نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - باغبانی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری علوم باغبانی، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

2 استاد، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکدۀ کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران

چکیده


شوری یکی از مهم‌ترین تنش‌های محیطی است که می‌تواند تغییرات آناتومیکی قابل توجهی در بافت‌های داخلی اندام‌های گیاهی ایجاد کند. به‌منظور مطالعه اثر شوری ناشی از کلریدسدیم بر بافت‌های داخلی اندام‌های هوایی و ریشه انگور یاقوتی، این پژوهش در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی با اعمال شوری در چهار سطح صفر (شاهد)، 25، 50  و100 میلی‌مولار کلریدسدیم در 3 تکرار و در هر تکرار 2 نهال یک‌ساله در شرایط گلخانه و طی دو سال متوالی 1399 و 1400 به اجرا درآمد. اندام‌های مختلف گیاه شامل ریشه، ساقه، برگ، دمبرگ و رگبرگ با استفاده از روش‌های متداول نمونه‌برداری، تثبیت نمونه‌ها، برش‌دهی، رنگ‌آمیزی و مشاهدات میکروسکوپی مورد بررسی قرارگرفتند. نتایج ذیل طی دو سال حاصل شد و یافته‌های سال دوم، نتایج سال اول را مورد تأیید قرار داد: در ساقه: ضخامت اپیدرم تا سطح شوری 50 میلی‌مولار افزایش و در تنش 100میلی‌مولارکاهش نشان داد، در تنش 100 میلی‌مولار افزایش ضخامت اسکلرانشیم و مغز و نیز زیاد شدن تعداد دستجات‌آوندی که به‌صورت باریک و متراکم درکنار هم قرار گرفته بودند، مشاهده گردید، درحالی‌که ضخامت کلانشیم، کامبیوم، فلوئم، متاگزیلم، پروتوگزیلم وکورتکس ساقه در مقایسه با شاهد کاهش نشان دادند. در ریشه: کاهش ضخامت کورتکس و افزایش تعداد و ضخامت دستجات‌آوندی، قطر مغز و استوانه‌آوندی و ضخامت بیشتر پریدرم در تنش 100 میلی‌مولار در مقایسه با شاهد مشاهده شد و هم‌چنین تمرکز آوندهای چوب به سمت بافت مغز پدیدار گردید. در دمبرگ: افزایش ضخامت اسکلرانشیم و تعداد دستجات‌آوندی همراه با کاهش ضخامت فلوئم،کامبیوم، متاگزیلم، پروتوگزیلم و کورتکس در تنش 100 میلی‌مولار در مقایسه با شاهد رؤیت گردید. در برگ و رگبرگ اصلی: تنش 100 میلی‌مولار منجر به کوچک‌تر و متراکم‌تر شدن سلول‌های پارانشیمی نردبانی همراه با افزایش تعداد آن‌ها، کمتر وکوچک‌تر شدن سلول‌های پارانشیمی اسفنجی درکنار افزایش فضای بین‌سلولی آن‌ها و افزایش ضخامت اپیدرم برگ در مقایسه با شاهد شد. هم‌چنین در تنش 100 میلی‌مولار افزایش تعداد دستجات‌آوندی، ضخامت اسکلرانشیم و قطر مغز همراه با کاهش ضخامت دستجات‌آوندی و کلانشیم در رگبرگ اصلی برگ در مقایسه با شاهد رؤیت گردید. علاوه‌ بر ظهور ویژگی‌های بالا، تعداد متعددی بلورهای نمکی در همه اندام‌های تنش‌دیده گیاه به‌ویژه در ریشه  نیز جود داشت.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Anatomical Changes in Root and Aerial Organs of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Yaghooti) Affected by Salinity

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Keshavarzi 1
  • Mahmood Esna-Ashari 2

1 Ph.D. Student of Horticultural Sciences, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Grape is one of the most important horticultural crops and economically produced in world and Iran which is cultivated in a wide range of climatic conditions. Duo to the difficulties of cultivating grape is its relatively sensitive to salinity stress. Salinity can cause significant anatomical changes in the internal tissues of plant organs. The effect of using low-quality water on the anatomical structure of grapevine organs has not yet been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the structural behavior of roots, stems, leaves, petioles, and main veins of grape leaves in Yaghooti cultivar under progressive salt stress.
 
