Plant Productions

Research Paper A: Agronomy

Study of Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) and Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Competition in the Different Intercropping Ratios Based on Replacement Method

Rahmat Abbasi; Meisam Namdari

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, Pages 1-14

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.37720.1986

Abstract

IntroductionToday, efficient agricultural systems such as intercropping are essential due to the optimal use of resources. Meanwhile, using the Legume plant in intercropping can increase the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation and be a sustainable approach to meet the crop's nitrogen needs. Since ... Read More IntroductionToday, efficient agricultural systems such as intercropping are essential due to the optimal use of resources. Meanwhile, using the Legume plant in intercropping can increase the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation and be a sustainable approach to meet the crop's nitrogen needs. Since the planting pattern and component crop greatly influence this biological process, selecting complementary species in intercropping can play an essential role in increasing flexibility and sustainability in farming systems. Materials and MethodsIn order to study the effects of intercropping culture on the agronomic traits of Chia and Soybean, a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University in 2019. The planting ratios were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 (Soybean: Chia respectively) using replacement method. Results and DiscussionResults showed that intercropping significantly affected shoot height, No. branch, grain yield, components yield, and the N. derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa). In the Chia, reducing the number of planting rows in different planting ratios, shoot height, and 1000-seed weight increased in contrast to the number of inflorescences per plant. Different planting ratios had no significant effect on the number of branches per plant of Chia. The soybean crop had the highest no. of branches, the number of pods per plant, and the 1000 seed weight in the 25:75 planting ratio. The highest shoot height was related to the monoculture soybean (100:0), and with decreasing the number of soybean planting rows in intercropping, the shoot height decreased. Also, the Ndfa in intercropping culture was higher than in monoculture during different growth stages. Its amount increased with a decreasing share of soybean planting in intercropping. Biological nitrogen fixation in soybean intercropping cultivation with Chia increased 75 days after planting and then decreased. Besides, the pure stand of Soybean (100: 0) and Chia (0: 100) had the highest and lowest grain yield with an average of 4629.57 and 823.14 kg. ha-1, respectively. Considering the total yield of Chia and Soybean in intercropping cultivation and the compensatory ability to increase the yield of Soybean against the decrease in the yield of Chia, the effect of competition between the two crops is positive complementation. lculation of land equivalent ratio (LER) revealed that the planting ratio of 25:75 had the highest efficiency by 22 percent. ConclusionChia in intercropping can improve the yield components of Soybean while improving the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation. Increasing the efficiency of intercropping cultivation in the planting ratio of 25:75 due to the increase of 75.37% is the share of the complementarity effect on grain yield, creating balance and facilitating inter-species competition.

Research Paper B: Breeding

Correlation between Yield and Qualitative Traits of Sugar Beet Cultivars with Rhizomania Disease Indices under Field Infection Conditions

Masoud Ahmadi; Hassan Hamidi; Jamshid Soltani Idliki; Javad Rezaei; Mozhdeh Kakueinejad

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, Pages 15-28

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32377.1873

Abstract

IntroductionRhizomania viral disease is one of the limiting factors of sugar beet cultivation and significantly reduces its yield. The most important way to deal with this disease is to use resistant cultivars. Materials and MethodsIn order to evaluate the correlation between yield and qualitative ... Read More IntroductionRhizomania viral disease is one of the limiting factors of sugar beet cultivation and significantly reduces its yield. The most important way to deal with this disease is to use resistant cultivars. Materials and MethodsIn order to evaluate the correlation between yield and qualitative traits of sugar beet cultivars with rhizomania disease indices, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 12 different sugar beet cultivars in four replications in test site with natural infection with rhizomania in Torbat-e-Jam area at two years (2017 and 2018). The traits studied in this study included root yield, sugar content, sugar yield, white sugar content, white sugar yield, sodium, potassium, trace nitrogen, alkalinity, sugar extraction coefficient, leaf growth score, root growth score, disease severity and ELISA test index (OD). Analysis of variance was performed using SAS v.9.1 statistical software. Mean comparisons of traits were performed using LSD test at the probability level of 5 and 1%. Results and DiscussionAnalysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all studied traits except for sodium. Cluster analysis of yield, crop quality as well as rhizomania severity of infection divided the sugar beet cultivars into three groups (resistant, semi-resistant and sensitive). Correlation between traits in a rhizomania infected field and different levels of resistance to rhizomania was different. In all cultivars with different levels of resistance, there was a significant correlation between pure sugar yield with leaf growth score (r=0.88 **), root growth score (r=0.85**), disease severity (r= -0.84 **) and ELISA index (r= -0.67 **) was observed. Therefore, these traits are suitable indicators for evaluation of cultivars for suseptibility or resistance to rhizomania disease. In addition, correlation between ELISA index with disease severity (r=0.83**), leaf growth score (r= -0.61 **) and root growth score (r= -0.67 **) was significant. ConclusionAccording to the obtained results, because the ELISA test and determining the virus concentration is expensive, and on the other hand, this index had a positive and very significant correlation with the severity of the disease infection, so the disease severity index can be used to evaluate cultivars for resistance to rhizomania disease.

Research Paper A: Agronomy

Effect of Methanol Spraying on some Morphophysiological Characteristics, Yield and Yield Components of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under Drought Stress Conditions

Hamed Javadi; Seyyed Gholam Reza Moosavi; Mohammad Javad Seghatoleslami; Ali Reza Ebrahimi; Mohammad Kozegar

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, Pages 29-40

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33127.1888

Abstract

Introduction Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the five important oil plants of Iran. Water deficit stress is one of the most important limiting factors in sunflower cultivation. Methanol is used to deal with environmental stresses, especially dehydration. Preventing or reducing light respiration, ... Read More Introduction Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the five important oil plants of Iran. Water deficit stress is one of the most important limiting factors in sunflower cultivation. Methanol is used to deal with environmental stresses, especially dehydration. Preventing or reducing light respiration, delaying leaf senescence, increasing photosynthetic activation period and leaf area duration index and increasing CO2 fixation are among the roles of methanol application in plants. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of methanol spraying on some morphophysiological characteristics, yield and yield components of sunflower under drought stress conditions. Materials and Methods This field experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Birjand, Iran, in 2017. The main plots included two irrigation levels (irrigation after 80 and 160 mm evaporation form class A pan). On the other hand, the sub- plots included five levels of methanol spraying; control (spraying with water), 7, 14 and 21% v/v. Statistical analysis was performed using MSTATC software. Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level of probability was used to compare the means. Results and Discussion Results showed that deficit irrigation reduced stem diameter, number of grains per head and kernel/husk weight ratio. Methanol spraying also increased the number of grains per head. Also, methanol spraying improved most of the studied traits under two irrigation treatments. So that under drought stress conditions, foliar application with 28% volumetric methanol increased plant height (9.9%), stem diameter (5%) and leaf number per plant (14.7%). Compared with control, foliar application with 14% and 21% volumetric methanol increased SPAD by 8% and 34.7%, respectively and also, increased 1000-grain weight (12%), grain yield (27.9%) and biological yield (23.4%). According to the results, under optimum irrigation conditions, maximum sunflower grain yield was obtained with 28% volumetric methanol spraying, but under drought stress conditions, spraying with 21% volume methanol was the best one. Conclusion The results showed that foliar application of methanol under optimum and also deficit irrigation conditions did not affect the percentage and yield of sunflower oil seed, but increased grain yield. Maximum grain yield under optimum irrigation was obtained with 28% volumetric spraying, which was 27% more than control. Also, the results showed that under arid and semi-arid conditions of Birjand, deficit irrigation with using methanol (21% volumetric) produces acceptable grain yield.

Research Paper H: Horticulture

The Effect of Volck Mineral Oil Spraying on Flowering and Biochemical Characteristics of Two Olive Cultivars under Ahvaz Condition

Sara Davoodi; Shohreh Zivdar; Esmaeil Khaleghi

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, Pages 41-52

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34536.1933

Abstract

Introduction Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen tree and one of the most important products of the horticultural section in Iran due to high nutritional value of its oil and fruits. Adaptation of olive cultivars to the climatic conditions of different regions are not the same. The results of studies ... Read More Introduction Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen tree and one of the most important products of the horticultural section in Iran due to high nutritional value of its oil and fruits. Adaptation of olive cultivars to the climatic conditions of different regions are not the same. The results of studies showed that special cultivars are recommended for each region. In tropical and subtropical climates with mild winter such as Ahvaz, the chilling requirement of olive trees is not completed. This condition has led to poor and insufficient flowering in some olive cultivars. Mineral oils, including volck oil are one of the most beneficial treatments to complete chilling requirement and bud break in fruit trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of two olive cultivars (Manzanilla and khaziri) to the application of volck mineral oil and studying their flowering and biochemical characteristics in Ahvaz condition. Materials and Methods In this experiment, the effect of volck mineral oil spraying [control (water spray), 1, 3, 5 %] on two olive cultivars were investigated. The experimental design was split plot arranged in complete block design with four replications. Measured traits included flowering characteristics such as the number of inflorescences in the branch, flowers in inflorescence, complete flowers, flowering days after treatments, percentage of flower fall, fresh and dry weight of flower and inflorescence. Biochemical properties such as bud carbohydrates and ABA, leaf proline and chlorophyll were measured. Results and Discussion The results showed that foliar application of 3 and 5 % volck oil caused flowering (31.8 and 28.7 days after treatment, respectively) in Manzanilla cultivar. Bud carbohydrate content increased significantly after tree spraying with volck oil in all of three concentrations. The highest content of bud carbohydrates (78.68 mg/g) was obtained in khaziri when treated with 3% volck oil. The use of volck oil was effective in increasing the ABA concentration in Manzanilla cultivar and its effect was as 3 and 5% volck oil (83.1 and 105.4 µg/g, respectively). The amount of proline in both cultivars increased until 60 days after applying three concentrations of volck oil. The levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll increased until 30 days after treatment and then were decreased. Volck oil (3%) can be used for flowering of Manzanilla cultivar in climatic conditions of Ahvaz. Based on the obtained results, it seems that the effect of volck oil on flowering and biochemical traits depends on the type and concentration of mineral oil and type of the cultivar. In the present study, flowering occurred when Manzanilla cultivar treated with mineral volck oil (3 and 5%) and the flowering traits were improved at 3% oil more than other treatments. Conclusion According to the obtained results, olive cultivars show different reactions to the use of Volck oil, and Volck oil with a concentration of 3% can be used for the flowering of Manzanilla cultivar in the weather conditions of Ahvaz.

