نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - گیاهان دارویی و معطر

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری زراعت، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران.

3 دانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه،ایران.

4 استاد، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران.

چکیده

بالنگوی شهری یکی از گیاهان مهم دارویی - روغنی مقاوم به خشکی و مناسب جهت کاشت در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک می‌باشد. با این وجود تحقیقات اندکی در مورد تغذیه این گیاه در این مناطق صورت گرفته است. به همین ‌منظور پژوهشی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه رازی طی دو سال زراعی 1397-1396 و 1398-1397 به صورت آزمایش اسپلیت‌پلات – فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل: آبیاری (تنش کم‌آبی پس از گل‌دهی و عدم تنش) در کرت‌های اصلی، فاکتورهای محلول‌پاشی (غلظت‌های صفر، چهار و هشت در هزار سولفات آهن و روی) و زمان محلول‌پاشی (در ابتدای مراحل رشد رویشی و رشد زایشی) به صورت فاکتوریل در کرت‌های فرعی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد، با اعمال تنش کم‌آبی عملکرد دانه و عملکرد روغن نسبت به تیمار عدم تنش کم‌آبی به ترتیب 24 و 17 درصدکاهش و درصد روغن 8 درصد افزایش یافت. همچنین تنش کم‌آبی، تعداد روز و نیاز حرارتی تا رسیدگی را به ترتیب 10 روز و 275 درجه روز رشد کاهش داد. اثر محلول‌پاشی غلظت‌های 4 و 8 در هزار آهن و روی با توجه به تیمارهای آبیاری و زمان اعمال تیمارهای محلول‌پاشی در صفات مورد بررسی متفاوت بود. بیش‌ترین افزایش عملکرد روغن نسبت به تیمار شاهد مربوط به تیمارهای محلول‌پاشی روی 4 و 8 در هزار در مرحله رشد زایشی بود،که این صفت را به ترتیب از 339 و 283 در شرایط عدم تنش و تنش کم‌آبی به 539 و 513 کیلوگرم در هکتار افزایش داد. بیش‌ترین تاثیر تیمارهای محلول‌پاشی آهن و روی بر افزایش ارتفاع بوته و تعداد روز و نیاز حرارتی تا مرحله رسیدگی مربوط به محلول‌پاشی غلظت‌های 4 و 8 در هزار آهن و روی در مرحله رشد رویشی بود. بنابراین در پژوهش حاضر، بالنگوی شهری با دوره رشد نسبتاً کوتاه (تعداد روز تا رسیدگی برابر با 115و125 به ترتیب در شرایط تنش و عدم تنش) و منطبق بودن بخشی از دوره رشد با بارندگی‌های منطقه و حصول عملکرد قابل قبول در شرایط وقوع تنش کم‌آبی پس از گل‌دهی می‌تواند به عنوان گزینه‌ای مناسب برای قرار گرفتن در سیستم تناوب زراعی در منطقه مدنظر قرار گیرد. همچنین با در نظرگرفتن اثرات یکسان غلظت‌های‌ 4 در هزار و 8 در هزار آهن و روی بر عملکرد دانه، محلول‌پاشی غلظت 4 در هزار سولفات آهن و سولفات روی با توجه به اقتصادی بودن آن در اوایل رشد طولی ساقه و گل‌دهی می‌تواند در شرایط تنش کم‌آبی با هدف تعدیل اثرات نامطلوب تنش و دستیابی به عملکرد مطلوب توصیه ‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of foliar application of iron and zinc fertilizers on some agronomic traits of Lallemantia iberica L. under post anthesis water deficit

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mandana Azhand 1
  • Mohsen Saeidi 2
  • Ali Beheshti Al Agha 3
  • Daniel Kahrizi 4

1 Ph.D. Graduate of Agronomy, Department of Plant Production and Genetic, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetic, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran.

3 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran.

