نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار، بخش اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی اصفهان
2 مربی بخش گیاه‌پزشکی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی اصفهان
چکیده
به‌منظور بررسی روند تغییرات عملکرد گندم در سه سامانه‌ی مختلف خاک‌ورزی و شش تناوب زراعی، پژوهشی در سه فصل زراعی (91-1389) با استفاده از آزمایش کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در شهرستان اردستان انجام شد. سامانه‌های خاک‌ورزی مرسوم (گاوآهن برگردان‌دار)، حداقل (کولتیواتور مزرعه) و بدون خاک‌ورزی، فاکتور اصلی و تناوب‌های (جو، ذرت و گندم)، (کلزا، آفتابگردان و گندم)، (آیش، چغندرقند و گندم)، (گندم، آیش و گندم)، (کلزا، آیش و گندم) و (کلزا، ذرت و گندم)، فاکتور فرعی آزمایش بودند. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد عملکرد گندم در روش‌های خاک‌ورزی مرسوم و حداقل به ترتیب 4531 و 4340 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود که 8/33 و 1/28 درصد بیش از روش بدون خاک‌ورزی بود. در روش خاک‌ورزی مرسوم عملکرد گندم در تناوب‌های (جو، ذرت و گندم) و (کلزا، ذرت و گندم) برابر 4129 و 4118 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود. در سامانه بدون خاک‌ورزی، وزن خشک علف هرز فالاریس با 1485 کیلوگرم در هکتار نسبت به دو سامانه دیگر به‌طور معنی‌دار افزایش نشان داد. در بین تناوب‌ها، تناوب (کلزا، آفتابگردان و گندم) به ترتیب با شاخص بهره‌وری آب 05/1 کیلوگرم بر متر مکعب و کارایی استفاده از زمین 6/52 درصد یکی از بهترین تناوب‌ها بود. با توجه به شرایط آزمایش، در هر سه سامانه خاک‌ورزی چغندر قند و دانه‌های روغنی غیر‌تثبیت‌کننده نیتروژن، بهترین محصولات قبل از کشت گندم بودند. در تمام تناوب‌ها، با استفاده از سامانه کم خاک‌ورزی می‌توان عملکردی معادل سامانه خاک‌ورزی مرسوم تولید کرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Effect of Tillage Systems and Different Crop Rotations on Yield and Yield Components of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
نویسندگان [English]
- A J 1
- H E 2
چکیده [English]
Background and Objectives
Correct crop rotations selection and suitable tillage systems, and also considering the interaction of these two factors play an important role on the yield crops, especially wheat. Conservation tillage methods, considering the resource use efficiency in crop rotation (instead of efficiency of a single crop), are the focus of sustainable agriculture. The proper balance of nutrients in the soil, increase of soil organic carbon, prevention of erosion, prevention of soil compaction, improving soil structure, reducing weeds and increasing soil water holding capacity are the beneficial effects of the proper crop rotations and suitable tillage systems.
Material and Methods
A three year study (2011-2013) was carried out in the agricultural research station of Ardestan city located in 125 km North East of Isfahan (32º 50' N and 50º 34' E) using split plot, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Conventional tillage systems (moldboard plow), minimum tillage (a field cultivator) and no-tillage were the main plots and rotations of (Barley - corn - wheat), (Canola - sunflower - wheat), (Fallow - sugar beet - wheat), (Wheat - fallow - wheat), (Canola - fallow - wheat) and (Canola - corn - wheat) were the sub-plots. Comparison of the yield of wheat in different rotations was made in the last year rotation.
Results
The results showed that wheat yield in conventional tillage and minimum tillage techniques was equal with 4531 and 4340 kg ha-1, respectively, being 33.8 and 28.1% more than the no-till method. In conventional tillage systems, yield of wheat in (barley - corn - wheat) and (canola - corn - wheat) rotations were equal to 4129 and 4118 kg ha-1. In the no tillage system, small canary grass (Phalaris spp) with 1485 kg ha-1dry weight significantly produced more dry matter than the other two systems. Among the rotations (Canola - sunflower - wheat) rotation, with 1.05 kg m-3 and 52.6 percent water productivity index and land use efficiency, respectively, was one of the best rotations.
Discussion
Effect of tillage system depends on the type of crop rotation, soil type and climatic conditions. Successful adoption of no-tillage system (compared to conventional tillage) is more probable in cases where crops used in rotation with fast decomposed remnants (e.g. potatoes) improve soil conditions (e.g. sugar beet) or control weeds (e.g. sunflower).
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- No-tillage
- Water productivity
- wheat
- Rotation
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