Research Paper H: Horticulture

Optimization of in vitro Cultural Conditions of Haworthia (Haworthia Cooperi Baker)

Mahdiyeh Kharrazi; Maryam Moradian; Nasim Safari; Azadeh Khadem; Ahmad Sharifi

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, Pages 53-66

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36744.1971

Abstract

IntroductionHaworthia cooperi is a type of ornamental succulent that is propagated by separating the offsets and leaf cuttings. Due to the small number of produced offsets by the mother plant, the rate of propagation in this way is low, so micropropagation can be considered as an effective and efficient ... Read More IntroductionHaworthia cooperi is a type of ornamental succulent that is propagated by separating the offsets and leaf cuttings. Due to the small number of produced offsets by the mother plant, the rate of propagation in this way is low, so micropropagation can be considered as an effective and efficient way to propagate this ornamental plant. Materials and MethodsFor this purpose, in the present study, the growth response of Haworthia cooperi plants to in vitro culture conditions in 1398 in the research laboratory of the Department of Ornamental Plants Biotechnology was investigated. This research was conducted in the form of three separate experiments based on a completely randomized design with three replications. In the first experiment, the effects of cytokinin type (BA and KIN) and concentration of cytokinin (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/l) on leaf explant regeneration were evaluated. In the second experiment, the effects of culture medium type (MS and B5) and concentration of culture medium (0.5 and 1) on plantlet propagation were investigated. In the third experiment, plantlet rooting rate was evaluated under the influence of auxin type (NAA, IBA and IAA) and concentration (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) of auxin. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that application of BA and KIN hormones increased the number of regenerated plantlets. The highest number of plantlets (5.50) was recorded in the MS medium containing 3 mg/l BA with 0.5 mg/l NAA. Plantlets cultured in the hormone-free culture medium had no regenerated symptoms. The number of plantlets increased with increasing the concentration of both hormones, but BA hormone in the culture medium had a greater effect on this factor. Lack of cytokinin hormone application in culture medium led to root production; however, the use of BA and KIN hormones in the culture medium reduced the number of produced roots by plantlets. The highest number of roots was recorded in hormone-free culture medium and the lowest number was recorded in the high concentration of BA hormone. The reduction in the number of roots in the culture medium containing BA was greater than the culture medium containing KIN. The of the second experiment revealed that use of MS culture medium showed better performance compared to B5 culture medium. Thus, the highest dry weight of plantlet and roots was obtained at full concentration of MS culture medium. The results of rooting stage showed that the presence of NAA hormone in the culture medium increased rooting in the plant. However, the produced roots in this culture medium were so thick that these roots are not suitable for plant growth in the acclimation stage. Therefore, considering the number and length of produced roots, the optimal culture medium for plantlet rooting is ½ MS culture medium containing 1 mg/l IAA hormone. Determining the best type of culture medium and optimizing it for regeneration, proliferation and rooting is one of the important factors in success in vitro culture conditions. Based on the results of the current study, application of MS medium containing 3 mg/l BA with 0.5 mg/l NAA was so effective for regeneration phase of this ornamental plant. Also, the efficiency of MS culture medium in the process of propagation of this plant is most likely related to the suitability of the components of this culture medium. In general, due to the presence of plant growth regulators such as NAA, IBA and IAA in the culture medium, rooting is induced in plantlets. In the present study, the use of IAA hormone at a concentration of 1 mg/l was a suitable hormonal combination for rooting in this ornamental plant. ConclusionBased on the results of the present study, the application of MS culture medium containing 3 mg/l BA with 0.5 mg/l NAA is recommended for regeneration and proliferation of tissue culture plantlets of Haworthia cooperi. It is also recommended to use ½ MS culture medium containing 1 mg/l of IAA hormone for rooting of tissue culture plantlets.

Research Paper A: Agronomy

Effect of Biochar and Hydrogel on Morphophysiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Common Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under Drought Stress

Shayesteh Ghias; Mostafa Shirmardi; Heidar Meftahizadeh; Maryam Dehestani Ardakani

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, Pages 67-80

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36030.1962

Abstract

Introduction Drought and low organic carbon content are two main problems for agriculture in arid and semiarid regions. Drought stress is responsible for at least 40% of crop losses in the world. The use of biochar (BC) and hydrogels can decrease adverse effects of drought on the plant. The objective ... Read More Introduction Drought and low organic carbon content are two main problems for agriculture in arid and semiarid regions. Drought stress is responsible for at least 40% of crop losses in the world. The use of biochar (BC) and hydrogels can decrease adverse effects of drought on the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of BC and hydrogel application on morphophysiological and biochemical parameters of Salvia officinalis L. under drought stress (DS). Materials and Methods A factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with three replicates was conducted in the research greenhouse of the Meybod industrial town in 1398/2018 to investigate the BC and hydrogel effects on the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Salvia officinalis L. under drought stress condition. The BC and hydrogel was applied by mixing dry soil at rates of 0, 10, and 20 ton BC.ha-1, 100, and 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 with three DS levels of D1 (irrigation in 80% field capacity (FC) as no-stress conditions), D2 (irrigation in 60% FC as mild-stress conditions) and D3 (irrigation in 40% FC as severe-stress conditions). The growth responses were examined included morpho-physiological (i.e., chlorophyll content, leaf area, relative water content (RWC), ion leakage (IL), and phytochemical (i.e., antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC)) parameters. Results and Discussion Results showed that drought stress significantly decreased growth parameters and RWC while increased IL, AA and TPC. Application of 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 and 20 ton BC.ha-1 significantly increased chlorophyll index, root and shoot dry weight compared to the control under severe stress condition. At mild stress, all treatments significantly reduced the root:shoot ratio compared to the control. However, in severe stress, only application of 10 and 20 ton BC.ha-1 significantly reduced this parameter compared to the control. In no stress and sever stress, use of 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 increased RWC in plant in comparison with control (15.9 and 5.1% respectively). Results indicated that 200 kg hydrogel.ha-1 and 20 ton BC.ha-1 treatments significantly decreased IL and TPC in mild and sever stress conditions in comparison with control. All treatments significantly decreased AA in severe stress and control has the highest amount of AA in this level of drought. It seems that use of BC and hydrogel in soil increased soil water holding capacity and improve soil structure. In addition, BC contains various elements that can improve plant nutrition under drought stress. The amount of BC and hydrogel application is very important on the effectiveness of these amendments on the plant characteristics under stress conditions. Conclusion The application of hydrogel and biochar could improve the growth indices, leaf relative water content and reduce the total phenol concentration and antioxidant capacity in the plant under drought stress. It seems that these amendments reduce the negative effect of drought stress on the plant by increasing the soil water holding capacity, improving the structure and increasing the availability of nutrients for the plant.

Research Paper A: Agronomy

The Effect of Two Mycorrhiza Fungi Species on Biochemical Characteristic and Aerial Dry Biomass of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Under Cadmium Stress

Fariba Mohammadifard; Mohammad Moghaddam

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, Pages 81-94

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30809.1817

Abstract

Introduction Nowadays, soil pollution to various heavy metals is one of the most important environmental issues in human societies, which has adverse effects on soil and soil flora and groundwater contamination. Among the heavy metals, cadmium with a half-life of about 20 years, its high mobility in ... Read More Introduction Nowadays, soil pollution to various heavy metals is one of the most important environmental issues in human societies, which has adverse effects on soil and soil flora and groundwater contamination. Among the heavy metals, cadmium with a half-life of about 20 years, its high mobility in the soil and absorption by the plant, has a significant toxicity that its presence in the food chain seriously threatens human health. A wide range of studies have shown that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi increases the resistance of many plants against heavy metals. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on biochemical properties of coriander under heavy metal stress, a pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouses at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 2 factors and 3 replications was conducted. The first factor was heavy metal in 4 levels of 0, 20, 40, 80 mg/kg nitrate cadmium soil and the second factor was mycorrhiza fungi in 3 levels without fungi and Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradicese application. The soil mixture included soil, leafy soil and sand in a ratio of 1: 1: 1. All traits were measured at flowering stage. The studied traits include aerial parts dry biomass, chlorophyll, b, a, electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrate, antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoids and proline. Data analysis using Minitab 17 software was done. Results and Discussion The results were showed that by increasing the concentration of cadmium, the amount of electrolyte leakage, soluble carbohydrate, antioxidant activity, total phenol, total flavonoids and proline increased. However, with increasing cadmium concentration, the amount of dry biomass of aerial parts, chlorophyll, a, b and carotenoids decreased. So, with increasing cadmium concentration, the amount of aerial parts dry biomass of coriander decreased by 40% compared with the control. Based on this study, using of mycorrhizal fungi under cadmium pollution reduced the stress influence, so that the highest amount of aerial parts dry biomass was found in plants treated with mycorrhizal and without cadmium application. The lowest amount dry biomass of aerial parts was found in without mycorrhizal with highest nitrate cadmium concentration (80 mg/kg soil). The highest amount of proline, soluble carbohydrate, phenol, antioxidant activity, and total flavonoids was observed in plants which treated with the highest nitrate cadmium concentration (80 mg/kg soil) and Glomus intraradicese application. Conclusion So that inoculated plants with mycorrhizal fungi had drier biomass of aerial parts than plants without mycorrhiza. According to the results of this study, in the conditions of environmental stresses such as cadmium stress, the use of mycorrhizal fungi reduces its destructive effects, which can be used as a management solution in heavy metal contaminated areas. In general, the results of this study showed that application of Glomus mosseae fungus in cadmium stress has a better effect on the traits and its application is recommended in this condition.

Research Paper A: Agronomy

Effect of Waterlogging Stress on Yield and Yield Components and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Mung Bean Cultivars in Ahvaz Conditions

Seyed Bashir Fazeli; Afrasyab Rahnama; Payman Hassibi

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, Pages 95-108

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30538.1805

Abstract

Introduction Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. This nitrogen-stabilizing plant has rapid growth and a short growth period, leading to improved soil fertility. Mung bean is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia due to its high adaptation ... Read More Introduction Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. This nitrogen-stabilizing plant has rapid growth and a short growth period, leading to improved soil fertility. Mung bean is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia due to its high adaptation range. Plants are obligate aerobic organisms and thus depend on O2 to grow and compete successfully with neighbouring plants in natural environments. Waterlogging stress is one of the most important factors limiting the planting of mung bean under Ahvaz conditions. Materials and Methods In order to study the effects of waterlogging stress on some agronomic and physiological characteristics of two Mung bean cultivars, a pot experiment was conducted as split factorial in a completely randomized block design with three replications in the field. The main plots were different growth stages consisted of vegetative growth stage, the beginning of flowering, grain filling stage, and three growth stages. The combination of stress levels (control and waterlogging stress) and two Mung bean cultivars (Hindi and Omrani) were as subplots. Results and Discussion Waterlogging was caused to decrease significantly dry matter and grain yield in both cultivars at each growth stages, In Hindi cultivar, the highest grain yield reduction was observed at flowering stage and the least difference was observed in waterlogging stress at all three growth stages. In Omrani cultivar, the highest grain yield reduction was observed in waterlogging stress at all three growth stages, and the least grain yield decrease at flowering stage. Overall, the reductions in dry weight and grain yield were higher in Omrani than Hindi cultivar at three growth stages. Therefore, in stress-prone areas such as Ahvaz where summer plants such as Mung bean are exposed to waterlogging stress at different growth stages, Hindi cultivar is suggested for cultivation. Waterlogging stress did not show a significant effect on grain weight and grain number per pod, but significantly reduced the number of pods per plant. The number of pods per plant was significantly more important in determining yield and had a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.846 **) with grain yield. The reason of difference between two cultivars was the better physiological compatibility of Hindi cultivar under stress conditions, including higher levels of photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments contents. When plants were treated only with waterlogging stress in one growth stage, the Omrani cultivar could compensate some damages due to its indeterminate growth and phenological flexibility, as the period of pod formation was longer in this cultivar. SPAD value had the highest correlation with grain yield (r=0.707**) compared to other photosynthesis-related traits and could be used as a marker trait for selection of tolerant cultivars because of its ease, speed, cheapness and the possibility to measure this trait in the field. Conclusion The results indicated that mung bean yield decrease in response to waterlogging stress, depending on growth stages, and experimental duration. The reductions in grain yield was impacted by the growth stage subjected to waterlogging stress. Moreover, the Hindi cultivar seems to be more tolerant to waterlogging in Khuzestan region