4 Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetic, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Among various non-biological stresses, drought stress is the most important factor that has limited production in the agricultural sector of the country (Akhzari and Pessarakli, 2016). Today, the supply of oilseeds for the extraction of vegetable oils needed for various industrial, edible, medicinal and cosmetic uses is one of the basic needs of the current population growth (Beynam, 2015). Balangu (Lallemantia iberica L.) is an annual, herbaceous and drought-resistant plant belonging to the mint family (Lamiaceae). With medicinal-oil properties, it is considered a multi-purpose plant in agriculture (Hendawy et al., 2015). In order to check and predict the phenological stages of the planted plants in an area, the relationship between the phenological stages and the thermal factor should be considered. For this purpose, thermal units of growth degree days (GDD) are used to check the amount of heat needed to pass each growth stage of plants (Kumari et al., 2020). In plants under drought stress, where the absorption of nutrients through the root faces a problem due to the decrease in soil water volume, the absorption of micronutrients such as iron and zinc can be effective through foliar spraying. (Rafique et al., 2015). In the conditions of lack of water resources, like what is happening in our country, it is necessary to change the agricultural pattern towards planting plants adapted to dry land, as well as ways to increase yield per unit area. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the development of Balangu planting and the role of foliar application of iron and zinc micronutrients on phenology and the adjustment of stress effects.
 
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted in the research farm of Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kermanshah during two consecutive years (2017-2018 and 2018-2019) as a split-plot-factorial experiment in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments include: irrigation (Water deficit after flowering and Normal) in the main plots, foliar spray factors (zero, four and eight per thousand concentrations of iron and zinc sulfate) and foliar application time (at the beginning of the vegetative and reproductive growth stage) were factorially placed in sub-plots. The seeds (native population of Songhor region of Kermanshah province) were planted manually at a depth of two centimeters and with a density of 400 plants per square meter in a row at the first appropriate time in late March of 2017 and 2018. Application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers was based on need. Dehydration stress was applied by stopping irrigation from the time of full flowering (opening of 50% of flowers).
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that, with the application of water stress, the seed yield and oil yield decreased by 24% and 17%, respectively, and the oil percentage increased by 8% compared to the treatment without water stress. Also, water deficit stress reduced the number of days and heat requirement to maturity by 10 days and 275 growth days degree, respectively. The greatest increase in oil yield compared to the treatment without foliar spraying (control) was related to the 4 and 8 per thousand zinc foliar treatments in reproductive stage and under stress conditions, which increased these traits from 339 and 283 respectively in conditions Lack of stress and water deficit stress increased to 539 and 513 kg/ha. The greatest effect of iron and zinc foliar application treatments on increasing plant height and the number of days and heat requirement to maturity stage was related to 4 and 8 per thousand iron and zinc foliar application in the vegetative growth stage.
 
