Document Type : Research Paper - Horticulture

Authors

1 M.Sc. Student of Horticultural Science, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen tree and one of the most important products of the horticultural section in Iran due to high nutritional value of its oil and fruits. Adaptation of olive cultivars to the climatic conditions of different regions are not the same. The results of studies showed that special cultivars are recommended for each region. In tropical and subtropical climates with mild winter such as Ahvaz, the chilling requirement of olive trees is not completed. This condition has led to poor and insufficient flowering in some olive cultivars. Mineral oils, including volck oil are one of the most beneficial treatments to complete chilling requirement and bud break in fruit trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of two olive cultivars (Manzanilla and khaziri) to the application of volck mineral oil and studying their flowering and biochemical characteristics in Ahvaz condition.
 
Materials and Methods
In this experiment, the effect of volck mineral oil spraying [control (water spray), 1, 3, 5 %] on two olive cultivars were investigated. The experimental design was split plot arranged in complete block design with four replications. Measured traits included flowering characteristics such as the number of inflorescences in the branch, flowers in inflorescence, complete flowers, flowering days after treatments, percentage of flower fall, fresh and dry weight of flower and inflorescence. Biochemical properties such as bud carbohydrates and ABA, leaf proline and chlorophyll were measured.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that foliar application of 3 and 5 % volck oil caused flowering (31.8 and 28.7 days after treatment, respectively) in Manzanilla cultivar. Bud carbohydrate content increased significantly after tree spraying with volck oil in all of three concentrations. The highest content of bud carbohydrates (78.68 mg/g) was obtained in khaziri when treated with 3% volck oil. The use of volck oil was effective in increasing the ABA concentration in Manzanilla cultivar and its effect was as 3 and 5% volck oil (83.1 and 105.4 µg/g, respectively). The amount of proline in both cultivars increased until 60 days after applying three concentrations of volck oil. The levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll increased until 30 days after treatment and then were decreased. Volck oil (3%) can be used for flowering of Manzanilla cultivar in climatic conditions of Ahvaz. Based on the obtained results, it seems that the effect of volck oil on flowering and biochemical traits depends on the type and concentration of mineral oil and type of the cultivar. In the present study, flowering occurred when Manzanilla cultivar treated with mineral volck oil (3 and 5%) and the flowering traits were improved at 3% oil more than other treatments.
 