Research Paper A: Agronomy

Microtuberization Efficiency of Three Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars under Osmotic Stress in vitro

Banafsheh Jamshidi; Marzieh Ghanbari Jahromi; Amir Mousavi

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, Pages 109-122

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30032.1782

Abstract

Introduction Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide. It is vegetatively propagated using pieces or whole potato tubers, but a virus infection causes crop reduction to almost a half or even one third, which varies from place to place and from season to another. Micropropagation ... Read More Introduction Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide. It is vegetatively propagated using pieces or whole potato tubers, but a virus infection causes crop reduction to almost a half or even one third, which varies from place to place and from season to another. Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce many progeny plants, using modern plant tissue culture methods. Microtuberization in potato needs the right interaction between several factors such as cyto, sucrose and osmotic stress. The purpose of present study was to investigate microtuberization efficiency of three potato cultivars under osmotic stress and in vitro conditions. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. Potato seeds of three cultivars (Agria, Savalan and HPS-II/67) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. After proliferation, plantlets were transferred to the media containing nine treatments with polyethylene glycol hydrogel (PEG) at four levels (0.003, 0.006, 0.009, 0.012 M), sorbitol at four levels (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 M). For this purpose, potato quality, microtuberization percentage, proline concentration, chlorophyll content, and Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured. Results and Discussion The results showed that plantlets grown under non-stressed conditions (control) possessed higher rates of leaf number, new shoot length and proliferation index compared to the under stressed conditions. Agria cultivar presented better growth characteristics under stressed conditions compared to other experimental cultivars. The highest potato destruction was observed at 0.012 M PEG in Savalan cultivar followed by 0.4 M sorbitol in all cultivars. Microtuberization percentage increased in all three cultivars by stress conditions, in which it increased with progressing in stress levels. The greatest percentage of microtuberization was obtained from Agria cultivar at 0.003 M PEG. Compared to the control, proline concentration, and also CAT and SOD activities increased under stress conditions. Moreover, total chlorophyll content decreased under the stress conditions in comparison to the control. Generally, based on the results, maximum rates of microtuberization and viability were observed in Agria followed by HPS-II/67, and the highest microtuber weight was obtained in HPS-II/67 cultivar. When plants are faced to stress conditions like osmotic stress, free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases. On the other hand, plants use different strategies to scavenge the generated ROS. The reduction of chlorophyll content and increases of antioxidant enzyme activities are due to increase of ROS under osmotic stress conditions. Conclusion At slight stress conditions, potato plants utilize the strategy to generate more tuber. Therefore, the lower concentrations of PEG can be introduced as a stimulator of microtuber.

Research Paper A: Agronomy

Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) Management in Sugarcane Fields of Subtropical Iran

Farkhondeh Eskandari; Batool Keramat; Yousef Filizadeh; Amir Aynehband

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, Pages 123-132

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.33905.1919

Abstract

Introduction Among all weeds, cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) has been identified as a problematic weed in the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields of Iran for over 20 years since 1996. Failure to control of cogongrass regrowth during spring develops it rapidly and, in turn, reduces ... Read More Introduction Among all weeds, cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L. Beauv) has been identified as a problematic weed in the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields of Iran for over 20 years since 1996. Failure to control of cogongrass regrowth during spring develops it rapidly and, in turn, reduces the sugarcane yield in subtropical Iran. In effect, the identification of weak points in cogongrass phenology and frequency is deemed to help decision makers adopt effective controlling strategies in optimum time. Storage of carbohydrate reserves by plants is, in turn, the best mechanism for optimizing the timing of management strategies when reserves are at the lowest levels in storage organs. Glyphosate has been also widely used in Iran to control of weeds in the sugarcane fields. Currently, despite double spraying, the spring control of cogongrass is not satisfactory in the sugarcane fields in subtropical Iran. Materials and Methods Two studies were carried out in Salman Farsi Agro-Industrial Company in about 40 km south-west of the center of Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz, Iran, in 2017. In the first experiment, monthly (February–November) total nonstructural carbohydrate allocation patterns of cogongrass were evaluated to determine carbohydrate low points in the seasonal phenological cycle. To that end, glyphosate (00, 0.92, 1.84, 2.76 and 3.68 L a.i ha-1) was applied in April and June, 2017, in a 10×2 factorial design under randomized complete block designs with four replications. Data were analyzed using standard ANOVA procedures with the subsequent use of Least Significant Difference test (Little and Hills 1978( to separate means. Results and Discussion The occurrence of carbohydrate low points (CLPs) (88.69±13.15 mg g-1) was considered from May to August, CLP was found to have two important points with the potential control of cogongrass reported. The first and second points were in May (579 GDD) and August (2683GDD), respectively. The suppression of cogongrass (58-100%) was achieved with the three highest rates (1.84, 2.76 and 3.68 L a.i ha-1) in both application times, although substantial regrowth occurred in all plots by 5 months after the first treatment. Double spraying with a 60-day interval did not result in the effective control of such a troublesome weed in the sugarcane fields. Applying glyphosate two times in the spring and mid-summer (the end of CLP, 2683 GDD) was determined effective for the long-term control (>6 months) of cogongrass. The results suggest that glyphosate 1.84 L a.i ha-1 should be performed on cogongrass in the spring for improved control. Conclusion We concluded that frequent spring spraying may be excluded to control of cogongrass in the sugarcane fields and only spraying should be made on twice the growth seasons. The first use of glyphosate in its minimum optimum dose (1.84 L a.i ha-1) is made on early spring. The second is sprayed in its maximum optimum dose (3.68 L a.i ha-1) at the midsummer, once the single-sprayed cogongrass gets appropriate leaf surface for transferring the herbicide.

Research Paper

Application of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameter for Rapid Detection The Effect of Photosystem II Inhibiting Herbicides on Resistant and Susceptible Junglerice (Echinochloa colona (L.) Link.) Populations

Elham Elahifard; Ali Ghanbari; Mohammad Hassan Rashed Mohassel; Eskandar Zand; Amin Mirshamsi Kakhki

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, Pages 133-142

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.30996.1820

Abstract

IntroductionChlorophyll fluorescence induction is a rapid and noninvasive technique for measuring photosynthetic electron transport in plants. Recognition of fluorescence curves such as Kautsky curves is a useful tool for quantifying herbicide effects. In general, since one of the goals of measuring ... Read More IntroductionChlorophyll fluorescence induction is a rapid and noninvasive technique for measuring photosynthetic electron transport in plants. Recognition of fluorescence curves such as Kautsky curves is a useful tool for quantifying herbicide effects. In general, since one of the goals of measuring chlorophyll fluorescence is the early detection of the effects of herbicide before its apparent effects on weed. PSII inhibiting herbicides resistance results from a mutation in the chloroplast genome, reducing the rate of electron transport between QA and QB in PS II. Materials and MethodsThe seeds pre-germinated in Petri dishes at 28±2 0C in 16/8 hr (light/dark) photoperiod for 72 hr. The pre-germinated seeds were sown in pots (with 10 cm diameter) containing loam: sand 2:1 mixture (v/v). Pots were transferred to a greenhouse and grown at 30 0C and 20 0C day and night temperatures, respectively, with artificial light to provide a 16-h photoperiod. Pots were irrigated regularly to avoid any moisture stress. Ten days after planting (DAP), they were thinned to two seedlings per pot. Twenty days after weed emergence, seedlings of the pots were subjected to the post emergence application of ametryn. Different ranges of ametryn rates were used for the resistant (0, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000, 3000, 10000 and 30000 g ai ha-1) and susceptible (0, 1, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000 g ai ha-1) populations because of the difference in dose-response among populations. Nonionic surfactant 0.25% (v/v) was applied with the herbicide at the time of spraying. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 220 L ha-1 at pressure of 2 atm. The aboveground biomass was harvested 28 days after treatment (DAT) and weighed. In order to analyze the data and draw the shapes, Gompertz function and SigmaPlot11 and R soft wares were used. PEA Plus software, also, was used to output the chlorophyll fluorescence data recorded during the experiment. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that Fvj was more sensitivity to the application of ametryn in the tested populations. So that four hours after the application of ametryn, Fvj, in some populations, especially susceptible population (24.47 g ai ha-1), decreased significantly. Regarding ED50 values based on fresh weight of populations, the highest amount of ED50 belonged to R4 (10289 g ai ha-1), R1 (6844.6 g ai ha-1), R3 (4770 g ai ha-1) and R2 (3041.0 g ai ha-1), respectively. Estimated ED50 values for Fvj susceptible and resistant populations were, in some cases, far lower than estimated ED50 values for fresh weight of populations at 28 days after treatment with herbicides. In general, the linear relationship between the above parameter and the fresh weight of the populations indicates a strong correlation between these parameters. There were differences among the resistant and susceptible populations in the application of herbicide in terms of the slope of the curve of fvj. So that the curve slope in R1 and R2 biotypes was faster than other populations. In susceptible population response, more correlation was observed between the above parameters. The purpose of this parameter was to show that chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, such as fresh weight assay or weed dry weight, can predict the effect of herbicides. Thus, the researchers are able to evaluate the herbicide's impact on the plants by spending less time and cost. ConclusionSince the main effect of photosystem II inhibiting herbicides is in the J stage (Fvj). Therefore, it is possible to use the Fvj parameter, which most likely shows the changes in electron transfer in the electron transfer chain in photosystem II. The most resistant populations (R1 and R4) based on the measurement of fresh weight, in the analysis based on the Fvj parameter, like other resistant populations, showed the significant difference with the susceptible population. Also, the sensitivity of the susceptible population response to herbicide application based on the Fvj parameter was much higher than that of fresh weight. So that it enables the researcher to quickly distinguish among the susceptible and resistant populations to the mentioned herbicides.

Research Paper A: Agronomy

Construction of Critical Nitrogen Dilution Curve Based on Stem Dry Matter in Rapeseed

SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Abolfazl Derakhshan

Volume 45, Issue 1 , May 2022, Pages 143-156

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.31971.1854

Abstract

Introduction There are mathematical equations to distinguish nitrogen (N) status based on the concept of critical nitrogen (Nc), the lowest N concentration required to achieve maximum growth. The Nc demonstrates the ideal N status in crops. Whenever crop N concentration is greater than the Nc, at that ... Read More Introduction There are mathematical equations to distinguish nitrogen (N) status based on the concept of critical nitrogen (Nc), the lowest N concentration required to achieve maximum growth. The Nc demonstrates the ideal N status in crops. Whenever crop N concentration is greater than the Nc, at that time N is in surplus, but if it is less, then N is inadequate. The contribution of the stem dry matter (SDM) toward total crop dry matter is significantly higher than that of other tissues, therefore, it is the most determinant factor for N dilution of the whole plant. The objectives of this research were to construct a Nc dilution curve based on SDM and to evaluate the plausibility of this curve for assessment of the N nutrition status of spring rapeseed. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted with seven levels of N fertilizer application (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg N ha-1) in which the amount of the SDM and stem N concentration (SNC) of two spring rapeseed cultivars (Hyola 401 and Dalgan) were measured during the growing season. The approach proposed by Justes et al. (1994) was used to construct the SDM basis Nc dilution curve. The N nutrition index (NNI) on each sampling date was calculated by dividing actual SNC by stem Nc concentration. The accumulated N deficit (Nand) in rapeseed stems for each sampling date was determined by subtracting the N accumulation in stems under the Nc condition from actual N accumulation in stems under different N fertilizer application rates. Results and Discussion Overall, both SDM and SNC showed an increasing and decreasing trend with increasing crop age, respectively, regardless of fertilizer treatment. The Nc dilution curve of both cultivars during the growing season was described by the equation Nc = 5.71SDM-0.29. Both NNI and Nand criteria were able to diagnosis the N deficiency or excess in the spring rapeseed cultivars studied. At all of the crop growth stages, there was a significant positive correlation between the difference value of the N application rate (∆N) and the difference value of NNI (∆NNI). For both cultivars studied, however, the positive correlation between ΔN and differences in Nand among N fertilizer treatments (ΔNand) was not significant at early growth stages. In any case, for accurate management of N fertilizer during the growing season, it is sufficient to determine only one of the two NNI or Nand criteria per day from planting to silique formation, and then the N fertilizer required for maximum growth is calculated based on the equations presented to describe the relationships between ΔN and ΔNNI or between ΔN and ΔNand. The most important application of the Nc dilution curve is to determine the N requirement of crops during the growing season under variable field conditions. These curves can be used as ideal and economically efficient tools for accurate management of fertilizer in the field, which is very important from the aspect of environmental protection and human health. Both NNI and Nand were well able to distinguish the N status of spring rapeseed. Conclusion The present Nc dilution curve based on SDM provides an insight into N nutrition status in spring rapeseed crop and can serve as a novel tool to improve N fertilization management in spring rapeseed.