Conclusion
In the present study, it can be concluded that the Balangu having adaptability, suitable production, relatively short growth period and matching the length of the growth period with the rainfall of the study area, and it can be considered as a common plant for rotation in this region. Foliar application of iron and zinc micronutrient elements should be used by farmers to moderate the effects of water deficit stress, taking into account its small and economical amounts.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Emergence
  • Flowering
  • Growing Degree Days
  • Maturity
  • Oil
Aghaei-Gharachorlou, P., Nasrollahzadeh, S., & Shafagh-Kolvanagh, J. 2013. Effect of different irrigation treatments and plant density on yield and yield components of Dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica Fish. et Mey.). International Journal of Biosciences, 3(8), 144-149.
Aghaei-Gharachorlou, P., & Nasrollahzadeh, S. 2014. Effect of drought stress and plant density on oil percentage, oil and grain yield of Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica Fish. et Mey.). International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 2(4), 654-659. [In Persian].
Akhzari, D., & Pessarakli, M. 2016. Effect of drought stress on total protein, essential oil content, and physiological traits of Levisticum officinale Koch. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 39(10), 1365-1371.
Amirkhiz, K.F., Dehaghi, M.A., & Heshmati, S. 2015. Effect of iron application methods on grain yield, yield components, oil content and fatty acids profile of spring safflower cv. Goldasht under deficit irrigation conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 16(4), 308-321. [In Persian]
Aminian, R., Karimzadeh Asl, K., Habibzadeh, F., & Baghbani Arani, A. 2019. The Multivariate Statistical Methods to Study the Relationships among Safflower Traits under Normal Irrigation and Drought Stress Conditions. Journal of Plant Productions, 42(2), 211-226. [In Persian]
Anjum, S.A., Ashraf, U., Zohaib, A., Tanveer, M., Naeem, M., Ali, I., Tabassum, T., & Nazir, U. 2017. Growth and development responses of crop plants under drought stress: a review. Zemdirbyste, 104(3), 267-276.
Anonymous. 2015. Production and trade of the basic products of the agricultural sector in the period of 2001-2015. The report of the Deputy of Infrastructure Research and Production Affairs of the Islamic Legislative Council, 99 pages. [In Persian]
Azhand, M., Saeidi M., Beheshti Al Agha, A., & Kahrizi, D. 2021. Effect of Foliar Application of Iron and Zinc Sulphate on Yield and some Physiological Characteristics of Camelina (Camelina sativa L. crantz) in Rainfed Conditions. Crop Physiology Journal, 12(48), 155-172.  [In Persian]
Daneshian, J., Noor Mohammadi, GH., & Jonoobi, P. 2002. Responses of soybean to drought stress and different amounts of phosphorus, Abstracts of Seventh Iranian Crop Sciences Congress, Karaj, Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute. [In Persian]
Daniel, C., & Tribo, E. 2002. Changes in wheat protein aggregation during grain development: effects of temperatures and water stress. European Journal of Agronomy, 16(1), 1-12.‏
Dreccer, M.F., Fainges, J., Whish, J., Ogbonnaya, F.C., & Sadras, V.O. 2018. Comparison of sensitive stages of wheat, barley, canola, chickpea and field pea to temperature and water stress across Australia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 248, 275-294.
El-Sherbeny, E., Badawy, M., Hussein, S., Hendawy, S., El-Kadya, F., & Amer, M. 2015. Influence of fertilization on growth, yield and chemical constituents of Lallemantia iberica plant. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(5), 998-1012.
Emam, S. 2020. Estimation of straw, seed and oil yields for flax plants (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars of foliar application of Mn, Fe and Zn under dry environment. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy, 42(1), 35-46.
Faraji, A. 2014. Seed weight in canola as a function of assimilate supply and source-sink ratio during seed filling period. International Journal of Plant Production, 8(2), 255-270.
Forooghi, A., Biyabani, A., Rahemi Karizaki, A., & Rassam, G. 2017. Relationship between phenology and physiological traits with rape seed yield in North Khorasan. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 10(40), 1007-1024. [In Persian]
Ghanbari, M., Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A., Mansour Ghanaei-Pashaki, K., & Talebi-Siah Saran, P. 2021. Evaluation of Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Response to Different Irrigation Regimes and Spraying of Zn and Mn Nano-Fertilizers. Journal of Plant Productions, 44(4), 475-488. [In Persian]
Hafeez, B.M.K.Y., Khanif, Y.M., & Saleem, M. 2013. Role of zinc in plant nutrition-a review. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 50(1), 374-391.‏
