Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student of Horticultural Science, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran

3 Assistant professor of Pistachio Research Center, Rafsanjan, Iran

4 Ph.D. Graduate ofHorticultural Science, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Micrografting is a relatively new technique for propagation of plants. This technique has been used on woody species to produce viruses-free plants, rejuvenation, and reinvigoration, analysis of grafting compatibility and incompatibility and clone's propagation. Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the most important commercial trees grown in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran where it is of vital importance to the permanent farming. Increase of pistachio cultivation areas during last three decades caused a continuous growing demand for pistachio planting materials in Iran. The benefits of applying in vivo and in vitro micrografting to the pistachio are obvious, especially when considering the need to improve the genetic quality of the planting stock of this slow-growing species while increasing crop potential. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of scion storage and grafting time on clonal propagation of pistachio from elite-mature trees.

Materials and methods
In order to evaluate the effect of scion storage and grafting time on grafting success of in-vivo micrografting of Pistachio, an experiment was achieved an factorial based on compeletly randomized design (CRD) during 2017-2018 under greenhouse condition. In the experiment, the success of micrografting in "Ahmad aghaiee " Pistachio on 14-days "Badami-Riz-Zaran" rootstocks were examined. The scion of "Ahmad aghaiee" were prepared from shoot tips of mature trees at three different times (February, march and may) and grafted immediately or after one month storage at 4 °C using inverted cleft grafting method. 21 days after grafting, some traits such as graft union percentage, scion growth, time to graft union, scion leaf number and total soluble sugar were recorded.

Results
The results showed that the highest graft union percentage (100%) was observed on the grafted plants of February, immediately after grafting. Based on the results, soluble sugars were significantly increased in freshly harvested scions in February and March. The results also showed that the maximum time (18 days) for time graft union was obtained in April with the stored scion whereas the lowest time graft union (11 days) was observed in February with scion taken at the same time. In addition, we found that the highest scion growth rate was due to freshly harvested scions and grafts in February.