The Most Suitable Method and Time of Ber Tree (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) Budding in Ahvaz

A T; M A

Volume 34, Issue 2 , February 2012, , Pages 81-86

Abstract

Ber (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) is one of the tropical and subtropical fruit trees that grow in different countries in Europe, America, Africa, Australia, and Asia including Iran. Ber is considered as one of the hardiest cultivated fruit trees to drought, salinity and high temperature. It is a multi-purpose ... Read More

B: Breeding

Induction of Transgenic Hairy Roots in Medicinal Plant Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) by Agrobacterium Rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation

A Jalilian; A A; F N; S.Z H

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 1-14

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.12057

Abstract

Background and Objectives Opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the oldest known medicinal plants. Since the potential of medicinal components production in medicinal plants is very limited in natural conditions, plant tissue culture, as a new technology, has an important role in industrial ... Read More Background and Objectives Opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum L.) is one of the oldest known medicinal plants. Since the potential of medicinal components production in medicinal plants is very limited in natural conditions, plant tissue culture, as a new technology, has an important role in industrial production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Among different tissue culture systems, hairy root is very stable in hormone-free culture conditions and these roots stably produce secondary metabolites over a long period due to their inherent genetic and biochemical stability. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of some different parameters on optimization of hairy production in P. somniferum. Materials and methods In the present research, for the optimization of hairy root in papaver, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The factors included different Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (ATCC15834, A4 and GMI9534), medium (MS and ½ MS medium), two temperatures (17 and 25 °C) at co-cultivation period, and two different explants (excised shoot and hypocotyl). Different traits were evaluated including percentage of induced hairy roots, number of lateral branches/1cm, number of hairy root per explants and days after inoculation (DAI). Results Hairy roots were induced at the wound site of explants after weeks of culture. Analysis of the results showed that strain ATCC15834, ½ MS medium, temperature 25 °C and excised shoot explant were the best treatment combination for hairy roots induction in the poppy plant. Transformed hairy roots were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using rolB gene specific primers. Discussion All of the A. rhizogenes strains led to hairy root induction, but there were no hairy roots formed from control explants. Differences in virulence, morphology and growth rate can be partially explained by the variety of plasmids harbored by the A. rhizogenesis strains. In the present study, excised shoot explants were highly and significantly susceptible to infection by each strain of A. rhizogenes and hypocotyl explants showed low rate of hairy root induction.

H: Horticulture

Effects of harvest time and packing method on fruit quality and Cold-Storage duration of "Gorban Maragheh" apricot cultivar

M. Zarrinbal; A. Dabbagh Mohammadinasab; R. Rasouli Pirouzian

Volume 36, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 1-11

Abstract

Apricot because of its high respiration rate and rapid ripening process has short storage life and so should be marketed immediately after harvest. Harvesting of apricot in suitable time and packing it increase storage period. This study was carried out to determine the optimum harvest time and packing ... Read More

B: Breeding

Effect of Different Ploidy Levels on Pollen Grain Fertility, Seed Germination and Seedling Transplanting Ability of Eggplant

H. Kaveh; H. Neamati

Volume 41, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 1-12

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.18116.1350

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important crop with a wide range of fruit shapes and colors. Breeding programs in eggplant focus mainly on fruit quality. Production of commercial triploid cultivars and emission of seeds in fruits may increase acceptability ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an economically important crop with a wide range of fruit shapes and colors. Breeding programs in eggplant focus mainly on fruit quality. Production of commercial triploid cultivars and emission of seeds in fruits may increase acceptability by consumer and increase fruit quality. Induced tetraploidy and cross between di and tetraploid parental line is a conventional method used in different fruits and vegetables like watermelon. The current study aim to find how may induced tetraploidy affect pollen grain quality, its fertility, seed and transplant vigor in different eggplant cultivars. Materials and Methods Aiming to investigate autotetraploidy in four qultivars of Solanum melongena L., Keshtzar, Yalda, Chahboland and Passargad on fertility, number of days till fruit-set, germination rate and percentage and successful transplanting percentage, a survey was done in a completely randomized design. Tetraploid plants were derived from seed maceration/shoot tip treatment (0.5, 1 and 2 percent of colchicine). To ensure ploidy level, chromosome counting of root tips and flow-cytometry was done during the experiment. To quantify germination percentage and rate, 15 seeds of each cultivar in each ploidy level were placed in petri-dishes in three replications. The seeds of each ploidy form were sown in seedling trays and after seedling period, plugs were transplanted in field for evaluation of characteristics in different ploidy levels. Growth and development rate of plant in seedling stage observed since seeds were cultivated. As soon as hypocotyl appeared on the surface, they were counted. Then seedling emergence and rate were calculated. To test viability of pollen grains, they were stained using acetocarmen. In order to find best parental lines, 18 plants from each cultivar and in each ploidy level were cultivated in the greenhouse condition in three replications. Then all plants were crossed competley (direct and reciprocal). Di and tetraploid plants were tested to find out which one would be better as which parent. Results Number of days till fruit-set, characteristics of seed and seedling and growth rate in seedling stage were significantly (P≤5%) influenced by changes on levels of poloidy. Pollen grain staining with acetocarmine for evaluation of fertility percentage in pollen grains showed that with an increase in ploidy level, fertility may significantly increase (P≤5%). In an effort to triploid plant production, none of the crosses between di and tetraploid plant could bear fruit. Discussion With the overall results, despite slower growth, can be tetraploid plant, due to improved germination and seedling emergence, survival and reproductive capabilities, higher transplanting success in this category of plants, induced increase in the number of chromosomal bundles can be considered as a good way to create genetic variation and prepare parental lines with desirable traits for use in the breeding programs.

The Effect of Planting Date on Phonological Stages and Quantity Traits of Four Winter Rapeseed Cultivars in Yasouj

M.H F; A Y; M M; H B; H F

Volume 35, Issue 2 , September 2012, , Pages 99-113

Abstract

In order to study the effect of planting date on phonological stages and quantity traits of four cultivars of winter rapeseed, an experiment was carried out in 2008-2009 at the research field of Agriculture Research Station of Boyerahmad. The experiment was carried out in using factorial with randomized ... Read More

Research Paper A: Agronomy

Impact of intensive, sustainable and organic agriculture systems of grain yield and energy use efficiency in sesame, mung bean and corn crops

aram gorooei; amir aynehband; afraseyab rahnama

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2020

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32356.1871

Abstract

Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the patterns of energy consumption on agriculture will necessary. In addition, study of energy trend in environmental impact ... Read More Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the patterns of energy consumption on agriculture will necessary. In addition, study of energy trend in environmental impact of agriculture activity (Baran and Gokdogan, 2017; Ozkan et al, 2004). Materials and methods: This study was conducted at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during the summer of 2018. Statistic design was split-plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main factor was agriculture production systems including: 1- intensive (all inputs including fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide were chemical). 2- Sustainable (management of this system farming was the combination of both the organic and intensive systems) 3- organic (In this system farming, all inputs were organic and biological, and haven't used chemical fertilizers and poisons, control of weeds were mechanical). the sup-plot was three crops including corn (cereal), mung bean (legume) and sesame (oil seed). In this research, all input and output energy equivalent was measured, also, energy efficiency indices were calculated. Results: Results showed that grain yield of all three crops including corn, mung bean and sesame was the highest in conventional and the lowest in organic system. lowest (1.18) and highest (3.69) energy efficiency was belonged to intensive sesame and organic corn, respectively. We have found that Highest (34396.34 MJha-1) and lowest (8247 MJ ha-1) input belonged to intensive corn and organic mung bean, respectively. Energy intensive corn had the Highest (59649) net energy index but this index in sesame was the highest level (7032) at organic production systems. On the other hand, organic corn yield was reduced almost 30 percent in compared with intensive corn yield. But in return, input energy organic corn than intensive corn was reduced almost 50 percent. In other words, in the production of organic corn, reducing input energy (denominator) was much more effective in determining energy efficiency than reducing output energy (numerator). This subject has made the production of organic corn has the most energy efficiency. Therefore, in organic corn reducing inputs has been more effective that output in determining energy efficiency index. The comparison of means was performed using SAS software with Duncan’s method. Conclusion: For agricultural evaluation of both different crop production systems and crops we should be consideration set of agro ecological indices according to both production history (energy use efficiency, net energy, energy productivity and special energy) and agronomic culture (human productivity, agrochemical energy and co2 emissions) in each agriculture region. Also, we must consider the combine of optimum level of both crop yield and energy status.

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Research Paper A: Agronomy

Investigating of yield and quality characteristics of potato with early cultivation in Mashhad weather conditions

Ahmad Nezami; Jafar Nabati; Mohammad Kafi; Javad Shabahang

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 February 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.31878.1852

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Determination of the most suitable time for crop planting is one of the basic requirements to gain the highest yield and income. Planting date is one of the most important factors in growth, development and yield production in potato planting effects of temperature fluctuations ... Read More Background and Objectives: Determination of the most suitable time for crop planting is one of the basic requirements to gain the highest yield and income. Planting date is one of the most important factors in growth, development and yield production in potato planting effects of temperature fluctuations on growth and tuber abnormality and inappropriate quality comes from the special features of the that region being uncontrolled by farmers. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 2015-2016 in research station of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad as split-plot based on Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications. Treatments were combination of four planting dates (March 5th, March 19th, April 3th and May 4th) as main plot and three potato cultivars (Agria, Fontane and Sante) as sub-plots. Harvesting was done 90 days after 50% of emergence. Results and Discussion: Number of stem per plant as one of the effective potato yield components was not affected by planting date. Results indicated that as planting date was delayed from March 5th to May 4th, leaf area index was increased by 64 and 85% in two cultivars of Agria and Fontane while a decreasing trend of this parameter was observed in Sante. Number of tubers per plant was decreased by delaying planting date from March 5th to May 4th except in Fontane in which number of tubers per plant was increased in April 3th and was reduced thereafter. The highest and lowest tuber yield with a difference of 12391kg.ha-1was found in April 3th and March 19th, respectively and was observed in Fontane cultivar. Tuber dry matter percentage of Agria was increased as planting date delayed while it was increased till April 3th and reduced in Fontane. The highest (22.13) and lowest (18.50) tuber dry matter percentage of Sante was found in March 5th and 19th, respectively. An increasing trend of potato tuber specific weight was observed with delaying planting date in a way that the highest and lowest mean of this parameter was found in March 19th and May 4th, respectively. No significant difference was observed between Agria and Fontane in different planting dates according to reduced sugars content of tubers. Total antioxidant and starch of potato tubers was increased in all three cultivars as planting date was delayed and reduction sugar decreased by delayed in planting date.Conclusion: Late planting dates were better than early plantings. Sante showed a better performance in early planting dates compared to the two other cultivars, producing more marketable tubers with higher quality and dry matter percentage. Generally, it could be concluded that in Mashhad weather conditions, Sante is more appropriate for early planting compared to Agria and Fontane but its superiority is lost when planting date is delayed.

