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بررسی تنوع مکانی بهره‌وری مصرف آب و منابع کودی در ‌نظام‌های گندم آبی و دیم در مناطق مختلف ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - زراعت

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری اگرواکولوژی، گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 استاد گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

این مطالعه با هدف بررسی شاخص­های کارایی مصرف نیتروژن، فسفر و آب در نظام­های تولید گندم آبی و دیم در کشور به اجرا درآمد. در این پژوهش، استان‌های با بیش از هشتاد درصد تولید گندم آبی و دیم در کشور، تعیین و در هر استان، شهرستان‌های دارای بیش از 80 درصد تولید، انتخاب شدند. با استفاده از آمار، اطلاعات و مصاحبه‌های حضوری، داده‌های مورد نیاز جمع­آوری و بهره‌وری مصرف نهاده­ها تعیین و سپس ضریب همبستگی پیرسون بین بهره­وری منابع مختلف محاسبه شد. جهت تعیین رابطه بین عملکرد با متغیرهای اقلیمی و منابع کودی و آب از رگرسیون چندگانه استفاده شد. برای این منظور، میانگین مجموع بارندگی و دما برای طول دوره رشد گندم آبی و دیم در هر منطقه استخراج و مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش، نشان داد که در مناطق اصلی تولید، میانگین بهره­وری مصرف نیتروژن در گندم آبی معادل‌ 69/16‌ کیلوگرم دانه بر کیلوگرم نیتروژن محاسبه شد که نسبت به گندم دیم با میانگین بهره­وری مصرف نیتروژن 27/17 کیلوگرم دانه بر کیلوگرم نیتروژن پایین­تر بود. برخلاف نیتروژن، میزان بهره­وری مصرف فسفر در زراعت دیم پایین­تر از زراعت آبی بود. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش، بالاترین همبستگی را در گندم آبی بین بهره­وری‌ نیتروژن و فسفر با 506/0=r و در زراعت دیم بین بهره­وری نیتروژن و آب با 309/0=r نشان داد. بررسی رگرسیون ارتباط بین عملکرد گندم با پارامترهای اقلیمی و زراعی نیز نشان داد که بین متغیرهای مورد بررسی تنها افزایش بیشتر دما با عملکرد دانه گندم دیم ارتباط مثبت داشت و افزایش سایر پارامترها از قبیل بارندگی، نیتروژن، فسفر و آبیاری در زراعت گندم دیم و آبی با عملکرد دانه ارتباط مستقیم داشت. مصرف بیشتر کودهای نیتروژن در زراعت آبی منجر به کاهش بهره­وری نیتروژن شد. با وجود بالاتر بودن عملکرد گندم آبی در مقایسه با دیم، با توجه به حساسیت مصرف کودهای نیتروژن و اثر نامطلوب استفاده­ بی­رویه این کودها در زراعت دیم، مصرف نیتروژن با دقت و حساسیت بیشتری صورت گرفته که نهایتاً منجر به افزایش بهره­وری مصرف نیتروژن نسبت به زراعت آبی شد. برخلاف نیتروژن، بهره­وری مصرف فسفر به دلیل تأثیر مستقیم محتوی رطوبت خاک در انتشار فسفر در خاک در زراعت دیم پایین­تر از زراعت آبی بود. براساس این پژوهش، دو منبع نیتروژن و آب مهمترین عوامل موثر بر عملکرد گندم آبی و دیم بودند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the spatial variations of water use efficiency, and fertilizer sources for irrigated and rainfed wheat systems in different regions of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mostafa Torkaman 1
  • Soroor Khorramdel 2
  • Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam 3
  • Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati 3

1 PhD student in Agroecolology, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Chemical fertilizers have played a significant role in increasing the yield of agricultural products, especially since the 1950s, but the excessive application of these fertilizers in recent years has led to environmental pollution and a drop in agricultural productivity, food security, ecosystem and human health, and economic prosperity. Researchers believed that the best and most accessible approach to solve these problems is the improvement of the efficiency indicators of inputs. So, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the use efficiency indicators for nitrogen and phosphorus and water in wheat-irrigated and dryland systems of Iran.
 
Materials and Methods
In this research, provinces with more than 80% production in irrigated and rainfed systems of Iran were determined and, in each province, cities with more than 80% production of this crop were selected. The required data were collected by using face-to-face interviews and recorded statistics. Afterward, the consumption productivity of inputs was determined, and then the Pearson correlation coefficient between the productivity of different sources was computed. Also, multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between yield with climatic variables and fertilizers and water. For this purpose, the two-year average for total precipitation for irrigated and rainfed systems in each region were extracted.
 
Results and Discussion
The results revealed that in the main areas of wheat production, the average productivity of nitrogen consumption for irrigated was calculated as 16.69 kg of grains per kg of nitrogen compared to 17.27 kg of grains per kg of nitrogen for rainfed conditions. Contrary to nitrogen, the efficiency of phosphorus consumption in rainfed agriculture was lower than in the irrigated wheat system. Also, the highest correlation between nitrogen and phosphorus productivity for the irrigated system was computed with r=0.506 and the coefficient between nitrogen and water productivity was calculated with r=0.309 for rainfed conditions. The results for regression analysis between yield and climatic and agronomic parameters showed that increases in temperature had a positive effect on grain yield in rainfed conditions. On the other hand, increasing in other parameters such as precipitation, nitrogen, phosphorus, and irrigation in the irrigated and rainfed systems had a direct relationship with grain yield.
 
Conclusion
Excess use of nitrogen fertilizers in irrigated wheat systems led to lower nitrogen use efficiency. Although, the grain yield in irrigated conditions was higher than in dryland conditions, due to the sensitivity of using nitrogen by farmers and the adverse effects of excessive use in rainfed wheat, the consumption of nitrogen has been used with more precision and sensitivity. This ultimately led to an increase in the efficiency of nitrogen consumption in rainfed compared to irrigated systems. Unlike nitrogen, the phosphorus use efficiency was lower in rainfed compared to the irrigated system due to the direct effect of soil moisture on the release of phosphorus in the soil. According to these results, nitrogen and water were the most important factors affecting the yield in irrigated and rainfed systems. Also, the regression analysis of the relationship between wheat yield and climatic and agronomic parameters showed that in irrigated systems, nitrogen and irrigation and in rainfed conditions, nitrogen and precipitation had the most impact on grain yield.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Precipitation
  • Productivity
  • Temperature
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تولیدات گیاهی
دوره 46، شماره 2
شهریور 1402
صفحه 263-277
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