نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

چکیده

چکیده
به منظور بررسی اثر کودهای زیستی در تلفیق با کودهای شیمیایی وآهن بر عملکرد و صفات مرتبط با کیفیت
علوفه ذرت رقم متوسط رس
MV500، آزمایش اسپلیت پلات بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال 1391 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه کردستان انجام شد. فاکتور اصلی آزمایش شامل سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن:کود زیستی حامل باکتری  Azorhizobium caulinodans، kgha-1150 کود اوره + کود زیستی Azorhizobium caulinodans،کود زیستی حامل باکتری‌های Bacillus Subtilis،Pseudomonas Flurescens  و Azospirillum ssp < /strong>، کود زیستی حامل Bacillus Subtilis،Pseudomonas Flurescens  و Azospirillum ssp < /strong>+ kgha-1 150 اوره، بدون کود اوره، kgha-1 450 اوره،کود زیستی حامل Azorhizobium caulinodans+  kgha-1300 اوره، کود زیستی حاملBacillus Subtilis، Pseudomonas Flurescens  و Azospirillum ssp < /strong> + kgha-1 300 اوره و فاکتور فرعی کود آهن در دو سطح شامل kgha-1 10 لبیریل آهن و شاهد بدون کود آهن بود. نتایج نشان داد کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای زیستی و شیمیایی همراه با آهن به افزایش درصد پروتئین خام و کاهش درصد الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی واسیدی ذرت در مقایسه با کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی به تنهایی و عدم مصرف آهن منجر شد. بیشترین عملکرد علوفه خشک از کاربرد کود زیستی Bacillus Subtilis،Pseudomonas Flurescens  و Azospirillum ssp < /strong>+  kgha-1300 اوره همراه با کود آهن و کمترین مقدار آن از تیمار شاهد بدون کود اوره و آهن حاصل گردید. نتایج این پژوهش نشان دادتأمین تلفیقی نیتروژن مورد‌نیاز ذرت از طریق کاربرد کود زیستی حامل باکتری‌هایBacillus Subtilis،Pseudomonas Flurescens  و Azospirillum ssp < /strong> + kgha-1 300 اوره همراه با مصرف آهن به حصول بیشترین عملکرد و کیفیت علوفه منجر می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effects of Biological and Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizers and Iron Micronutrient on Forge Quality and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hoda Mohammadi 1
  • Gholamreza Heidari 2
  • Yousef Sohrabi 2

1 M.Sc. Graduate of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

چکیده [English]

Abstract
 
Background and Objectives
Improving forage yield and quality is a major concern for the producer. Sustainable crop production requires careful management of all nutrient sources in agroecosystems. Biological fertilizers, including Azospirilum, Azotobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas bacteria, can increase plant growth and yield through biological nitrogen fixation and increased solubility of macro elements such as phosphorus. Iron is the most important micro element for crops. Iron is required to perform many plant metabolism and growth activities. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers combined with chemical fertilizers and iron micro element on yield and quality of maize (MV 500 cultivar) forage.
 
Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots consisted of different levels of urea fertilizer: Nitrokara biofertilizer, 150 kgha-1 urea + Nitrokara biofertilizer (Azorhizobium caulinodans), Super Nitro Plus biofertilizer (Azospirillum, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens), Super Nitro Plus biofertilizer + 150 kgha-1 urea without nitrogen fertilizer 450 kgha-1 urea, Nitrokara biofertilizer +300 kgha-1 urea, and Super Nitro Plus biofertilizer + 300 kgha-1 urea. The subplots consisted of two iron levels, including 10 kgha-1 iron chelate (Fe EDTA) and without iron application. The measured traits were crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, leaf to shoot ratio, ear to plant ratio and forage yield. Data were analyzed using MSTATC software.
 
Results
Analysis of variance showed that the interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer sources and iron levels were significant on crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, ear/plant ratio and forage yield. The highest crude protein and ash of maize forage were obtained from supernitroplus + 300 kgha-1 urea and iron application. Control treatment (without nitrogen and iron fertilizers) produced the most ADF and NDF values. The highest dry forage yield belonged to Super Nitro Plus + 300 kgha-1 urea with iron fertilizer and the lowest value obtained from control treatment without N and iron fertilizers.
 