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Research Paper H: Horticulture

The effect of two hydroponic systems on physical, chemical and fruit yield of two greenhouse tomato cultivars

Mohamad Reza Fayezi; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Esmail Khaleghi; Mohamad Albaji

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 February 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.35144.1943

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesTomato is an economical high value product which is used fresh or processed. Having compound such as fibers, vitamin A, vitamin B, lycopene, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and polyphenols in this product leads to prevent the cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Even though biosynthesis ... Read More Background and ObjectivesTomato is an economical high value product which is used fresh or processed. Having compound such as fibers, vitamin A, vitamin B, lycopene, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and polyphenols in this product leads to prevent the cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Even though biosynthesis and accumulation of this biochemical matter in tomato fruit when growing is affected by the production conditions such as methods of production environmental factors and plant genetics. Tomatoes produced in a closed hydroponic system have better flavor and marketability. This research is done to show the affects to the physical and chemical characteristics and productivity of two greenhouse tomato cultivars in two open and closed systems.Materials and MethodsIn this research the effects of two open (drip) and closed (modified nutrient film technique) hydroponic systems on physical and chemical characteristics and productivity of two greenhouse tomato cultivars (V4-22 cultivar breaded in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and Amira cultivar from Rijkzwaan company of Netherland) was studied as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in agricultural faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The information gathered and correlation between characteristics were analyzed statically by MSTAT-C 1.2 software. To compare the means, Duncan's multi domain test in 5% level was used. Some of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics include productivity, fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit volume, fruit firmness, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solid, fruit dry matter, lycopene, fruit carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, polyphenols content, concentration of fruit elements such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium were analyzed.ResultsThe results of the experiment showed that the most fruit length, fruit firmness, and calcium concentration were recorded in the plants cultivated in open system and the highest total soluble solid, lycopene, carotenoids and fruit sodium concentration were seen in the closed system. The most antioxidant capacity, polyphenols content, concentration of calcium and sodium were observed in Amira cultivar and the most titratable acidity was recognized in V4-22 cultivar. The maximum yield belonged to V4-22 cultivar (3847/29 g per plant) and minimum yield belonged to Amira cultivar (3648/70 g per plant). The interaction effect of hydroponic system and cultivar on concentration of magnesium and potassium in 1% level and dry matter in 5% level were significantly different. The correlation between Antioxidant capacity, fruit total soluble solids content, vitamin C, lycopene and polyphenols content with potassium concentration was positive and significant. DiscussionThe results showed that V4-22 cultivar had higher yield than Amira cultivar and this is due to the adaptation of this cultivar to the environmental conditions of Ahvaz greenhouse. In this study, crop yield in both open and closed systems was not significantly different and the closed system increased the quality characteristics of fruit including total soluble solids, lycopene and carotenoids compared to the open system. This can be due to the most availability of nutrient solution in the closed system compared to the open system. The lowest capacity of antioxidant and total polyphenols were obtained in V4-22 cultivar. The decrease in production of these secondary metabolites indicates that this cultivar is more compatible with production conditions

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Research Paper A: Agronomy

Rapid test for detecting haloxyfop-R methyl ester resistance in winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana durieu)

Saeid Hassanpour-bourkheili; Behnam Kamkar; S.Sanaz Ramezanpour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.33123.1887

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesDetection of resistance to an herbicide in a putatively resistant accession requires a series of experiments which are capable of illustrating the response of the accession to various herbicide doses. Whole plant bioassay in pots usually takes approx. 2 months to obtain the results, ... Read More Background and ObjectivesDetection of resistance to an herbicide in a putatively resistant accession requires a series of experiments which are capable of illustrating the response of the accession to various herbicide doses. Whole plant bioassay in pots usually takes approx. 2 months to obtain the results, thus, rapid tests were developed to accelerate the process. Although determination of discriminating concentration as well as conduction of rapid test for some ACCase inhibitors has been performed by various researchers, no reports are available in this regard for haloxyfop-R methyl ester herbicide in winter wild oat. Thus, the following study was conducted with the objective of rapid detection of resistance to the mentioned herbicide in this weed using the rapid test.Materials and MethodsThe experiments were conducted using the seeds of 7 putatively resistant winter wild oat accessions and a susceptible biotype gathered from canola farms of Kalaleh township located in Golestan province in 2015. Rapid test in petri dishes was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications, with each petri dish as one replicate. To determine the discriminating concentration, various concentrations of haloxyfop-R methyl ester was applied on the susceptible accession and then, all putative accessions were screened using this concentrations. The biotypes of the studied weed were exposed to various doses of the herbicide in the petri dish bioassay to determine the resistance factor. Also, a completely randomized design experiment with three replications was conducted for screening of putative accessions in the greenhouse. Accessions which maintained their survival and dry weight respectively 50 and 80 percent compared to the unsprayed control were selected. A whole plant dose-response bioassay was also done separately for each biotype. Resultsdiscriminating concentration of haloxyfop-R methyl ester for winter wild oat was obtained 0.106 mg ai. L-1. According to the results 5 out of 7 accessions were detected as resistant and underwent the concentration- response assay in petri dishes. Resistant factors of the biotypes in the rapid test ranged from 2783.054 to 3421.414. However, no significant difference was observed among the biotypes. According to the of the greenhouse, 5 accessions were detected as resistant with resistance factors of 14.19 to 18.54, with no significant difference among the biotypes. There was a positive and significant correlation between the results obtained from the rapid test with the greenhouse assay.DiscussionPutative winter wild oat accessions collected from the region may be screened using this concentration (0.106 mg ai. L-1) and resistant biotypes may be detected more rapidly compared to greenhouse assays. Also, the results of the rapid test are in accordance with those of the whole plant assay in pots. Due to the swift development of herbicide resistance issue, rapid detection of resistance is essential. Thus, using methods such as rapid test may be very feasible.

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Research Paper A: Agronomy

The Effect of Sugarcane Residue Compost on Growth and Grain Yield of Triticale under Irrigation Cutoff Stress

Seyed Naser Safi; Ali Moshatati; Mohammad hossain Gharineh; aydin khodaei joghan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 April 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.36017.1961

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTriticale is a commercial cereal with a vast potential to feed human and animal. This plant can be cultivated in poor soils that are not suitable for wheat production. In irrigation cutoff stress conditions, reduces growth and yield and yield components of triticale. ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTriticale is a commercial cereal with a vast potential to feed human and animal. This plant can be cultivated in poor soils that are not suitable for wheat production. In irrigation cutoff stress conditions, reduces growth and yield and yield components of triticale. One of the most important ways to reduce the negative effect of drought stress on plant is using compost fertilizer in the soil. Using compost fertilizer in agricultural soils lead to increase nutrient elements and conserving the soil water. Generally, compost fertilizer of sugarcane residues, improves moisture storage and physical and chemical conditions of the soil. So that sugarcane residue compost fertilizer contribute to preserving the moisture storage of the soil and to supply the nutrients required by the plant. In this study, the most important aim is to study the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on triticale yield and yield components under irrigation cutoff stress condition in Mollasani region, Ahwaz, Kuzestan province.Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effect of sugarcane residue compost fertilizer on growth, yield and yield components of triticale under irrigation cut-off stress conditions, a field experiment using a split-plot arrangement accomplished in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan (in 31º N, 48º E, 35 Km north-east of Ahwaz, and 20 m above the sea level) during 2018-2019 growing season. Experimental factors include four levels of irrigation cutoff (complete irrigation, irrigation cutoff from spike emergence to physiological maturity, irrigation cutoff from pollination stage to physiological maturity and irrigation cutoff from milky-dough stage to physiological maturity) as a main factor in main plots and five amounts of sugarcane residues compost (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t ha-1) as a sub factor in sub-plots.ResultsAnalysis of variance showed that the effect of irrigation cutoff, sugarcane residue compost and their interaction on the measured traits were significant. Mean comparison showed that the maximum amount of triticale traits was obtained in full irrigation and the lowest amount was observed in irrigation cutoff from spike emergence to physiological maturity. Also, with increasing the amount of sugarcane residue compost, the amount of traits increased and reached a maximum at the level of 40 t ha-1. Mean comparison of grain yield under the interaction of irrigation cutoff and sugarcane residue compost showed that the highest grain yield (4288 kg ha-1) was under full irrigation and 40 t.ha-1 of sugarcane residue compost and the lowest grain yield (1134 kg ha-1) was obtained in irrigation cut-off from spike emergence to physiological maturity and non-use of sugarcane residue compost.DiscussionGenerally, the results showed that irrigation cutoff stress conditions decreased growth, grain yield and yield components of triticale but using sugarcane residues compost fertilizer decreased the negative impact of irrigation cutoff stress conditions on measured traits. Also, in areas with irrigation shortage or lack of rainfall at the beginning of flowering stage, 40 tons per hectare of sugarcane residues compost fertilizer is recommended for maintaining grain yield.Key words: Drought stress, Organic fertilizer, Biological yield, Khuzestan

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Research Paper A: Agronomy

Effect of Dehydration stress on yield, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of hybrids from combining potato commercial cultivars

Mohammad Reza Vesali; Reza Baradaran; Davood Hassanpanah; Mohammad Javad Soqa al-Islami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 July 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.32122.1862

Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dehydration stress on yield, quantitative and qualitative traits of hybrids obtained from potato cultivars for 2 years. Both experiments were conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates in the greenhouse ... Read More This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dehydration stress on yield, quantitative and qualitative traits of hybrids obtained from potato cultivars for 2 years. Both experiments were conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates in the greenhouse of Zar Gostar Arta agricultural company. The main factor included three levels of irrigation (100, 85 and 65% of plant water requirement) and the sub factor included 12 potato cultivars. Results of variance analysis for evaluated traits at irrigation levels and hybrids showed that there was a significant difference between all studied traits at 1% and 5% probability levels. In terms of all studied traits except for main stem diameter, tuber dry matter percentage, tuber specific weight and tuber starch percentage were observed significant differences. Effect of irrigation levels × cultivar in all traits was observed significant difference except for the percentage of tuber dry matter, tuber specific weight and tuber starch percentage. Treatment of 100% usable water in (♀Luca × Esprit♂) with average of 53.56 ton/ha had the highest tuber yield and treatment of 85% usable water in confluence of (♀Luca × Esprit♂) and 65% usable water in confluence of (♀Luca × Esprit♂) had the lowest tuber yield with average of 49.75 and 50.39 ton/ha respectively. confluence of No. 10 (♂Banba × Esprit♀) had the highest percentage of dry matter with average of (21.52%) and was in the top group with number 1, 7 and 9, so by considering this issue confluence of No. 10 (♂Banba × Esprit♀) is recommendable among the evaluated confluences for processing (chips). The results of correlation between evaluated traits in these three conditions showed that the correlation was positive and significant between tuber yield and tuber weight per plant in all three irrigation conditions and their irrigation levels at 100, 85 and 65 were (0.98 ** ,0.99 ** and r = 0.99 **), respectively The correlation between the number of main stems in the plant with the number of glands in the plant was negative and significant by increasing stress so that this correlation in irrigation levels conditions of 65% usable water reached (r=-0.432*). The correlation between percentage of tuber dry matter, tuber specific weight and tuber starch percentage and tuber yield and tuber weight per plant were significant and negative at 85% usable water stress. Negative and significant correlation was observed at 100, 85 and 65 irrigation levels between percentage of tuber dry matter and tuber specific weight and tuber starch percentage