Materials and Methods
This study was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications during two consecutive years 2020-2021. Salinity treatment at four levels, including zero (control), 25, 50, and 100 mM NaCl on one year old rooted cuttings under greenhouse conditions. Plant various organs consisting of roots, stems, leaves, petioles, and main veins were microscopically investigated through the conventional methods of sampling, fixing, sectioning and staining.
 
Results and Discussion
In the stem, the epiderm thickness increased until 50 mM level, and decreased in 100 mM level. In 100 mM, sclerenchyma thickness, pith diameter, and vascular bundles number increased, while collenchymas thickness, cambium, phloem, metaxylem, protoxylem, and stem cortex decreased. In the root, cortex thickness reduced, but the vascular bundles’ thickness, their number, as well as pith and vascular cylinder diameters increased, and more periderm thickness as well as the centralization of xylem vessels toward pith tissue were observed. In the petiole, in 100 mM level, an increase in sclerenchyma thickness and vascular bundles number was observed along with a decrease in phloem thickness, cambium, metaxylem, protoxylem, and cortex. In the leaf and main vein, palisad parenchymal cells became smaller and denser with an increase in their number; furthermore, a decrease in spongy parenchymal cells thickness along with the increase of their intercellular space and the increase of epiderm thickness were observed. In addition, vascular bundles number, sclerenchyma thickness, and pith diameter increased, while the decrease of vascular bundles’ thickness and collenchymas thickness was found in the main vein. Moreover, a large number of salt crystals were observed in all the plant organs, especially in the roots.
 
