نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

چکیده

چکیده
ویژگی‌های کاریوتایپی توده‌های محلی سیر شمال ایران (سیر سفید گرگان، صورتی ساری و ارغوانی رشت) در سال 1397 در دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای انجام آزمایش مریستم انتهایی نوک ریشه با 002/0 مول 8-هیدروکسی کینولین به‌مدت چهار ساعت در دمای چهار درجه سانتی‌گراد تیمار شد و با استفاده از اورسیین دو درصد رنگ‌آمیزی گردید. سلول‌ها در مرحله متافاز میتوز عکس‌برداری و شاخص‌های کروموزومی محاسبه شدند. تعداد کروموزوم پایه هشتx=8  (2n=2x=16)و دیپلوئید مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. بزرگترین طول کروموزوم (51/169 میکرومتر) متعلق به توده گرگان و کوچک‌ترین طول کروموزوم در توده رشت (57/136 میکرومتر) ثبت گردیدند. آنالیز کاریوتایپ متافاز نشان داد که سانترومرها به‌طور عمده در وسط (متاسنتریک) یا نزدیک وسط (ساب‌متاسنتریک) کروموزوم قرار دارند. کروموزوم‌ها در جهت کاهش طول بازوی کوتاه مرتب شدند و فرمول کاریوتایپ12m+4sm  برای تمام توده‌ها به‌دست‌آمد. کروموزوم‌های 13 تا 16 برای دو توده گرگان و رشت ساب­متاسنتریک بود. کروموزوم‌های ساب‌متاسنتریک روی کروموزوم‌های شماره 11-12 و 15-16 برای توده ساری مشاهده شد. با توجه شاخص‌های عدم تقارن از نظر تیپ کروموزوم، درصد شکل کلی و قرارگیری در کلاس  2Bطبقه‌بندی استبینز، سه توده مورد بررسی از نظر تکاملی در یک سطح قرار می‌گیرند. داده‌های کاریوتایپی، منبع جامع از اطلاعات سیتوژنتیکی فراهم می‌کند که در برنامه­های اصلاحی برای درک بهتر طبقه‌بندی، تکامل و شکل‌گیری در جنس آلیوم استفاده می­شود.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Karyotypic Analysis of Garlic (Allium sativum) Accessions in the North of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyyed Javad Mousavizadeh 1
  • Mostafa Khoshhal Sarmast 1
  • Kambiz Mashayekhi 2

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and Objectives
Allium sativum is one of the most important, mostly used economical vegetable plants in Iran. Chromosome analysis or karyotyping is a test that evaluates the number and structure of chromosomes to study evolution. The present study was carried out to explore the cytological features, including chromosome number and karyotypic characteristics in a local cultivar of Allium sativum L., north of Iran (Gorgan, Sari, and Rasht accessions).
 
Materials and Methods
The root tip cells were treated first with 0.002 mol·L−1 8-hydroxyquinoline for 4 h at 4°C and then fixed for 24 h in fixative (1:3 glacial acetic acid/absolute alcohol) at 4°C. Finally, the root tips were softened with 1 M hydrochloric acid at room temperature for 8 min and stained for 10 min with acceto orcein 2% before being squashed between a glass slide and a coverslip. Root tip cells photographed at mitosis metaphase, which had well-separated chromosomes and a clear centromere. Long arm, short arm, the ratio of long arm to short arm, and chromosome index of mitotic chromosomes were calculated from metaphase plates. Figures summarized the idiogram for the three garlic accessions, based on the eight pairs of chromosomes’ short arm order length.
 
Results
Basic chromosome number was confirmed as x = 8 (2n = 2x = 16). All the studied accessions
cytotypes were diploid. The largest chromosome length belonged to Gorgan accesion as amount 169.51 micrometers, and the smallest chromosome length was obtained in Rasht accesion as amount 136.57 micrometers. The long arm of the chromosome was recorded between 4.85 to 6 micrometers. The short arm of the chromosome was measured between 3.18 to 3.80 micrometers. The Metaphase karyotype analysis revealed that centromeres were mainly located at the middle (metacentric - m) or near the middle (submetacentric - sm) of chromosomes. The chromosomes are arranged in decreasing order for short arm length, and the karyotype formula was obtained 12m+4sm for all accessions. Chromosomes 13 to 16 were submetacentric for both Gorgan and Rasht accessions. Submetacenteric Chromosomes were observed on chromosomes number 11-12 and 15-16 for Sari accesion. Three of the studied accessions were evolutionary located in one level according to asymmetrical karyotype, the value of TF% and separating to 2B classes based on Stebbins categories.
 
Discussion
Regarding asymmetric karyotype and according to interchromosomal asymmetry (A2) as well as difference between the range of relative length (DRL), the most were found in Rasht accession (A2=0.34; DRL=6.99). A2 and DRL are two aspects of karyotype asymmetry related to shifts of the centromere position from the median to terminal or subterminal. The karyological data provide a comprehensive cytogenetic resource useful in cytotaxonomic research and assessment of their role in the evolution of Garlic. This resource can help better understand the taxonomy, evolution, and speciation in the genus Allium and identify candidate species for breeding programs.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chromosome
  • Cytogenetic
  • Diploid
  • Metacentric
  • Mitosis
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