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Research Paper H: Horticulture

Assessing fruit set improvement of tissue culture derived date palm cv. Barhee through bunches spraying with mineral nutrition

maryam boroujerdnia; Ahmad Mostaan; Aziz Torahi; Hojat Dialami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 August 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.37418.1979

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesDate palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an important fruit crop in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Today, The development of tissue culture propagation methods has enabled date palm to be rapidly propagated on a large scale. The production of genetically uniform and stable ... Read More Background and ObjectivesDate palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an important fruit crop in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Today, The development of tissue culture propagation methods has enabled date palm to be rapidly propagated on a large scale. The production of genetically uniform and stable in vitro date palms has a critical importance. Low levels of fruit set and supernumerary carpels were detected in many date palm trees produced by tissue culture, especially in Barhee cultivar which leads to economic losses to gardeners.One of the best tools for date palm reproductive potential studies is the direct application of nutrient elements on inflorescences and fruits. Nutrients, such as boron and potassium on dates yield and fruit quality seems to play an important role in achieving satisfactory fruit set and fruit quality. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of boron and potassium spray on improving the fruit set of tissue culture- derived date palm cv. Barhee in grove of Date Palm and Tropical Fruit Research Center Ahvaz city.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 9 treatments of bunches spraying with nutrients and 3 replications for two years (2018-2019) and each tree was considered as an experimental unit. Experimental treatments included spraying with boric acid at 0.5 and 1% , potassium sulfate at 2 and 3% as individual application or in a combination between boric acid and potassium sulfate concentrations treatments and control (distilled water). All treatments were replicated three times: 2 hours before pollination, 2 and 5 days after pollination. In 5th weeks after pollination, fruit set percentage, parthenocarpic fruits percentage and flower and fruit drop percentage were recorded.ResultsAnalysis of variance showed that that bunches spraying with potassium and boron significantly increased fruit set, yield and fruit physical characteristics i.e. weight, volume, length and diameter of fruit and TSS (%) compared with the control treatment. Among the different treatments, potassium sulfate at 2% was more effective in improving fruit set and reducing parthenocarpic fruits (seedless) than other treatments.DiscussionThe results of this study showed that the Spraying of boron and potassium nutrients had important role in fruit set, improvement of total yield and fruit quantity. Increasing fruit yield due to boron or potassium may be attributed to their effect an increasing fruit set. Increasing fruit set due to boron may be attributed to its role in maintaining high pollen viability, germination, and pollen tube elongation. Applying the potassium element has a role in controlling cell water content and carbohydrates biosynthesis and mobilization in plant tissues, consequently, carbohydrates play a serious role in fruit set and retention.

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Research Paper A: Agronomy

Investigation of the effect of dust on leaf chlorophyll, stomatal conductance and fruit product percentage in date trees

Alireza Rashki; Mohammad Osman Omara; Mahmood Ramroudi; Mohammad Galavi; Mitra Jabari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 September 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.36683.1968

Abstract

Investigation of the effect of dust on leaf chlorophyll, stomatal conductance and fruit product percentage in date treesAbstractBackground and ObjectivesDust today has harmful effects on palm trees in different areas. This phenomenon has had a negative effect on the quantity and quality of the date crops. ... Read More Investigation of the effect of dust on leaf chlorophyll, stomatal conductance and fruit product percentage in date treesAbstractBackground and ObjectivesDust today has harmful effects on palm trees in different areas. This phenomenon has had a negative effect on the quantity and quality of the date crops. So the effect of dust on leaf chlorophyll, stomatal conductance and fruit product percentage in date trees has been investigatedMaterials and methodsThe study region was selected by using meteorological data with different dust concentrations. Routak (high dust intensity), Jalq (medium dust intensity) and Saravan (low dust intensity) were selected. In each of the three regions, five groves and within each grove, 5 palm trees with similar conditions were selected. Leaf chlorophyll traits were measured in two modes without washing and after washing, As well as stomatal conductance of five chosen leaves. Leaf chlorophyll traits were measured in two modes without washing and after washing, As well as stomatal conductance of five chosen leaves. Leaf chlorophyll traits were measured in two modes without washing and after washing, As well as stomatal conductance of five chosen leaves. ResultsThe results of the analysis of variance showed a significant difference in leaf chlorophyll after washing and stomatal conductance. Saravan region with the least dust had the highest leaf chlorophyll and Routak with high dust concentration had the lowest chlorophyll. Also, the amount of chlorophyll in all three regions in leaf washing conditions was higher than the state of not washing the leaves. Chlorophyll in the region with a high concentration of dust is much less than the area without dust. The mean comparison results show a decrease in stomatal conductivity in areas with high dust concentrations (Routak area). The highest percentage of fruit product (92.98%) was obtained in Saravan region with low dust concentration. The most inferior fruit product (60%) was obtained in the Routak region with high dust concentration. The highest percentage of inoculation (98.85) and the lowest percentage of precipitation (1.14) were obtained in Saravan. The lowest rate of inoculation (89.28) and the highest percentage of shedding (10.17) were obtained in Routak region. DiscussionDust settles on the leaves, closing the stomata, reducing the Stomatal conductance and chlorophyll. Severe dust reduces inoculation, fruit formation percentage and increases fruit drop percentage. In general, the obtained results showed the adverse effects of high dust concentration on the studied traits.Keywords: Leaf chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, percentage of inoculation and percentage of fall of dates.

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Research Paper H: Horticulture

Evaluation of the effects of calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite on storage life and some quality traits of Thomson Navel orange

Amirali Mohammadi; Mehrdad Shahabian; Mahmoud Reza Ramezanpour; Shokrollah Hajivand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 September 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.35965.1959

Abstract

Background and objectives: Oranges belong to the Citrus (family Rutaceae) and are an important source of antioxidants, including phenolic compounds and vitamin C. These compounds have a protective effect against various diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Since there is a possibility ... Read More Background and objectives: Oranges belong to the Citrus (family Rutaceae) and are an important source of antioxidants, including phenolic compounds and vitamin C. These compounds have a protective effect against various diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Since there is a possibility of decay and rot of Citrus in all stages of harvest and post-harvest, the use of mineral elements may have an important effect on increasing the quality of the fruit and its shelf life. This effect varies depending on the species and cultivar of Citrus. Mineral elements, especially potassium and calcium, affect fruit growth and Citrus fruit quality.Materials and methods:In this study, manual foliar application of calcium nitrate (0, 2 and 4 g / l) and potassium phosphite (0, 1.5 and 3 g / l) in late October in three stages was done weekly. Then, one week after the end of the treatments, the harvesting operation was performed with garden shears. After washing, the fruits were kept in normal temperature for 3 months. Various parameters such as morphology (percentage of weight loss, firmness, percentage of decay, etc.), biochemical (total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and acidity of fruit juice (pH)), antioxidant (percentage of inhibition and vitamin C), enzyme (ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and marketability traits were evaluated.Results: The results showed that the application of higher concentrations of calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite improved the measured traits at harvest day. The use of these materials has also increased the shelf life and quality of the fruit during storage. Fruits treated with calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite had more antioxidant properties on the day of harvest. The highest amount of vitamin C and inhibition percentage were observed in the treatment of 4 g / l calcium nitrate and 3 g / l potassium phosphite at harvest day. Treated fruits were more firm and less rotten during storage than control ones. Also, the treated fruits had more soluble solids and titratable acidity. Also, during storage, the quality of the fruit and its marketability decreased, but fruits treated with calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite received higher scores from the evaluators.Discussion: The use of calcium increases the strength of the membrane and reduces the activity of enzymes that relax the cell wall, which therefore increases the firmness of the fruit and reduces the weight loss and rot of fruits during storage. The use of potassium phosphite has also been effective in reducing caries. Calcium along with potassium play a role in photosynthesis and cause the accumulation of sugars. Vitamin C is associated with a decrease during storage, due to the use of ascorbic acid as an ascorbate peroxidase cofactor. Finally, it seems that the marketability of the fruit has increased due to the increase of quality traits such as sugars, due to the use of calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite.

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Research Paper A: Agronomy

Evaluation of the effect of bio-priming and seed coating on seed germination and seedling growth indices of Chenopodium quinoa in cadmium stress

Zahra Hajizadeh; Hamidreza Balouchi; Amin Salehi; Ali Moradi; Rasool Rezaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 May 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.38615.1994

Abstract

Introduction:Cadmium contamination limits biodiversity, the activity of microbes and enzymes in the soil, and threatens human health through the food chain. Seed pretreatment is a common way to improve seed germination under stress conditions such as heavy metal stress, which increases seedling resistance. ... Read More Introduction:Cadmium contamination limits biodiversity, the activity of microbes and enzymes in the soil, and threatens human health through the food chain. Seed pretreatment is a common way to improve seed germination under stress conditions such as heavy metal stress, which increases seedling resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of bio-priming with Bacillus subtilis and seed coating on seed germination and seedling growth indices of quinoa under cadmium stress.Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in laboratory and greenhouse conditions in three separate factorial experiments by two factors in a completely randomized design with 4 replications at laboratory and greenhouse of Yasouj University in 2019. In the first experiment, the first factor is bio-priming with Bacillus subtilis bacteria in two levels of presence and absence of bacteria and the second factor is cadmium stress in three levels of zero, 0.3, and 0.6 mM cadmium nitrate, in the second experiment, the first factor is the coating on three levels of seed inoculation with bio-priming treatment, then coating them, mixing bacteria with coating materials, then coating the seeds and coating alone and the second factor is three levels of treatment a combination coating of vermiculite (V), kaolin (K) and perlite (P) including V10K2.5P5, V8K2P4, and V12K3P6. In the third experiment, the first factor is Uncoated ± bio-priming and coated ± bio-priming and the second factor is cadmium stress factor at three levels of 0, 100 and 200 mM was cadmium nitrate. Results and Discussion The results showed that cadmium stress decreased germination indices and this downward trend increased with increasing stress intensity. Seed bio-priming increased the longitudinal index of quinoa seedling vigor and improved seedling growth. Seed coverage somewhat reduced germination indices, but in many cases, the presence of bacteria improved this downward trend and increased the number of quinoa germination indices. Also, increasing cadmium in soil caused a 72% increase in root cadmium content and a decrease in seed rate and germination percentage. Cadmium inhibits water absorption in seeds and reduces the amount of water in seedlings, which affects seed germination. Exposure to cadmium prevents seed germination, seedling growth, etc. The most important disorders caused by cadmium were reduced growth of roots and leaves and damage to DNA, which subsequently disrupted the cell cycle and changed the structure of cell walls and even cell death. Bacillus subtilis activates systemic induction resistance (ISR) in many plant products, thereby increasing disease resistance caused by pathogenic organisms and plant growth. This bacterium acts as a PGPR and protects the plant against stress.Conclusion Consequently, cadmium did not prevent quinoa germination, but its destructive effects were visible in other traits and caused a decrease in seedling length and weight, as well as seedling stem length and weight vigur index. Also, the coating of quinoa seeds caused a decrease in the germination rate, which by increasing the compounds surrounding the seed mixed with bacteria and coating materials, it was able to increase the germination rate by 8% in the combination of V10K2.5P5 and 16% in the combination of V12K3P6 rather than without bacteria treatment.

