نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی - علوم علف های هرز

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری علوم گیاهی، گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شاهد، تهران، ایران

4 استاد گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

چکیده

حلفه (.Imperata Cylindrica L. Beauv) مهم‌ترین علف‌هرز در مزارع نیشکر استان خوزستان در جنوب ایران است. عدم کنترل مناسب حلفه طی بازرویش بهاره، موجب گسترش سریع آن و کاهش عملکرد نیشکر می‌گردد. دو آزمایش طی سالهای 96-1395 در مزارع کشت و صنعت نیشکر سلمان فارسی در جنوب اهواز انجام شد. الگوی حجره‌بندی کربوهیدرات‌های‌ذخیره‌ای برای تعیین نقاط کنترلی حلفه (نقاطی با کمترین قند ذخیره‌ای) در اولین آزمایش مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نمونه‌برداری از ریزوم‌ها طی زمستان 1395، بهار و تابستان 1396، در مراحل مختلف رشدی حلفه انجام شد. در آزمایش دوم، علف‌کش گلایفوسیت در پنج غلظت (صفر، 92/0، 84/1، 76/2 و 68/3 لیتر ماده‌ مؤثره در هکتار) در دو زمان (فروردین و خرداد‌ماه) به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های‌کامل‌تصادفی در 4 تکرار بکار رفت. نتایج نشان داد که حداقل سطوح کربوهیدرات‌های ذخیره‌ای (15/13±69/88 میلی‌گرم ‌در گرم) از خرداد تا مرداد‌ماه (579 تا 2683 درجه روز رشد تجمعی) وجود داشت و انتهای این دوره، هم‌زمان با شروع ذخیره‌سازی در ریزوم، به‌عنوان زمان مناسب برای کنترل شیمیایی حلفه تعیین شد. سه غلظت بالاتر گلایفوسیت موجب کاهش 58 تا 100 درصدی ارتفاع و زیتوده شاخساره حلفه در هر دو نوبت سم‌پاشی گردید، اگرچه بازرویی اساسی حلفه در تمامی کرت‌های آزمایشی در کمتر از 6 ماه از اولین کاربرد گلایفوسیت رخ داد. براساس این پژوهش برای کنترل مؤثرتر علف‌هرز حلفه اعمال دو مرحله سم‌پاشی در ابتدای بهار و اواسط تابستان مورد نیاز است. از طرف دیگر کاربرد گلایفوسیت با غلظت 84/1 لیتر ماده مؤثره در هکتار v/v) 1%) به‌جای غلظت 76/2 لیتر ماده ‌مؤثره در هکتار (v/v 5/1%) برای کنترل بهاره این علف‌هرز پیشنهاد می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) Management in Sugarcane Fields of Subtropical Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farkhondeh Eskandari 1
  • Batool Keramat 2
  • Yousef Filizadeh 3
  • Amir Aynehband 4

1 Ph.D. Student of Plant Sciences, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

4 Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Among all weeds, cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) has been identified as a problematic weed in the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields of Iran for over 20 years since 1996. Failure to control of cogongrass regrowth during spring develops it rapidly and, in turn, reduces the sugarcane yield in subtropical Iran. In effect, the identification of weak points in cogongrass phenology and frequency is deemed to help decision makers adopt effective controlling strategies in optimum time. Storage of carbohydrate reserves by plants is, in turn, the best mechanism for optimizing the timing of management strategies when reserves are at the lowest levels in storage organs. Glyphosate has been also widely used in Iran to control of weeds in the sugarcane fields. Currently, despite double spraying, the spring control of cogongrass is not satisfactory in the sugarcane fields in subtropical Iran.
 
 
Materials and Methods
Two studies were carried out in Salman Farsi Agro-Industrial Company in about 40 km south-west of the center of Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz, Iran, in 2017. In the first experiment, monthly (February–November) total nonstructural carbohydrate allocation patterns of cogongrass were evaluated to determine carbohydrate low points in the seasonal phenological cycle. To that end, glyphosate (00, 0.92, 1.84, 2.76 and 3.68 L a.i ha-1) was applied in April and June, 2017, in a 10×2 factorial design under randomized complete block designs with four replications. Data were analyzed using standard ANOVA procedures with the subsequent use of Least Significant Difference test (Little and Hills 1978( to separate means.
 
Results and Discussion
The occurrence of carbohydrate low points (CLPs) (88.69±13.15 mg g-1) was considered from May to August, CLP was found to have two important points with the potential control of cogongrass reported. The first and second points were in May (579 GDD) and August (2683GDD), respectively. The suppression of cogongrass (58-100%) was achieved with the three highest rates (1.84, 2.76 and 3.68 L a.i ha-1) in both application times, although substantial regrowth occurred in all plots by 5 months after the first treatment. Double spraying with a 60-day interval did not result in the effective control of such a troublesome weed in the sugarcane fields. Applying glyphosate two times in the spring and mid-summer (the end of CLP, 2683 GDD) was determined effective for the long-term control (>6 months) of cogongrass. The results suggest that glyphosate 1.84 L a.i ha-1 should be performed on cogongrass in the spring for improved control.
 
Conclusion
We concluded that frequent spring spraying may be excluded to control of cogongrass in the sugarcane fields and only spraying should be made on twice the growth seasons. The first use of glyphosate in its minimum optimum dose (1.84 L a.i ha-1) is made on early spring. The second is sprayed in its maximum optimum dose (3.68 L a.i ha-1) at the midsummer, once the single-sprayed cogongrass gets appropriate leaf surface for transferring the herbicide.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Glyphosate
  • Growing degree days
  • Height
  • Sugarcane
  • Shoot biomass
  • Storage carbohydrates

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