Conclusion
According to the obtained results, olive cultivars show different reactions to the use of Volck oil, and Volck oil with a concentration of 3% can be used for the flowering of Manzanilla cultivar in the weather conditions of Ahvaz.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Alizadeh, F., Grigurian V., & Valizadeh, M. (1998). Effect of different amount of soybean oil on blooming time of apricot. Irannian Journal of Society Horticulture Sciences, 1, 109-118. [In Farsi]
Arji, I., Zeinanlo, A., HajiAmiri, A., & Najafi, M. (2013). An investigation into different olive cultivars responses to sarpole zehab environmental condition. Journal of Plant Production, 35(4), 17-27. [In Farsi]
Arora, R., Rowland, L. J., & Tanino, K. (2003). Induction and release of bud dormancy in woody perennials: a science comes of age. HortScience, 38(5), 911-921.
Babadaei, S. R., Honarvar, M., & Javid, A. R. (2016). Effect of copper oxychloride and volck mineral oil on blooming time, frost resistance and yield in almond cv.“Mamaei”. Journal of Nuts, 7(1), 59-66.
Bachelard, E. A., & Wightman, F. (1973). Biochemical and physiological studies on dormancy release in tree buds. Canadian Journal of Botany, 51(12), 2315-2326.
Bates L. S., Waldron, R. P., & Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil, 39, 205-207.
Beede, R. H., &  Ferguson, L. (2002). Effect of rootstock and treatment date on the response of pistachio to dormant applied horticultural mineral oil. Acta Horticulturae, 591.
Beede, R. H., Padillia, J., & Gomes, N. (2000). The effect of oil weight on the response of pistachio to dormant applied horticultural mineral oil. Annual Report. California Pistachio Industry. p. 87-91
Bhatti, J., Lal, R., Apps, M. J., & Price, M. A. (2005). Climate change and managed ecosystems. CRC press.‌
Bhowmik, P. K., & Matsui, T. (2003). Carbohydrate status and sucrose metabolism in asparagus roots over an extended harvest season. Asian Journal of Plant Science, 2(12), 891-893.
Boonparkob, U., & Byrne, D. H. (2005). Breeding low chill stone fruit in Thailand. Acial Thechnical Report, 61, 39-42.
Borkowska, B. (1980). Releasing the single apple buds from dormancy under the influence of low temperature, BA and ABA. Fruit Science Reports, 7, 174-183.
Cadman, C. S., Toorop, P. E.,  Hilhorst, H. W., & Finch‐Savage, W. E. (2006). Gene expression profiles of Arabidopsis seeds during dormancy cycling indicate a common underlying dormancy control mechanism. The Plant Journal, 46(5), 805-822.
Chayani, Sh, Ershadi, A., & Sarikhani, H. (2015). Effect of soybean oil and NAA on delaying bud break and reducing spring low temperature damage in grape cv. Fakhri. Iranian Journal of Crop Improvement, 2, 357-371.
Deyton D. E., Sams, C. E., & Cummins, J. C. (1992). Application of dormant oil to peach trees modifies bud-twig internal atmosphere. Hortscience, 27, 1304-1305.
Dong, Q., Jin, W., & Jian, G. (2009). The relation between endogenous hormones and late-germination in buds of “Avrolles” apple. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(5), 564-571.
El-Yazal, S. (2019). Effect of time of mineral oil spraying on budburst and metabolic changes in“Barkhar” apple trees under conditions of inadequate winter chilling in Egypt. Horticulture International Journal, 3(2), 67-75.
El-Yazal, S., Rady, M. M., & Seif., A. (2018). Foliar-applied mineral oil enhanced hormones and phenols content and hastened breaking bud dormancy in “Astrachan” apple trees. International  Journal for Empirical Education and Research, 1(2), 57-73.‌
Erel, R., Yermiyahu, U., Yasuor, H., Cohen Chamus, D., Schwartz, A., & Ben-Gal, A. (2016) Phosphorous nutritional level, carbohydrate reserves and flower quality in olives. Plos One, 11(12), e0167591.
Erez, A. (1987). Chemical control of bud break. HortScience, 22‌(6), 1240-1243.
Erez, A. (2000). Bud dormancy: Phenomenon, problems and solutions in the tropics and subtropics. Proceedings of temperate fruit crops in warm climates (pp. 17-48.). Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.  
Finkelstein, R., Reeves, W., Ariizumi T., & Steber, C. (2008). Molecular aspects of seed dormancy. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59(1), 387-415.
Inskeep, W. P., &  Bloom, P. R. (1985). Extinction coefficients of chlorophyll a and b in N, N-dimethyl formamide and 80% acetone. Plant Physiology, 77(2), 483-485.
Irigoyen, J. J., Emerich, D. W., & Sanchez-Diaz,  M. (1992). Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa plants. Physiology of  Plantarum, 84, 55–60.
Javanshah, A., & Alipour, H. (2003). Compensation of chilling requirement using chemical treatments on pistachio trees. Proceedings of 7th international symposium of TZFTS, Solan.
Lichtenthaler, H. K., & Wellburn, A. R. )1983(. Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions, 11(5), 591-592.
Okay, Y., Günes N. T., & Köksal, A. L. (2011). Free endogenous growth regulators in Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(5), 1161-1169.
Saberi, A., & Karimi, R. (2019). The effect of combined application of volck oil, calcium and potassium on bud burst and cold tolerance physiology of grapevine Bud. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 55, 26-38.
Thomashow, M. F. (1999). Plant cold acclimation: Freezing tolerance genes and regulatory mechanisms. Annual Review Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, 50, 571-599.
Trejo-Martinez, M. A., Orozco, J. A., Almaguer-Vargas, G., Carvajal-Millan E., & Gardea, A. A. (2009). Metabolic activity of low chilling grapevine buds forced to break. Thermochimica Acta, 481(1), 28-31.
Tromp, I. (1970). Storage and mobilization of nitrogenous compounds in apple tree with special reference to arginine. New York: Academic Press. pp. 145-159.
Zivdar, Sh., Arzani, K., Souri, M. K., Moallemi, N., & Seyyednejad, S. M. (2015). Effect of foliar application of potassium sulfate on some quantitative ans qualitative characteristics of olive (Olea europaea L.) fruit and oil under Ahvaz environmental conditions. Plant Productions, 38(30), 13-26. [In Farsi]