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Research Paper

Micropropagation of Polianthes tuberosa L. through direct organogenesis

Mohammad Hosein Daneshvar; mehri havil; amin lotfi jalal- abadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 June 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.36928.1973

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesPolianthes tuberosa L. is one of the most important ornamental bulbous plants in tropical and subtropical regions that is cultivating in some regions of Iran. Due to the transmission of fungal and bacterial diseases, propagation by bulbs is not affordable. Tissue culture is a ... Read More Background and ObjectivesPolianthes tuberosa L. is one of the most important ornamental bulbous plants in tropical and subtropical regions that is cultivating in some regions of Iran. Due to the transmission of fungal and bacterial diseases, propagation by bulbs is not affordable. Tissue culture is a good way to produce uniform and disease-free seedling. Therefore, in vitro cultivation of tuberose is a suitable solution to commercial reproduction.Material and MethodsTo investigate the best method of micropropagation of Polianthes tuberosa L., This study was conducted in three experiments (propagation, root formation and adaptation). Here, experiments were performed using factorial based on the completely randomized design in three replications. The explants used in this study were lateral buds. Ethyl alcohol (70%) and dilute laundry bleach (5.25% active chlorine), benomyl fungicide and dishwashing liquid were used to eliminate surface contamination of the explants. In the first experiment, the effect of different plant growth regulators and MS medium (MS, ½ MS, ¼ MS) on shoot formation of lateral bud was investigated. Lateral bud explants were cultured in MS medium with various plant growth regulators including KIN (0.25, 0.5, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg / L), BAP (0.25 (0.5, 0.1 and 2.0 mg / l) and then the length and number of shoots were evaluated. After forming shoots in the propagation medium, they were transferred to a new environment to form roots.The root formation experiment included tree levels of NAA concentrations, (0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg/L) in combination with 0.2 mg/L IBA and control (without growth regulator). Adaptation experiment with 5 Substrate of bed including Peat Moss, Cocopeat, Sand, Peat Moss with Cocopeat (1: 1) and Sand with Cocopeat and Peat Moss (1: 1: 1) was conducted.ResultsThe results showed that there was a significant difference between various types of plant growth regulators (PGR) and MS culture media at different concentrations and no branch was produced without the use of PGR.In shoot propagation experiment, the maximum number of shoots (4.8) was obtained from lateral bud explants in MS medium with 0.25 mg / l BAP in combination with 0.25 mg / l KIN. The highest length of lateral shoot shoots (3.75 cm) was observed in MS medium with 0.25 mg / l KIN in combination with 0.25 mg / l BAP.The results of root formation experiment showed that the highest number of roots was observed in MS medium containing 0.5 mg / l NAA and 0.2 mg / l IBA and the lowest number of roots in control (without plant growth regulator). Treatment of 0.5 mg / l NAA with 0.2 mg / l IBA had the highest root length (1.22 cm). The lowest root length was also observed in the control (without plant growth regulator). In the adaptation test, no significant difference was observed between treatments in survival rate.DiscussionsThe results of this study showed that the shoot organogenesis is controlled by the cytokinin with MS medium in different concentrations. It should be mentioned that cytokinin had an important role in the synthesis of RNA, stimulation of the production of protein and the activity of some enzymes. Also, the results showed that the use of cytokinin alone has a beneficial effect on shoot organogenesis.

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Research Paper

Comparison of reproductive and physicochemical characteristics of fruit in the four date palm cultivars `Qasb, Zahidi’, `Piyarom’ and `Medjool’ in Kerman province

Bahareh Damankeshan; Seyyed Samih Marashi; mohammad asaadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 June 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.38361.1992

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesDate cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in this experiment are the best cultivars of dried and semi-dry dates in Iran and the world. In many areas, their cultivated area is increasing. The low cost of harvesting, transportation and storage has made farmers want to cultivate these ... Read More Background and ObjectivesDate cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in this experiment are the best cultivars of dried and semi-dry dates in Iran and the world. In many areas, their cultivated area is increasing. The low cost of harvesting, transportation and storage has made farmers want to cultivate these cultivars. In this experiment, important morphological and physicochemical traits of the fruit of these cultivars in Normashir region were studied and compared.Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four treatments (Qasb, Zahedi, Pyarom and Medjool date cultivars) in 3 replications for 2 years (2017-2017). Twelve 15-year-old palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were selected. It was done in the collection of the Research Institute of Tropical Dates and Fruits located in Narmashir city. In this study, number of clusters, number of strands per cluster, percentage of fruit set, parthenocarpy and fruit drop, cluster yield, fruit flesh to kernel ratio, fruit flesh percentage, length, diameter, weight and volume of fruit and kernel, moisture content, total sugar reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and soluble solids were measured.ResultsQasb cultivar has more clusters (8 clusters) than other cultivars. The number of strings in the cluster was more in Qasb (61.16) and Pyarom (60) cultivars than other cultivars. The highest percentage of fruit set (76.73%) was observed in Zahedi cultivar and the highest percentage of fruit drop (53.45) was observed in Qasb cultivar. The highest yield per bunch (5547 g), weight (13.77 g), length (4.27 cm), diameter (2.22 cm) and fruit volume (12.74 cm3) were observed in Medjool cultivar. The cultivars were the same in Seed diameter. Zahedi cultivar had the lowest length (2.1cm) and kernal weight (0.8 g) and parthenocarpy (0.47%). Medjool had the highest Seed weight (1.09 g) and Pyarom (2.61 cm) and Qasb (2.60 cm) cultivars had the highest Seed length. Medjool cultivar had the highest pulp to kernel ratio (11.86), highest percentage of pulp (92.2%) and highest moisture content (18.12%). Zahedi cultivar had the highest total sugar content (77.85), reducing sugar (73.7) and non-reducing sugar (3.15) and total soluble solids content (77.85).DiscussionThe results of this study showed that under the same managerial and climatic conditions, the top cultivars of dates are different in terms of reproductive characteristics. The high percentage of fruit set and the low percentage of fruit loss and parthenocarpy in Zahedi cultivar indicate the high success of cultivation of this cultivar in the region and similar climates. Cultivars also differ greatly in physicochemical properties of the fruit. In suitable managerial and climatic conditions at the time of pollination, Medjool cultivar with high yield and superior characteristics of fruit in terms of weight, length, diameter and volume of fruit for cultivation with the aim of export seems appropriate. Qasb and Pyarom cultivars with suitable appearance characteristics and lower sugar content are welcomed by some consumers. It is better for gardeners to cultivate and develop cultivars based on market demand in each region and export goals.

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Research Paper B: Breeding

Evaluation of genetic variability of agro-morphological traits in Iranian peppers population (Capsicum annuum L.)

Mohsen Salehian; Mahmoud Rezazadeh Bari; Mitra Jabari; Marjan Jannatdoust

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 June 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.37868.1988

Abstract

AbstractIntroduction: The study of genetic diversity is an important step in planning crop breeding programs. According to researchers, diversity of the population under selection ensures the desired results in breeding programs. In this regard, using the capacity of local populations to create new cultivars ... Read More AbstractIntroduction: The study of genetic diversity is an important step in planning crop breeding programs. According to researchers, diversity of the population under selection ensures the desired results in breeding programs. In this regard, using the capacity of local populations to create new cultivars and achieve maximum diversity in breeding programs is very efficient. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the agro-morphological traits of 30 Iranian pepper populations to identify the breeding potential of local populations for the use of breeders to produce hybrid cultivars.Materials and methods: In the present study, the seeds of 30 populations of Iranian peppers from all over the country were collected directly from farmers. Seeds were planted in five replications in pot conditions. The experiment was conducted during 2016-2017 in a completely randomized design (CRD) in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Urmia University, in order to study genetic variability in terms of some agro-morphological traits. In this study, variance analysis (ANOVA) and mean comparison of traits by Duncan's multiple range test, estimation of phenotypic correlation by Pearson method and principal component analysis on correlation coefficient and also hierarchical cluster analysis by Ward method has done and realized. Also, the variance components, heritability (h2), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), and environmental coefficient of variation (ECV) of studied traits were calculated.Results and Discussion: The results showed that there was significant difference among the populations in terms of all studied traits. The highest phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) (88.36) was observed for single fruit weight and also the highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) (83.63) was observed for the same trait (single fruit weight). The pulp weight and fruit yield (0.950) had the highest significant positive correlation coefficient and the single fruit weight and fruit number (-0.558) had the highest significant negative correlation coefficient. According to the results of hierarchical cluster analysis, the studied populations were divided into five clusters based on the studied traits. The Tabriz population in the first cluster and the Gharah Bagh-Urmia population in the fourth cluster were superior in the fruit number trait. In this study based on the results of mean comparisons Bash Ghala (from Urmia), Nakhchivan (from Urmia) and Keshtiban (from Urmia) populations were superior in terms of most of the studied traits.Conclusion: Classified studied pepper populations in different groups indicates the existence of genetic diversity that can be used in breeding programs. Since the classified of populations has been done based on all of the studied traits, and considering that the populations of each group have the least genetic distance, in order to achieve maximum heterosis, the parents of the crosses in breeding programs should be selected from different clusters. Also, Bash Ghala (from Urmia), Nakhchivan (from Urmia) and Keshtiban (from Urmia) populations were in the same cluster had higher fruit yield than other studied populations. Therefore, these populations can be used as one of the top parents in the intersection with other populations to create desirable genetic compounds.

