نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

2 استاد، گروه اصلاح و بیوتکنولوژی گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

چکیده

با توجه به اهمیت دانه‌های روغنی و به‌ویژه آفتابگردان، مطالعه توده‌های بومی از نظر اجزای واریانس ژنتیکی، فنوتیپی و وراثت‌پذیری صفات دارای اهمیت می‌باشد. به منظور بررسی تنوع ژنتیکی و وراثت‌پذیری عملکرد و اجزاء عملکرد دانه در آفتابگردان آجیلی تحت شرایط مختلف آبی، تعداد 56 توده محلی در سه آزمایش جداگانه در قالب طرح لاتیس مستطیل ساده (8 × 7) با دو تکرار در سال زراعی 1391 مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. تیمارهای آبیاری شامل سه سطح آبیاری مطلوب (I1)، تنش ملایم (I2) و تنش شدید خشکی (I3) (به‌ترتیب آبیاری پس از تخلیه 50، 70 و 90 درصد آب قابل استفاده) بود. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد تأثیر ژنوتیپ در هر سه شرایط مختلف آبیاری روی اکثر صفات مورد مطالعه معنی‌دار بود. بیشترین واریانس ژنتیکی در شرایط آبیاری مطلوب به‌ترتیب در صفات ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشک ساقه و عملکرد بیولوژیک در شرایط تنش ملایم در صفات ارتفاع بوته، قطر طبق و عملکرد بیولوژیک و در شرایط تنش شدید خشکی در صفات قطر ساقه، وزن برگ و عملکرد بیولوژیک مشاهده شد. در هر سه شرایط مختلف آبیاری، وراثت‌پذیری ارتفاع بوته و عملکرد بیولوژیک از همه صفات بیشتر بود. در شرایط آبیاری مطلوب، متوسط وراثت‌پذیری عمومی از حداقل 52/0 درصد برای تعداد دانه در طبق تا حداکثر 61/80 درصد برای ارتفاع گیاه متغیر بود. در شرایط تنش ملایم خشکی، حداقل وراثت‌پذیری (45/26 درصد) مربوط به صفت شاخص کلروفیل و بیشترین مقدار آن (21/76 درصد) مربوط به صفت قطر طبق بود. در شرایط تنش شدید خشکی، بیشترین و کمترین مقدار وراثت‌پذیری به‌ترتیب در صفات قطر ساقه (64/83 درصد) و تعداد دانه در طبق (0/0 درصد) مشاهده شد. از بین اجزای عملکرد دانه با توجه به این‌که وراثت‌پذیری وزن 1000 دانه در هر سه شرایط مختلف آبیاری در مقایسه با تعداد دانه در طبق بیشتر است انتخاب از طریق وزن 1000 دانه به منظور افزایش عملکرد دانه کارآیی بیشتری خواهد داشت. بنابراین توده‌های بومی که وزن 1000 دانه بیشتری دارند جهت تولید ارقامی با عملکرد دانه بالا می‌توان از آن‌ها در برنامه‌های به‌نژادی بهره‌برداری نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Estimates of Variance Components and Heritability of Grain Yield and Yield Components in Confectionary Sunflower Landraces in Different Levels of Irrigation

نویسندگان [English]

  • E. Gholinezhad 1
  • R. Darvishzadeh 2

1 Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and Objectives
Drought stress is a limiting factor for sunflower. Various reports have mentioned the effect of water stress and limited irrigation on sunflower for many respects, including phonological traits, morphology, agronomic and physiological. Sunflower is a crop that can withstand a variety of environmental conditions, particularly drought and due to the developed root system. It has high efficiency in absorbing water from the soil. Sunflower is one of the most important oil crops and due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids and a lack of cholesterol, the oil benefits from a desirable quality. The aim of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity and the heritability of agro-morphological traits in confectionary sunflower under different levels of drought stress.
Materials and Methods
56 local populations were studied in three separate experiments in rectangular lattice design (7×8) with two replications at Agricultural Research Center of West-Azerbaijan province, Urmia, Iran in 2012. Water treatments were well-watered, moderate and severe water stress conditions so that irrigation was applied with 50%, 70% and 90% depletion of available water, respectively. Various agronomic and morphological traits were calculated based on measuring traits in sunflower. Productivity effort as a physiological trait was measured by dividing the total dry weight of reproductive organs (head) to the total dry weight of plant.
Results
The results showed that in all three different water treatment conditions, heritability of head diameter, stem diameter, plant height, grain and biological yield was more than other traits. In well-watered conditions, moderate heritability varied between 0.52% for number of seeds per head to 80.61% for plant height. In moderate drought stress condition, the maximum and minimum heritability belonged to head diameter (76.21%) and chlorophyll index (26.45%), respectively. In severe drought stress condition, the most and the least heritability was observed for stem diameter (83.64%) and number of seeds per head (0 %), respectively. Among yield components, the heritability of 1000-grain weight at three water treatment conditions was higher compared to number of seeds per head, so for increasing grain yield, selection via 1000-grain will be more efficient.
Discussion
For the traits of grain yield, head diameter, stem diameter, biomass yield, chlorophyll index, dry weight of leaf, head and head with grain, the heritability in severe drought stress was higher than optimum conditions and this showed that the phenotypic variance is a large proportion of the genetic variance of more favorable traits. Due to the fixed component in the numerator and the denominator of genetic variance, environmental variance decreased in drought stress conditions in comparison with optimum irrigation conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Genetic diversity
  • Genetic variance
  • Limited irrigation
  • 1000-seed weight
  • Oily seed
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