Conclusion
Overall, the results of this study revealed that salinity stress caused changes in the anatomical structure of roots and various aerial organs in Yaghooti grapevine saplings. It appears that at a stress of 100 mM salinity, the increase of epiderm and sclerenchyma thickness in the aerial organs contributed to preventing transpiration and preserving water content. Besides, periderm thickness at the root as a physical barrier to further absorption, transport of soluble substances, and protection of vascular cylinders helped the plant to tolerate salinity conditions. In addition, a large number of vascular bundles were involved in the secondary uptake of salt in the surrounding parenchymal cells. Therefore, most of the anatomical changes in the studied organs can be considered as a kind of adaptation to increase the chances of the plant survival against salinity.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cortex
  • Epiderm
  • Periderm
  • NaCl
  • Vascular bundles
References
Aazami, M. A., Zahedi, S. M., & Fahadi Hoveizeh, N. (2018). Evaluation of tolerance rate of some commercial grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars to salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 19(1), 53-62. [In Farsi]
Acotsa-Motos, J. R., Ortuno, M. F., Bernal-Vicente, A., Diaz-Vivancos, P., Sanchez-Blanco, M. J., & Hernandez, J. A. (2017). Plant responses to salt stress: adaptive mechanisms. A review. Agronomy, 7(18), 1-38.
Bouchabke, O., Tardieu, F., & Simonneau, T. (2006). Leaf growth and turgor in growing cell to maize (Zea mays L.) respond to evaporative demand under moderate irrigation bat not in water saturated soil. Plant Cell Environment, 29, 1137-1148.
Bounghalleb, F., Denden, M., & Tiba, B. B. (2009). Anatomical changes induced by increasing NaCl salinity in three fodder shrubs, Nitraria retusa, Atriplex halimus and Medicage arborea. Plant Physiology, 31, 947-960.
Eskandari, S., Mozafari, V., & Tajabadipur, A. (2010). Effect of salinity and copper on some physiological and anatomical indices of two pistachio cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Water and Soil, 24(6), 1210-1223.[In Farsi]
Fahn, E. (1916). Plant anatomy. Translated by A. Jaafari. Mashhad: Jihad Daneshgahi. [In Farsi]
Gapinska, M., & Glinska, S. (2014). Salt-mediated changes in leaf mesophyll cells of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Plants. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 15(3), 219-235.
Hameed, M., Ashraf, M., Ahmad, M.S.A., Naz, N. (2010). Structural and functional adaptations in plants for salinity tolerance. In: Ashraf, M., Ozturk, M., Ahmad, M. (Eds) Plant Adaptation and Phytoremediation. Dordrecht: Springer.
Jalili-Marandi, R. (1998). Study on the tolerance of 10 grape cultivars at different concentrations of sodium chloride under the in vitro. Iranian Journal Agricultural Science, 29(3), 525-533.
Jamaati, Z., Dehestani Ardakani, M., Momenpour, A., & Shirmardi, M. (2021).Comparison of salinity tolerant of three cultivars of commercial pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Plant Productions, 44(1), 129-142.[In Farsi]
Jonobi, P., Majd, A., Mehrabian, S., & Rashidi, F. (2015). Investigating the structure of vegetative organs and development of generative organs in Mangifera indica L. Journal of Cell and Tissue, 5(4), 417-427.
Li, Q., Yu, L., Deng, Y., Li, W., Li, M., & Cao, J. (2007). Leaf epidermal characters of Lonicera japonica  and  Lonicera confuse and their ecology adaptation. Journal of Forestry Research, 18(2), 103-108.
Mahotfroshha, M., & Jafari, S. (2019). Investigating the effect of salt stress on development of vegetative organs in Raffia plant. Journal of Developmental Biology, 12(3), 31-42.[In Farsi]
Majd, A., Janobi, P., & zainipur, M. (2009). Investigating the effects of drought stress on anatomical structure of  Helianthus annus (L.) .Scientific and Research Journal of Developmental Biology, 1(4), 11-24. [In Farsi]
Mozafari, A. A., Ghadakchi Asl, A., & Ghaderi, N. (2018). Grape response to salinity stress and role of iron nanoparticle and potassium silicate to mitigate salt induced damage. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 24(1), 25-35.
Ola, H., Regam, A. E., Farag, E., Eisa, S. S., & Habib, S. A. (2012). Morpho – anatomical changes in salt stressed kaller grass ( Leptochloa fusca). Research journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 8(2), 158-166.
Parida, A. K., Veerabathini, S. K., Kumari, A., & Agarwal, P. K. (2016). Physiological, anatomical and metabolic implication of salt tolerance in the halophyte Salvadora persica under hydroponic culture. Plant Science, 7, 1-18.
Qiu, D. L., Lin, P., & Guo, S. Z. (2007). Effects of salinity on leaf characteristics and Co2 / H2o exchange of Kandellia candel. (L.). Journal of Forest Science, 53, 13-19.
Shao, H. B., Chu, L. Y., Jaleel, C. A., & Zhao C. X. (2008). Water deficient stress induced anatomical changes in higher plants. Compets Rendus Biologies, 331, 215-225.
Silva, B. R. S., Batista, B. L., & Lobata, A. K. S. (2021). Anatomical changes in stem and root of soybean plants submitted to salt stress. Plant Biology, 32, 57- 65.
Stevens, R. M., & Walker, R. R. (2012). Response of grapevines to irrigation-induced saline-sodic soil conditions. Animal Production Science, 42, 323-331.
Talebi, M., Mosafari, M., & Tajabadipour, A. (2009). Response of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia cv. Ghazvini) to different levels of Zinc and NaCl. Journal 0f Water and Soil, 23(2), 150-161.[In Farsi]
Teimouri, A., & Jafari, M. (2010). The effects of salinity stress on some of anatomical and morphological characteristics in three Salsola species: S. rigida, S. dendroides, S. richteri. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 17(1), 22-34. [In Farsi]
Zarinkamar, F., & Asfa, A. (2005). The effect of salinity on anatomical structure and alkaloid production in pomegranate. Rastaniha, 6, 97-107. [In Farsi]
Zarinkamar, F., & Farakhah, A. (2005). Comparative studies between different aspects of the three halophyte speacies, Salsola dendroides, Aeluropus lagopoides and Alhagi persarum. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 66, 50-66. [In Farsi]