Discussion
The results of this study showed that the combined application of supernitroplus biofertilizer and urea fertilizer along with iron micro element increased maize forage quality and yield compared to the sole application of urea chemical fertilizer. Microorganisms constituting biofertilizers are very benefitial to the plant. They have the ability to enhance plant growth through increasing nutrient availability and uptake with minimal contribution to the environmental pollution, unlike the use of pure mineral fertilizers. The integration of biofertilizers and moderate mineral N fertilizer application accompanied with iron micro element is highly recommended in the production of maize forage.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biofertilizer
  • Chemical fertilizer
  • Crude protein
  • Nitrogen levels
References
Afshar, E., Afshar, M., Maghsoudi, E. and Fereidooni, M. J. (2016). The effect of different levels of nitrogen on yield and yield components of two sweet corn varieties in Yasouj Region. Plant Ecophysiology, 8(24), 123-134. [In Farsi]
Anonymous. (2016). FAOSTAT, food and agriculture organization, Rome. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fao.org/3/i9166e/i9166e_Chapter3_Cereals.pdf.
Arshadullah, M., Anwar, M. and Saeed Rana, A. (2010). effect of nitrogen fertilization and harvesting intervals on the yield and forage quuality of elephant grass (Pennisetun purpureum) under mesic climate of potwar plateau. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science, 47(3), 231-234.
Ayub, M., Nadem, M. A., Tanveer, A. and Husain, A. (2002). Effect of different levels of nitrogen and harvesting times on the growth, yield and quality of sorghum fodder. Asian Journal of Plan Science, 1(4), 304-304.
Bagheri Dehabadi, M., Moghadam, M., Chaichi, M. R. and Ziloee, N. (2017). The mycorrhiza and iron and zinc foliar application on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Crops Improvement (Journal of Agricultural Crops Production), 19(3), 799-815.
Baker, D. (2006). Nitrogen uptake characteristics of corn roots at low N concentration as influenced by plant age. Agronomy Journal, 132, 17-19.
Bashan, Y., Holguin, G. and De-Bashan, L. E. (2004). Azospirillum-plant relationships: Physiological, molecular, agriculture and environmental advances (1997-2003). Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 50(8), 521-577.
Baybordi, A. (2001). Effect of Fe, Mn, Zn and Fe on the quality and quantity under salinity stress. Water and Soil Science, 17(3), 145-149.
Biari, A., Gholami, A. and Rahmani, H. A. (2008). Growth promotion and enhanced nutrient uptake of maize by application of plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria in arid region of Iran. Journal of Biological Sciences, 8(6), 1015-1020.
Bilal, M., Ayub, M., Tariq, M., Tahir, M. and Nadeem, M. (2017). Dry matter yield and forage quality traits of oat (Avena sativa L.) under integrative use of microbial and synthetic source of nitrogen. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 16(3), 236-241.
Brich, C. P. and Stewart, D. (1989). The effect of nitrogen fertilizer rate and timing on the yield of hybrid sorghum from serial harvest. Australian Sorghum, 12, 142-149.
Chaichi, M. R., Shabani, G. and Noori, F. (2015). Response of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) to chemical, biological and integrated use of fertilizers. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, 48(1), 77-87.
Coaldrake, P. (1985). Leaf area accumulation of pearl millet as affected by nitrogen supply. Field Crops Research, 11, 185-192.
Daryaei, F., Chaichi, M. R. and Aghaalikhani, M. (2009). Evaluation of forage yield and quality in chickpea/barley intercropping. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Sciences, 40(2), 11-19. [In Farsi]
Emam, Y., Maghsoudi, K. and Moghimi, N. (2014). Effect of water stress and nitrogen levels on yield of forage sorghum. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 3(10), 145-155. [In Farsi]
Fageria, N. K. (2010). The use of nutrients in crop plants (1th ed.). New York: CRC Press.
Farnia, A. and Torkaman, H. (2015).Effect of different biofertilizers on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.). Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 4(4), 75-79.
Goos, R. J. and Johnson, B. (2001). Seed treatment, seeding rate, and cultivar effects on iron deficiency chlorosis of soybean. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 24(8), 1255-1268.
Gray, E. J. and Smith, D. L. (2005). Intracellular and extracellular PGPR: Commonalities and distinctions in the plant-bacterium signaling processes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry Journal, 37(3), 395-412.
Hail, Y., Daci, M. and Tan, M. E. (2009). Valuation of annual legumes and barley as sole crops and intercrop in spring frost conditions for animal feeding: Yield and quality. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(7), 1337-1342.
Hani, A., Elteliba, M., Hamad A. and Eltom E. A. (2006). The Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on growth, yield and quality of forage maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agronomy, 5(3), 515-518.
Heitholt, J. J., Sloan, J. J., MacKown, C. T. and Cabrera, R. I. (2003). Soybean growth on calcareous soil as affected by three iron sources. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 26(4), 935-948.
