نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - باغبانی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

4 استادیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری ، ایران

چکیده

این آزمایش در سال 1399 به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی در چهار تکرار در آزمایشگاه گروه علوم باغبانی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان انجام شد. فاکتور اول ژنوتیپ و رقم انار در 15 سطح، شامل چهار ژنوتیپ وحشی (اینچه‌برون، علی‌آباد و کردکوی از استان گلستان و میانکاله از استان مازندران)، هشت رقم محلی (قند و ترش گلوگاه، شیرین، ترش و گل انار بهشهر، فرشته قرمز ساری، شیرین و ترش شیوند خوزستان)، دو رقم تجاری (یوسف خانی و ملس ممتاز ساوه) و یک رقم خارجی (واندرفول) و فاکتور دوم شوری آب آبیاری در سه سطح شاهد، 5/2 و 4/6 گرم در لیتر نمک کلرید سدیم بود. پس از ریشه‌زایی، استقرار و رشد کافی قلمه‌ها در گلدان، تنش شوری به مدت 10 هفته اعمال شد. سپس، صفات ریخت‌شناختی، فیزیکوشیمیایی و فیتوشیمیایی در ریشه، ساقه و برگ اندازه‌گیری گردید. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که بعد از اعمال تنش شوری در تمامی ژنوتیپ‌ها و ارقام شاخص‌های ریخت‌شناختی و فیزیکوشیمیایی مانند رشد طولی ساقه، قطر ساقه، تعداد انشعابات شاخه، تعداد کل برگ، طول ریشه، قطر ریشه، سطح برگ، وزن تر برگ، وزن خشک برگ، محتوای نسبی آب برگ، کلروفیل، فنل کل و آنتوسیانین در مقایسه با نمونه شاهد کاهش و در مقابل برخی دیگر از صفات فیزیکوشیمیایی و فیتوشیمیایی مانند نشت یونی، درصد برگ‌های ریزش یافته، درصد برگ‌های نکروزه، آسیب‌دیدگی غشا سلولی، شاخص آسیب شوری و پرولین در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش یافت. همچنین واکنش ژنوتیپ‌ها از نظر قدرت تحمل به تنش شوری و شاخص‌های رشدی با یکدیگر متفاوت بود. بر اساس مجموع امتیازات حاصل از اندازه‌گیری صفات، برخی از ارقام متحمل، تعدادی نیمه‌متحمل و برخی دیگر حساس معرفی شدند. با افزایش تنش شوری میزان شاخص‌های ریخت‌شناختی، فیزیکوشیمیایی و فیتوشیمیایی در ارقام متحمل افزایش و در ارقام حساس کاهش یافت. همچنین نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که اثر شوری بر تمامی صفات اندازه‌گیری شده به جز وزن خشک ریشه معنی‌دار بود. در پایان آزمایش بر اساس مقایسه میانگین صفات ریخت‌شناختی، فیزیکوشیمیایی و فیتوشیمیایی اندازه‌گیری شده و پس از رتبه‌بندی و استانداردسازی، رقم واندرفول متحمل‌ترین رقم تشخیص داده شد. این رقم توانست شوری 4/6 گرم در لیتر کلرید سدیم (8 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر) را به خوبی تحمل کند و در مقابل رقم شیرین بهشهر به عنوان حساس‌ترین رقم به تنش شوری شناسایی شد. پس از رقم واندرفول، ارقام فرشته قرمز و ملس ساوه، و یوسف‌خانی ساوه به عنوان ارقام متحمل در رتبه‌های بعدی بودند. ارقام ترش گلوگاه، ترش شیوند، وحشی اینچه‌برون، شیرین شیوند، قند گلوگاه، وحشی میانکاله، به عنوان ارقام نیمه‌متحمل و وحشی علی‌آباد، ترش بهشهر، گل‌انار بهشهر، وحشی کردکوی و شیرین بهشهر به عنوان ارقام حساس به تنش شوری شناسایی شدند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of salinity stress on morphological and physicochemical traits of pomegranate to select the tolerant genotypes and cultivars

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Rasoul Ziatabar Ahmadi 1
  • Esmaeil Seifi 2
  • Ferial Varasteh 3
  • Vahid Akbarpour 4

1 Ph.D student, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Salt stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth, development and the yield of plants that cause structural changes in important plant organs such as stems, roots, leaves and petioles. In salinity conditions, the pomegranate tree cannot produce an economic product. Therefore, identification and use of selected pomegranate cultivars tolerant to salinity stress are necessary for breeding programs, introducing better cultivars and developing the pomegranate industry. Morphological and physicochemical changes can be used as indicators for selecting tolerant cultivars.
 
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted in 2019 in a factorial design based on a completely randomized block design in four replications in the laboratory of the department of horticultural sciences at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The first factor was pomegranate genotypes in 15 levels, including four wild genotypes (Vahshi Inchehbrun, Vahshi Aliabad and Vahshi Kordkoi from Golestan province, and Miankaleh from Mazandaran province), eight local genotypes (Qand and Torsh Galoogah, Shirin, Torsh, and Gol Anar Behshahr, Fereshteh qermez Sari, Shirin and Torsh Shivand of Khuzestan), two commercial export genotypes (Yosefkhani and Malas momtaz Saveh) and one foreign genotype (Wonderful) and the second factor was the salinity at three levels including control, 2.5 and 6.4 grams per liter of sodium chloride (EC 1.4, 4 and 8 dS/m, respectively). After rooting of the cuttings and growing the new pot plants, salinity stress was applied for 10 weeks. Then, the morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical traits were measured.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that after applying salinity stress in all genotypes and cultivars, morphological and physicochemical traits such as stem length, stem diameter, the number of branches, the total number of leaves, root length, root diameter, leaf surface and leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, the relative water content of leaf, chlorophyll, total phenol and anthocyanin decreased in comparison with the control. Some of the other physicochemical and phytochemical traits such as electrolyte leakage, the percentage of abscised leaves and the percentage of necrotic leaves, cell membrane damage, salinity damage index and proline increased in comparison with the control. Also, the responses of genotypes were different in terms of tolerance to salinity stress and growth traits. Some of the cultivars were introduced as tolerant cultivars, some as semi-tolerant and some others as sensitive. With increasing the salinity stress, the amount of morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical traits changed significantly in sensitive cultivars. Moreover, the results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of salinity on all measured traits was significant except the root dry weight.
 
Conclusion
Based on the obtained results, and after ranking and standardization, the Wonderful cultivar was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar. It was able to tolerate the salinity of 6.4 grams per liter of sodium chloride (8 dS m-1) well; followed by Fereshteh qermez and Malas Saveh. Torsh Galoogah, Torsh Shivand, Vahshi Inchehbrun, Shirin Shivand, Qand Galoogah, and Vahshi Miankaleh were identified as semi-tolerant cultivars and Vahshi Aliabad, Torsh Behshahr, Gol Anar behshahr, Vahshi Kordkoy and Shirin Behshahr were identified as sensitive cultivars to salt stress.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Electrolyte Leakage
  • Growth index
  • Sodium chloride
  • Tolerance
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