth Research, 77, 241-254.
Lichtenthaler, H., & Wellburn, A. (1983). Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions, 11(5), 591–592.
Lin, J., Wang, Y., Sun, S., Mu, C., & Yan, X. (2017). Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth, photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments of Leymus chinensis seedlings under salt-alkali stress and nitrogen deposition. Science of the Total Environment, 576, 234-241.
Mahajan, S., & Tuteja, N. (2005). Cold, salinity and drought stresses: an overview. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 444(2), 139–158.
Munns, R., Schachtman, D.P., & Condon, A.G. (1995). The significance of a two-phase growth response to salinity in wheat and barley. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22, 561–569.
Niazian, M., Sadat-Noori, S.A., Tohidfar, M., Galuszka, P., & Mortazavian, S.M.M. (2019). Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague): an important industrial medicinal plant. Industrial Crops and Products, 132, 29-40.‏
Niazian, M., Soltani Howyzeh, M., & Sadat-Noori, S.A. (2021). Integrative effects of stress‑ and stress tolerance‑inducing elicitors on in vitro bioactive compounds of ajowan [Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague] medicinal plant. Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture, 146(3), 589-604.
Nouripour Sisakht, J., Ehsanzadeh, P., & Ehtemam, M.H. (2022). Physiological and yield attributes of fennel, anise, and ajwain in response to brackish irrigation water in potted conditions. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 11(50), 1-18. [In Persian]
Orcutt, D.M., & Nilsen, E.T. (2000). The physiology of plants under stress, soil and biotic factors. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons.
Parida, A.K., & Das, A.B. (2005). Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60: 324-349.
Puyang, X., An, M., Han, L., & Zhang, X. (2015). Protective effect of spermidine on salt stress induced oxidative damage in two Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 117, 96-106.
Sairam, R.K., Rao, K.V., & Srivastava, G.C. (2002). Differential response of wheat genotypes to longterm salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science, 163, 1037–1046.
Salem, N., Msaada, K., Dhifi, W., Limam, F., & Marzouk, B. (2014). Effect of salinity on plant growth and biological activities of Carthamus tinctorius L. extracts at two flowering stages. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 36(2), 433-445.
Shahraki, H., Mahdi Nezhad, N., & Fakheri, B. (2021). The effect of synthesis nanosilver by plant extract on morphological and antioxidant properties of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) under salinity stress. Plant Productions, 44(1), 103-114.  [In Persian [
‏Shimada, K., Fujikawa, K., Yahara, K., & Nakamura, T. (1992). Antioxidative properties of xanthin on autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40, 945-948.
Singleton, V.L., & Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic- phosphotungstic acid reagents. American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3), 144–158.
Vitali, L.A., Beghelli, D., Nya, P.C.B., Bistoni, O., Cappellacci, L., Damiano, S., & Bramucci, M. (2016). Diverse biological effects of the essential oil from Iranian Trachyspermum ammi. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 9(6), 775-786.‏
Yousefi, F., Hassibi, P., Roshanfekr, H., & Meskarbashee, M. (2016). Study of drought and salinity stress effect on some physiological characters of two Canola (Brassica Napus L.) varieties in Ahvaz. Plant Productions, 38(4), 25-34.] In Persian [
Zrig, A., Tounekti, T., Hegab, M.M., Ali, S.O., & Khemira, H. (2016). Essential oils, amino acids and polyphenols changes in salt-stressed Thymus vulgaris exposed to open–field and shade enclosure. Industrial Crops and Products, 91, 223-230.