نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار، گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی نیشابور
چکیده
هدف این تحقیق مطالعه اثرات دگرآسیبی عصاره‌های آبی و الکلی برگ‌های گیاه کما، جمع‌آوری شده در مراحل اولیه رشد رویشی بر واکنش‌های فیزیولوژیک و بیوشیمیایی در حین جوانه‌زنی بذور گوجه‌فرنگی بود. بدین منظورآزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 4 تکرار در آزمایشگاه فیزیولوژی گیاهی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد نیشابور انجام شد. مواد آللوپاتیک در سه سطح شامل عصاره‌آبی و الکلی برگ‌های روزت مرحله رویشی گیاه کمای بینالودی با غلظت 10 درصد و شاهد و زمان‌های نمونه‌گیری در پنج سطح شامل 24، 48، 72، 96، 120 ساعت پس از آبنوشی و اعمال تیمارها اجرا شد. نتایج بیانگر آن است که قابلیت حیات بذور گوجه‌فرنگی، مقدار مالون‌دی‌آلدئید، مقدار پراکسید هیدروژن و مقدار فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی سوپراکسید دیسموتاز، کاتالاز، آسکوربات پراکسیداز و آنزیم پلی‌فنل اکسیداز تحت تأثیر تیمارهای مختلف، اختلاف معنی‌داری نشان دادند. کمترین مقدار فعالیت آنزیم آسکوربات پراکسیداز در زمان‌های اول آبنوشی بذور با آب مقطر، در عصاره آبی و عصاره الکلی مشاهده شد، در حالی‌که فعالیت پلی‌فنل اکسیداز در بالاترین مقدار بود. بیشترین زوال حیات گیاهچه‌های بذری، پراکسید هیدروژن و مالون‌دی‌آلدئید در بذور تیمار شده با عصاره آبی و پس از 120 ساعت و بیشترین فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیداسیونی بعد از 72 ساعت از شروع آزمایش اندازه‌گیری شد. داده‌های این تحقیق نشان داد که علی‌رغم فعال شدن سیستم آنتی‌اکسیدانی تحت تأثیر مواد دگرآسیبی کما، افزایش مقدار اکسیژن‌های فعال باعث بروز صدمه به سلول‌های هدف در گوجه‌فرنگی و کاهش تدریجی قابلیت حیات بذور آن شد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Allelopathic Effect of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Ferula Foetida on Tomato (Lycopersicun escolentum) Seed Germination
نویسنده [English]
- Gh Taheri
چکیده [English]
Background and Objectives
Allelopaty is regarded as a natural protecting strategy involving plant secoundary metabolites that influence the growth and development of surrounding biological system. Determining the mode of action of secondary metabolites as allelochemicals is one of the challenging aspects in allelopathic research. Today, allelochemicals have been proposed to cause oxidative stress in some of neighbor plants and inhibited their cell proliferation; however, its mechanism of action remains unexplored. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytotoxic effect of leaf aqueous and methanol extract of Ferula foetida on physiological and biochemical processes during germination of tomato seeds.
Material and Methods
Effects of allelochemicals extracted from Ferula foetida on tomato (Lycopersicun escolentum) seed germination were investigated. For these purposes, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications in plant physiology laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur Branch. The first factor included allelopatic materials in three levels including 10% aqueous and methanolic extract of Ferula foetida(gathered in early vegetative growth period), and control and the second factor was time of sampling in 5 levels including sampling in 24,48,72,96 and 120 hours after imbibition.
Results
The results showed that tomato seed viability, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, hydrogen peroxide and antioxidative enzyme activity such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were significantly affected by treatment. In the earliest time of imbibition, both aqueous and methanol extracts, the activity of APX of tomato seed was the lowest, while the PPO showed the highest activity. The highest loss of seed viability, H2O2 and MDA, was in the seed treated with aqueous extract after 120 h, and the highest activity of antioxidative enzymes was in 72 h after exposure to water extract phytotoxins.
Discussions
Our results showed that despite the activation of the antioxidant system by Ferula foetida phytotoxic, reactive oxygen species accumulation caused cellular damage which resulted in decrease of gradual loss of tomato’s seed viability. In addition, this study demonstrated that aqueus and alcholic extraction materials from Ferula foetida exhibited cosiderable allelochemical potential. Therfore, this compound could be utilized to generate a new generation of herbicidees that are more ecologically friendly.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Allelopathy
- Antioxidative enzyme
- Viability
- Lipid peroxidation
- stress
- Angelini, P., Pagiotti, R., Venanzoni, R., and Granetti, B. 2009. Antifungal and allelopathic effects of Asafoetida against Trichoderma harzianum and Pleurotus Allelopathy Journal, 23(2): 357-368.