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Research Paper A: Agronomy

The effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria producing ACC-deaminase, IAA, siderophore and phosphate solubilization on growth indices, chlorophyll, proline and protein in alfalfa at different levels of salinity

Seyed Hassan Tafaroji; Seyed Ali Abtahi; mojtaba jafarinia; mehdi ebadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 June 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.40265.2018

Abstract

Agriculture practices involve the extensive utilization of chemical fertilizers that lead to several impacts, namely groundwater pollution, eutrophication, and production of greenhouse gases. These ultimately lead to environmental pollution and pose several health risks. Plant growth-promoting bacteria ... Read More Agriculture practices involve the extensive utilization of chemical fertilizers that lead to several impacts, namely groundwater pollution, eutrophication, and production of greenhouse gases. These ultimately lead to environmental pollution and pose several health risks. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) are a large group of bacteria that can directly or indirectly improve the quantity and quality of plant growth. They also increase plant growth through various mechanisms such as biological fixation of nitrogen, biosynthesis of phytohormones, solubilization of mineral nutrients and increase of host plant resistance to stressors. Additionally, several reports indicate the application of ACC-deaminase-producing PGPR in facilitating plant growth and inducing tolerance in various abiotic stresses, namely (1) salt stress, (2) drought stress, (3) heat stress, (4) chilling stress, etc. In this regard, a total of 45 samples of calcareous soil were collected from the rhizosphere of different plants. 181 isolates were isolated. In the initial screening, some of them were characterized by phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and indole acetic acid (IAA) production. In the secondary screening, superior isolates were selected in these three growth stimulant traits and SF1038 isolate in phosphorus solubilization, SF1092 isolate in siderophore production and SF1050 isolate in IAA production were selected as superior isolates. In the ACC-deaminase production test, all three superior isolates were able to produce this enzyme. Molecular identification of isolates was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique and isolates SF1038, SF1050 and SF1092 belonged to Bacillus Cereus, Pseudomonas Syringae and Pseudomonas Alcaliphila, respectively, which were registered in the NCBI database. In greenhouse experiments, Pseudomonas Alcaliphila inoculation showed the best performance shoot length, shoot dry weight, chlorophyll content, alfalfa (medicago sativa L.) crude protein production and lowest proline production under salinity stress, while Inoculation of Pseudomonas Syringae yielded better root length and root dry weight. Although inoculation of Bacillus cereus increased growth indices and biochemical parameters compared to the control, but it had poorer performance than the other two superior isolates. Inoculation with Pseudomonas Alcaliphila recorded a total chlorophyll content of 10.23 mg / g, which was 13 % higher than the control at 2 dS m-1 salinity. Regarding proline production, the control treatment at 7 dS m-1 salinity with an average of 1.177 μmol / g was the highest, and the treatment inoculated with Pseudomonas Alcaliphila at 2 dS m-1 salinity with a production of 0.173 μmol / g produced the lowest proline Is. Also, crude protein production in treatments inoculated with Pseudomonas Alcaliphila and Pseudomonas Syringae at 2 dS m-1 salinity with 13.94 and 13.87 mg / g, respectively, had the best performance and there was no significant difference at the level of 5%. In all bacterial treatments, with increasing salinity from 2 to 7 dS m-1, there was a significant decrease in all growth indices, but inoculation with PGPR bacteria increased growth indices and biochemical parameters more than the control in salinity conditions. Thus, it can be concluded that Pseudomonas Alcaliphila strain can be used for bio-inoculation or biofertilizer in calcareous soils under salinity stress to provide better productivity and ecological dynamics.

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Research Paper B: Breeding

Evaluation of phenotypic diversity of cumulative growing degree-days (GDD) and grain yield in spring wheat cultivars under optimal and zinc deficiency conditions

Nasrin Valipour; Hadi Alipour; Reza Darvishzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 June 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39617.2003

Abstract

IntroductionBread wheat is the first grain and the most important annual crop in the world. Like other crops, wheat faces many environmental constraints such as a lack of trace elements during its growth period. Zinc deficiency is a common micronutrient disorder in wheat-growing areas of the world. The ... Read More IntroductionBread wheat is the first grain and the most important annual crop in the world. Like other crops, wheat faces many environmental constraints such as a lack of trace elements during its growth period. Zinc deficiency is a common micronutrient disorder in wheat-growing areas of the world. The growing degree-days (GDD) index is reliable compared to the time calendar due to its stability. These indices are important for comparing genotypes whose physiological developmental stages do not match. Temperature is an important meteorological variable in the study of plant growth and development processes and therefore its study on short time scales leads to a more accurate estimate of thermal need due to the relatively wide range of temperature changes in different phenological stages, setting the planting date. Studying the effect of temperature on wheat genotypes should be based on sufficient time and temperature to complete the phenological stages in which grain yield components are formed.Materials and MethodsTo study the phenological stages, cumulative growing degree-days, and grain yield and its components in 64 spring wheat cultivars under optimal and zinc deficiency conditions, a study was conducted in the 2019-2020 cropping season based on a simple lattice design in the research field of Urmia University, Iran. Phenological stages include the number of days to germination, the number of days to booting, the number of days to pollination, the number of days to physiological maturity, and the grain filling period with their GDDs during the growing season in each pot based on 50% of the samples were determined to have reached the relevant vegetative stage. In addition to phenological stages along with the number of grains per spike, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield were examined.Results and DiscussionAnalysis of variance revealed that there is a statistically significant difference among all cultivars in terms of all studied traits except the number of days to pollination under optimal and zinc deficiency conditions. According to descriptive statistics, grain yield, the number of grains per spike, and thousand-grain weight decreased and phenological traits increased under zinc deficiency conditions compared to optimal conditions. Among phenological traits, not only the number of days to spike show relatively high variability but also had a significant relationship with grain yield under zinc deficiency based on the results of correlation and regression analyses. The factor analysis showed that under optimal conditions, the first four components explained 87.81 percent of the total variation, so that the contribution of the first to fourth components were 38.38, 21.52, 15.88, and 12.3 percent. Under zinc deficiency stress conditions, the first five components explained 95.68 percent of the total variation, so that the first to fifth components explained 34.62, 18.48, 17.51, 14.66, and 10.40 percent, respectively. Cluster analysis classified all spring wheat cultivars into three and four clusters under optimal and zinc deficiency stress conditions. Based on the results of cluster analysis under optimal and zinc deficiency stress conditions, Neishabour, Golestan, and Gahar cultivars were identified as desirable and tolerant cultivars that can be used in future breeding programs. The results of cluster analysis were confirmed by results of canonical discriminant function results.ConclusionThe breeding process of wheat in recent years has been in order to increase the yield and the grain filling period and shorten their phenological stages. The results indicate that cultivars with different growth habits showed a statistically significant difference in terms of most phenological traits. The results of correlation and regression showed that GDD does not necessarily lead to increased performance. However, in conditions of deficiency stress, cultivars with a longer booting period showed higher yield. Therefore, direct or indirect selection of cultivars can be done to increase the length of the booting period along with increasing the yield.

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Research Paper H: Horticulture

Effect of Piriformospora indica inoculation on biological activity of Stevia rebaudiana regenerated plantls treated with selenium nanoparticles

Roya Karamian; Masoumeh Ahmadi Khoei; Asghar Mirzaei Asl

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 July 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.38237.1990

Abstract

Effect of Priformospora indica inoculation on biological activity of Stevia rebaudiana regenerated plants treated with selenium nanoparticles Introduction Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a herbaceous plant from the family Asteraceae and used as a valuable sweetener in food industry and as anti-inflammatory, ... Read More Effect of Priformospora indica inoculation on biological activity of Stevia rebaudiana regenerated plants treated with selenium nanoparticles Introduction Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a herbaceous plant from the family Asteraceae and used as a valuable sweetener in food industry and as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, anti-fungal, and antibacterial agent in medicine and pharmacology. The members of the order Sebacinales of Basidiomycetes form symbiotic associations with the majority of terrestrial plants. Among Sebacinales, Piriformospora indica is a unique and an interesting fungus capable of colonizing roots of many plant species and thus establishing symbiotic relationships. P. indica is an endophytic fungus, which is mainly used to improve plant growth and the amount of secondary metabolites. Selenium (Se) as an micronutrient increases the antioxidant properties and plant growth and its nano form (SeNPs) is considered as a synthetic antioxidant. To evaluate the effect of Piriformospora indica inoculation and selenium nanoparticles foliar application at two concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/l on biological activities of the methanolic extract of the regenerated S. rebaudiana plants, an experiment was conducted in 2020 in Plant Physiology Research Laboratory of the Bu-Ali Sina University of Hamadan in a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with three replications. Materials and Methods To investigate the effects of endophytic fungus P. indica and SeNPs application, in vitro regenerated Stevia plantlets were inoculated with P. indica and foliar sprayed with SeNPs at two concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/l. Plant samples were harvested at vegetative and initial flowering stages and used for further analyses. After measuring the growth parameters, total phenol content and antioxidant activity were evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH radical scavenging assays, respectively. In addition, antibacterial activity of the plant methanolic extracts was studied by disc diffusion method. Results and Discussion Inoculation of P. indica and application of SeNPs together resulted in plant growth improvement and also increase in total phenol content and antioxidant activity of the Stevia plants especially at vegetative stage. In addition, the studied extracts represented good antibacterial activity against two gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis and Staphylococcus aureus, and one gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli. The highest antioxidant and antibacterial activities were observed in the Stevia plants inoculated with P. indica and also treated with SeNPs. Conclusion Regarded to the results of the present study, P. indica inoculation and SeNPs application could result to the benefits in Stevia plants. Hence, it can be concluded that the biotic and non-biotic elicitors of P. indica and SeNPs can improve the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the Stevia plants by increasing the amount of total phenolic compounds. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant property, Endophyte, Phenolic compounds, Selenium, Stevia Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant property, Endophyte, Phenolic compounds, Selenium, Stevia Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant property, Endophyte, Phenolic compounds, Selenium, Stevia Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant property, Endophyte, Phenolic compounds, Selenium, Stevia Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant property, Endophyte, Phenolic compounds, Selenium, Stevia Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant property, Endophyte, Phenolic compounds, Selenium, Stevia Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant property, Endophyte, Phenolic compounds, Selenium, Stevia Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant property, Endophyte, Phenolic compounds, Selenium, Stevia Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Antioxidant property, Endophyte, Phenolic compounds, Selenium, Stevia

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Research Paper H: Horticulture

The effect of free and controlled pollination on fruit and pistachio seed characteristics of Ahmad Aghaei cultivar

Mohammad Mehdi ُSHARIFANI; hassan farhadi; hossein hokmabadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 July 2022

http://dx.doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.34075.1927

Abstract

Background and Objectives Iran, as the largest producer and exporter of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), is among the major pistachio producing countries in the world including USA, Turkey, Italy and Greece. Due to the altered nature of the pistachio, the high yield of the pistachio is due to the fact that ... Read More Background and Objectives Iran, as the largest producer and exporter of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), is among the major pistachio producing countries in the world including USA, Turkey, Italy and Greece. Due to the altered nature of the pistachio, the high yield of the pistachio is due to the fact that the environment is quite suitable and fertility of the female flowers is high. As the edible and consumable part of this fruit is its brain, it is essential for brain formation, pollination and intercourse. Therefore, it is more important for fruit formation, pollination and blending than many fruits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of artificial parent pollination of integerrima species on seed properties obtained by crossing with Ahmad aghaei and also to compare the effects of integerrima pollen with domestic pistachio pollen on the quantity and quality of pistachio fruit and seed. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely block design with three replications in one of the Astan Qods Razavi pistachio orchards in Bardsaskan-Anabed city, 297 km from Mashhad during 2016-2017. Experimental treatments included two pollinator methods (spray and brush) and five flour-pollen combinations (Table 1). Each replicate had one tree and five branches were selected from each tree with at least three to four flower buds. Four of them were controlled for pollination and one branch was considered for negative control. The branches were insulated by two-layer bags. The fruits were harvested in late summer and some quantitative and qualitative traits were measured. Results The results of statistical analysis showed that the use of vera free pollen had a significant positive effect on most of the traits compared to other integerrima pollen treatments. On the other hand, integerrima pollen showed better results in IF4 treatment (0.50 g of integerrima pollen + 0.25 g flour) than control and other treatments. Also, the highest reduction of traits was observed in IF1 treatment (2 g of integerrima pollen + 0.25 g of flour) compared to other treatments in most of the traits. On the other hand, spraying method showed more favorable effects on most of the traits than brush pollinator method. Based on the results of this study, it seems that using spray pollinator and pollen of integerrima can reduce some traits such as Indehiscent nut in pistachio orchards. Discussion In general, the results showed that supplemental pollination using spray-spraying method in flour-pollen mixtures can be commercially available to increase fruit formation, and reduce osteoporosis to some extent. However, little research is needed on the role of different pollen grains on the quantitative and qualitative traits of the resulting fruits.

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