Discussion
It was found that February was the best time of micrografting with scion taken at the same time because in this period carbohydrate content of the scions was higher than other months. Also, pistachio contain high amount of phenolic compounds. Exudation of phenolic compounds from the cut surfaces and their oxidation by polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase enzymes cause discoloration of the tissues which results in poor micrografting.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Abousalim, A., & Mantell, S. H. (1992). Micrografting of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Mateur). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 29(3), 231-234.
Aminzadeh, F., Fattahi, M. M., Ebadi, A., Hasani, D., & Balaniyan, H. (2013). Effect of grafting time, antioxidant and plant growth regulators onminigrafting in walnut (Juglans regia L.). Seed and Plant Production Journal, 292, 269-282. [In Farsi]
Barghchi, M., & Alderson, P. G. (1985). In vitro propagation of Pistacia vera L., & the commercial cultivars Ohadi and Kalleghochi. Journal of Horticultural Science, 60(3), 423-430.
Barghchi, M., & Alderson, P. G. (1989). Pistachia (Pistachia vera L.). In: Bajaj, Y. P.S. (Ed), Biothechnology in agriculture and foresty 5, (pp.68-98.) Springer Science.
Baron, D., Amaro, A. C. E., Pina, A., & Ferreira, G. (2019). An overview of grafting re-establishment in woody fruit species. Scientia Horticulturae, 243, 84-91.
Can, C., zaslan, M., Toremen, H., Sarpkaya, K., & Iskende, E. (2006). In vitro micrografting of pistachio, pistacia vera L. var. Siirt, on wild pistachio rootstocks. Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology, 1(5), 25-31.
Deogratias, J. M., Castelloni, V., Dosba, F., Juarez, J., Arregui, J. M., Ortega, C., Ortega, V., Llacer, G., & Navarro, L. (1991). Study of growth parameters on apricot shoot tip grafting in vitro. Acta Horticulturae, 293(43), 363-371.
Dev, K. (2007). Studies on the effect of collection time, storage condition ofscion wood and grafting environment on propagation of walnut. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan (HP), India.
Farsi, M., Fatahimoghadam, M. R., Zamani, Z., & Hasani, D. (2018). Effects of scion cultivar, rootstock age and hormonal treatment on minigrafting of persian walnut. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 5(2), 185-197.
Ferhatoglu, Y. (1997). The study on the effect of potting and omega grafting in relation to different time on graft taking percent of some standard walnut varieties. Acta Horticultur, 442(47), 303-307.
Hartmann, H. T., Kester, D. E., & Davies, F. T. (1990). Plant propagation, principles & practices (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J., USA: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Irigoyen, J. J., Emerich, D. W., & Sanchez-Diaz, M. (1992). Water stress induced changing concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated Alfalfa (Medcago sativa) plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 84(1), 67-72.
Jacobs, D. F., Woeste, K. E., Wilson, B. C., McKenna, J. R., & Improvement, H. T. (2006). Stock quality of black walnut (Juglans nigra) seedlings as affected by half-sib seed source and nursery sowing density. Acta Horticulturae, 705(53), 375-381.
Javanshah, A. (1994(. Epicotyl grafting in pistachio (Pistachio vera L.). 1st international symposium on pistachio nut, Adena-Turkey.
Karadeniz, T., Balta, F., Sen, S. M., Tekintas, F. E., & Tanrisever, A. (1997). Effects of the flavon contents extracted from walnut (Juglans regia L.) on coleoptyl growth, and a comparison of relations between the total flavones and the graft success with these effects. Acta Horticulturae, 442, 187-192.
Lee, J.H., & Oh, M.M. (2015). Short-term low temperature increases phenolic antioxidant levels in kale. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 56(5), 588-596.
Mansouri Dehshoaibi, R., Davarynejad, G. H, Hokmabadi, H., & Tehranifar, A. (2011). Evaluation of proline, proteins and sugar during phonological processes of flower buds of commercial pistachio cultivars. Journal of Horticultural Science, 25(2), 116-121.
Manusev, B. (1970). Studies on some method of grafting walnuts in the region of foce. Jugoslovensko Vocarstvo, 4(13), 51-9.
Mitrovic, M. (1995). The effect of the cutting date on walnut scionwood on the take and callusing of grafts. Jugoslovensko Vocarstvo, 29(1-2), 59-63.
Nadernejad, N., Ahmadimoghadam, A., Hossyinifard, J., & Poorseyedi, S. (2013). Effect of different rootstocks on PAL activity and phenolic compounds in flowers, leaves, hulls and kernels of three pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars. Trees, 27(6), 1681-1689.
Nguyen, V. H., & Yen, C. R. (2018). Rootstock age and grafting season affect graft success and plant growth of papaya (Carica papaya L.) in greenhouse. Chilean journal of Agricultural Research, 78(1), 59-67.
Onay, A., Pirinc, V., Adiyaman, F., Isikalan, C., Tilkat, E., & Basaran, D. (2003). In vivo and in vitro micrografting of pistachio, Pistacia vera L. cv Siirt. Turkey Journal of Biology, 27(2), 95-100.
Pakkish, Z., Rahemi, M., & Baghizadeh, A. )2009(. Seasonal changes of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity and phenol content during and after rest in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) flower buds. World Applied Sciences Journa, l6(9), 1193-1199.
Peche, P. M., Figueiredo, A. L., Pio, R., Andrade, C. A., Melo, E. T. D., & Barbosa, C. M. D. A. (2016). Cold storage of budsticks/clefts for staggered grafting in persimmon trees. Ciência Rural, 46(8), 1344-1349.
Rehman, H. U., & Gill, M. I. S. (2015). Micrografting of fruit crops-A review. Journal of Horticulture, 2(3), 1-7.
Rezaee, R., & Vahdati, K. (2008). Introducing a simple & efficient procedure for top working persian walnut trees. Journal of the American Pomological Scociety, 62(1), 21-26.
Shamshiri, M. H., Hasani, M. R., Karimi, H. R., & Esmaail Zadeh, M. (2015). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae and salicylic acid on nutrient elements content of abareqi pistachio seedling under drought stress. Plant Productions, 38(1), 75-89. [In Farsi]
Suk-In, H., Moon-Ho, L., & Yong-Seok, J. (2005). Study on the new vegetative proportion method ‘epicotyl grafting’ in walnut trees (Juglans SPP.). Acta Horticulture, 705(52), 371-374.
Talaei, A. R., & Javanshah, A. (1996). Propagation of pistachio trees using epicotyl grafts. Presented at 93rd Annual Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
Thakar, P. D., & Shah, N. I. (2013). Effect of scion stick storage methods on growthand success softwood grafts of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. KESAR. Asian Journal Horticulture, 8(2), 498-501.
Torahi, A., & Ali Houri, M. (2012). The most suitable method and time of ber tree (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) budding in Ahvaz. Plant Productions, 34(2), 75-89. [In Farsi]
Tsurkan, I. P. (1990). Production technology of English walnut planting materializing winter table grafting. Acta Horticulture, 284(9), 65-68.
Vahdati, K. (2007). Nursery management and grafting of walnut. Tehran: Khanyran Publications. [In Farsi]
 
© 2021 Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).