- Beauchamp, C. and Fridovich, I. 1971. Superoxide dismutase: Improved assays and an assay applicable to acryl amide gels. Analytical Biochemistry, 44: 276-286.
- Brown, A.P. and Wray, J.L. 1968. Correlated changes of some enzyme activities and cofactor and substrate contents of Pea cotyledon tissue during germination. Biochemical Journal, 108: 437-444.
- Cakmak, I., and Marschner, H. 1992. Magnesium deficiency and high light intensity enhance activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in bean leaves. Plant Physiology, 98: 1222-1227.
- Cruz-Ortega, R., Ayala-Cordero, G., and Anaya, A.L. 2002. Allelochemical stress produced by the aqueous leachate of Callicarpa acuminata: effects on roots of bean, maize, and tomato. Physiologia Plantarum, 116: 20-27.
- Czarnota, M.A., Paul, R.N., Dayan, F.E., Nimbal, C.I., and Weston, L.A. 2001. Mode of action, localization of production, chemical nature and activity of sorgoleone: A potent PSII inhibitor in Sorghum spp. root exudates. Weed Technol, 15: 813-
- Demidchik, V., Shabala, S.N., Coutts, K.B., Tester, M.A., and Davies, J.M. 2003. Free oxygen radicals regulate plasma membrane Ca2+ and K+ permeable channels in plant root cells. Journal of Cell Science, 116: 81-88.
- Devi, S.R. and Prasad, M.N.V. 1996. Ferulic acid mediated changes in oxidative enzymes of maize seedlings: implications in growth. Biologia Plantarum, 38: 387-395.
- Foyer, C.H. and Noctor, G. 2005. Oxidant and antioxidant signaling in plants: A reevaluation of the concept of oxidative stress in a physiological context. Plant Cell Environ, 28: 1056-
- Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. 1968. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125: 189-198.
- Kar, M. and Mishra, D. 1976. Catalase, Peroxidase, and Polyphenol oxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology, 57(2): 315-319.
- Khalaj, M.A., Amiri, M., and Azimi, M.H. 2013. Allelopathy: physiological and sustainable agriculture important aspects. International journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(5): 950-962.
- Kocaqaliskan, I. and Kabar, K. 1990. Effect of salinity on polyphenol oxidase during seed germination. Doga Turkish Journal of Botany, 15: 41-49.
- Lara-Nunez, A., Romero-Romero, T., Ventura, J., Blancas, V., Anaya, A., and Cruz Ortega, R. 2006. Allelochemical stress causes inhibition of growth and oxidative damage in Lycopersicon esculentum Plant, Cell and Environment, 29: 2009-2016.
- Lehman, M.E. and Blum, U. 1999. Evaluation of ferulic acid uptake as a measurement of allelochemical dose: effective concentration. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 25: 2585-
- McMahon, A.M., Doyle, E.M, Brooks S., and Oconnor, K.E. 2007. Biochemical characterization of the coexisting tyrosinase and laccase in the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida F6. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 40(5): 1435-1441.
- Mittler, R. and Poulos, T.L. 2005. Ascorbate peroxidase. In Antioxidants and reactive oxygen species in plants N. Smirnoff (ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Chennai, India, pp: 87-100.
- Moore, R.R. 1973. Tetrazolium staining for assessing seed quality. In: Heydecker, W. (ed.), seed ecology. Butter Worths, London. pp: 347-367.
- Munir, R. 2011. Evaluating the role of allelopathy in improving the resistance against heat and drought stresses in wheat. M. Sc. thesis, Department of Agronomy, University of agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology 22: 867-880
- O’Kane, D., Gill, V., Boyd, P., and Burdon, R. 1996. Chilling, oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in Arabidopsis thaliana Planta, 198: 371-377.
- Oracz, K., Bailly, C.H, Gniazdowska, A., Come, D., Corbineau, F, and Bogatek, R. 2007. Induction of oxidative stress by sunflower phytotoxins in germinating mustard seeds. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 33: 251-264
- Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R., Kaur, S., Arora, K., and Kohli, R.K. 2006. A-pinene inhibits growth and induces oxidative stress in roots. Annals of Botany, 98: 1261-1269.
- Zargari, A. 1995. Medicinal plants. Tehran University Publications, pp: 598-602. [In Farsi]
)