Hungria, M., Campo, R. J., Souza, E. M. and Pedrosa, F. O. (2010). Inoculation with selected strains of Azospirillum brasilense and A. lipoferum improves yields of maize and wheat in Brazil. Plant and Soil, 331(1), 413-425.
Jalili Sheshbahre, M., Movahhedi Dehnavi, M. and Hashemi Jazi, S. M. (2013). Quantity and quality improving of soybean yield by zinc and iron foliar application under drought stress. Plant Productions, 36(2), 111-122. [In Farsi]
Jashni, R., Fateh, E. and Aynehband, A. (2017). Effect of Thiobacillus and Nitrocara biological fertilizers and foliar application of zinc and iron on some qualitative characteristic and remobilization of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Plant Productions, 40(1), 1-14. [In Farsi]
Junus, M. A. and Cox, F. R. (1987). A zinc soil test calibration based upon mehlich 3 extractable zinc, pH, and cation exchange capacity. Soil Science Socity of America Journal, 51(3), 668-683.
Keramer, A. W., Timothy, A. D., Horwath, W. R. and Kessel, C. V. (2002). Combining fertilizer and organic input to synchronize N supply in alternative cropping systems in California. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 91(1-3), 233-243.
Kevin, L., Kenneth, A., Albrecht, A., Lauer, J. G. and Riday, H. (2008). Intercropping corn with lablab bean, velvet bean, and scarlet runner bean for forage. Crop Science, 48(1), 371-379.
Kordi, S., Shafagh Kolvanagh, J., Zehtab Salmasi, S. and Daneshvar, M. (2017). Evaluation of yield and some physiological traits of forage corn affected by chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizers intercropped with sweet basil. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 18(2), 477-493.
Laegreid, M., Bockman, O. C. and Kaarstad, O. (1999). Agriculture, fertilizers and the environment. Wallingford, England: CABI Publishing.
Marschner, H. and Marschner, P. (2012). Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants (3th ed.). Australia: Academic Press.
Mohammadi, T., Seyed Sharifi, R. and Seyed Sharifi, R. (2017). Effects of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on fertilizer use efficiency yield and forage quality of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) at different cutting. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 8(27), 162-173.
Mortvedt, J. J., Johnson, D. L. and Croissant, R. L. (2003). Colorado State comperative Extension Fact sheet. Soil and Crop Sciences, 543, 3-96.
Nour-Mohamadi, G., Siadat, A. and Kashani, A. (1997). Agronomy creal crops (Vol. 1). Ahvaz: Shahid Chamran University Publications. [In Farsi]
Peix, A., Rivas-Boyere, A. A. and Mateos, P. F. (2001). Growth promotion of Chickpea and barley by a phosphate solubilizing strain of Mesorhizobium mediterraneum undergrowth chamber conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 33(1), 103-110.
Rahmani, H. (2010). Sustainable agriculture and healthy production challenges. Isfahan: Nasooh Publishing. [In Farsi]
Rokhzadi, A., Asgharzadeh, A. and Drrish, F. (2004). Influence of plant growth: Promoting rhizobacteria on dry matter accumulation and yield of chickpea. American Eurasian, Journal Agricultural and Environmental Science, 3, 253-257.
Rout, G. R. and Sahoo, S. (2015). Role of iron in plant growth and metabolism. Reviews in Agricultural Science, 3(1), 1-24.
Rutkowska, B., Szulc, W. and Labetowicz, J. (2009). Influence of soil fertilization on microelements in soil solution of sandy soil. Journal of Elementology, 14(2), 353-354.
SCA. (2007). Standing committee on agriculture nutrient requirements of domesticated ruminants. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publications.
Sharma, A. K. (2002). Bio-fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Jodhpur, India: Agrobios Indian Publications.
Siadat, A. (1993). Forage silage production. Ahvaz: Shahid Chamran University Publications. [In Farsi]
Soleymani, A. and Shahrajabian, M. H. (2012). The effects of Fe, Mn and Zn foliar application on yield, ash and protein percentage of forage sorghum in climatic condition of Esfahan. International Journal of Biology,4(3), 92-96.
Stancheva, I., Dimitrev, I., Kuloyanova, N., Dimitrova, A. and Anyelove, M. (1992). Effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense, photosynthetic enzyme activities and grain yield in maize. Agronomie Journal, 12(4), 319-324.
Subedi, K. D. and Ma, B. L. (2005). Seed priming does not improve corn yield in a humid temperate environment. Agronomy Journal, 97(1), 211-218.
Van Loon, L. C. (2007). Plant response to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 119(3), 243-254.
Vansoest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3588-3590.
Wiersma, J. V. (2005). High rates of Fe-EDDHA and seed iron concentration suggest partial solutions to iron deficiency in soybean. Agronomy Journal, 97(3), 924-934.
Yagoub, S. O. and Abdelsalam, A. K. (2010). Effect of nitrogen and seed rates on growth and yield of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. Abusabien). Journal of Science and Technology, 11(2), 48-51.
Yasari, E. and Patwardhan, A. M. (2007). Effect of Aztobacter and Azospirillum inoculations and chemical fertilizers on growth and productivity of canola. Asian Journal of Plant Science, 6(1), 77-82.
 
 © 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)