Hanif, M.A., Nawaz, H., Ayub, M.A., Tabassum, N., Kanwal, N., Rashid, N., Saleem, M., & Ahmad, M. 2017. Evaluation of the effects of Zinc on the chemical composition and biological activity of basil essential oil by using Raman spectroscopy. Industrial Crops and Products, 96, 91-101.
Khoddami, A., Ghazali, H.M., Yassoralipour, A., Ramakrishnan, Y., & Ganjloo, A. 2011. Physicochemical characteristics of nigella seed (Nigella sativa L.) oil as affected by different extraction methods. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 88(4), 533-540.
Kumari, V.V., Banerjee, P., Nath, R., Sengupta, K., Chandran, M.S., & Kumar R. 2019. Effect of foliar spray on phenology and yield of Lentil sown on different dates. Journal of Crop and Weed, 15(3), 54-58.
Kumari, V.V., Banerjee, P., Vijayan, R., Nath, R., Sengupta, K., & Chandran, M. 2020. Effects of micronutrient foliar spray on thermal indices, phenology and yield of lentil in new alluvial zone of West Bengal. Journal of AgriSearch, 7, 202-205.
Li, Q.T., Lu, X., Song, Q.X., Chen, H.W., Wei, W., Tao, J.J., Bian, X.H., Shen, M., Ma, B., & Zhang, W.K. 2017. Selection for a zinc-finger protein contributes to seed oil increase during soybean domestication. Plant Physiology, 173(4), 2208-2224.
Mohammad Ghasemi, V., Siavash Moghaddam, S., Rahimi, A., Pourakbar, L., & Popović-Djordjević, J. 2020. Winter cultivation and nano fertilizers improve yield components and antioxidant traits of Dragon’s Head (Lallemantia iberica (MB) Fischer & Meyer). Plants, 9(2), 252.
Mohapatra, K.K., Singh, S.K., Patra, A., Jatav, S.S., Rajput, V.D., Popova, V., Puzikova, O., Nazarenko O., & Sushkova, S. 2022. Biogeoaccumulation of zinc in hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in an Inceptisol amended with soil zinc application and its bioavailability to human being. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 11(3), 184-197.
Pakbaz, N., Omidi, H., Naghdi Badi, H.A., & Bostani, A. 2022. Foliar application of iron and zinc on quinoa under drought stress affects its seeds germination and biochemical properties. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 12(2), 4153-4167. [In Persian]
Pasandi, M., Janmohammadi, M., Abasi, A., & Sabaghnia, N. 2018. Oil characteristics of safflower seeds under different nutrient and moisture management. Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica, 17(1), 86-94.
Petrie, M., Wildeman, A., Bradford, J.B., Hubbard, R., & Lauenroth, W. 2016. A review of precipitation and temperature control on seedling emergence and establishment for ponderosa and lodgepole pine forest regeneration. Forest Ecology and Management, 361, 328-338.
Rafique, E., Yousra, M., Mahmood-Ul-Hassan, M., Sarwar, S., Tabassam, T., & Choudhary, T. K. 2015. Zinc application affects tissue zinc concentration and seed yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Pedosphere, 25(2), 275-281.
Rout, G.R., & Sahoo S. 2015. Role of iron in plant growth and metabolism. Reviews in Agricultural Science, 31-24.
Sanandaji, D.S., & Pirza, A. 2019. Ecophysiological response of Lallemantia iberica L. to exogenous application of osmotic adjustments in rainfed production. Agroecology, 11(3), 1105-1121. [In Persian]
Sintim, H.Y., Zheljazkov, V.D., Obour, A.K., Garcia, A., & Foulke, T.K. 2016. Evaluating agronomic responses of camelina to seeding date under rain‐fed conditions. Agronomy Journal, 108(1), 349-357.
Soheili-Movahhed, S., Khomari, S., Sheikhzadeh, P., & Alizadeh, B. 2019. Improvement in seed quantity and quality of spring safflower through foliar application of boron and zinc under end-season drought stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(8), 942-953.
Ursu, B., & Borcean, I. 2012. Researches concerning the sowing technology at Lallemantia iberica F. ET M. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 44(1), 168-171.
Valipour, N., Alipour, H., & Darvishzadeh, R. 2022. Evaluation of phenotypic diversity of cumulative growing degree-days (GDD) and grain yield in spring wheat cultivars under optimal and zinc deficiency conditions. Journal of Plant Productions, 44(3).  [In Persian]
Van Soest, L.J.M., Doorgeest, M., & Ensink, E. 1987. Introduction demonstration of new potential crops (In Dutch). Center for Genetic Resources, CPRO-DLO, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 29-31
Waraich, E.A., Ahmed, Z., Ahmad, R., Ashraf, M.Y., Naeem, M.S., & Rengel, Z. 2013. 'Camelina sativa', a climate proof crop, has high nutritive value and multiple-uses: A review. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 7(10), 1551-1559.
Zagade, V., & Pujari, K. 2014. Effect of period of maturity on physical characters and heat units required of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso. Plant Archives, 14(2), 835-840.