Plant Productions

Research Paper

Impact of intensive, sustainable and organic agriculture systems of grain yield and energy use efficiency in sesame, mung bean and corn crops

aram gorooei; amir aynehband; afraseyab rahnama

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2020

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32356.1871

Abstract

Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the ... Read More Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the patterns of energy consumption on agriculture will necessary. In addition, study of energy trend in environmental impact of agriculture activity (Baran and Gokdogan, 2017; Ozkan et al, 2004). Materials and methods: This study was conducted at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during the summer of 2018. Statistic design was split-plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main factor was agriculture production systems including: 1- intensive (all inputs including fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide were chemical). 2- Sustainable (management of this system farming was the combination of both the organic and intensive systems) 3- organic (In this system farming, all inputs were organic and biological, and haven't used chemical fertilizers and poisons, control of weeds were mechanical). the sup-plot was three crops including corn (cereal), mung bean (legume) and sesame (oil seed). In this research, all input and output energy equivalent was measured, also, energy efficiency indices were calculated. Results: Results showed that grain yield of all three crops including corn, mung bean and sesame was the highest in conventional and the lowest in organic system. lowest (1.18) and highest (3.69) energy efficiency was belonged to intensive sesame and organic corn, respectively. We have found that Highest (34396.34 MJha-1) and lowest (8247 MJ ha-1) input belonged to intensive corn and organic mung bean, respectively. Energy intensive corn had the Highest (59649) net energy index but this index in sesame was the highest level (7032) at organic production systems. On the other hand, organic corn yield was reduced almost 30 percent in compared with intensive corn yield. But in return, input energy organic corn than intensive corn was reduced almost 50 percent. In other words, in the production of organic corn, reducing input energy (denominator) was much more effective in determining energy efficiency than reducing output energy (numerator). This subject has made the production of organic corn has the most energy efficiency. Therefore, in organic corn reducing inputs has been more effective that output in determining energy efficiency index. The comparison of means was performed using SAS software with Duncan’s method. Conclusion: For agricultural evaluation of both different crop production systems and crops we should be consideration set of agro ecological indices according to both production history (energy use efficiency, net energy, energy productivity and special energy) and agronomic culture (human productivity, agrochemical energy and co2 emissions) in each agriculture region. Also, we must consider the combine of optimum level of both crop yield and energy status.

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Research Paper

The Effect of Heat Treatment and UV-C Radiation on Biochemical Compounds, Enzymatic Activity and Decay Rate of Thomson Novell orange fruit

Shohreh Zivdar; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Hossein Fereydoni; Hojjatollah Rabbani Nasab; Mohammad Hossein Razzaghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2022

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39210.2002

Abstract

IntroductionCitrus is one of the most important horticultural products that is mainly produced in the subtropical regions of the world. Citrus fruits are susceptible to a number of ... Read More IntroductionCitrus is one of the most important horticultural products that is mainly produced in the subtropical regions of the world. Citrus fruits are susceptible to a number of fungal diseases that cause significant losses in the citrus industry in the post harvest stage. Worldwide, diseases have been primarily controlled for many years by the application of conventional fungicides. However, human health risks and environmental contamination associated with chemical residues and the proliferation of resistant strains of the pathogens are major problems associated with the continuous and widespread use of conventional post harvest fungicides. Heat and UV radiation treatments are the most common physical means used to control post harvest diseases of fresh fruits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of UV-C radiation and Hot Air Flow (HAF) treatment on decay control and some biochemical properties in Thomson navel oranges at cold storage. Materials and MethodsIn this experiment, the effects of heat treatments (37 °C for 24 hours), UV radiation (7.92 kJ / m2) and combination treatment (HAF*UV) on the storage life of Thomson oranges were investigated. The statistical model of factorial experiment was in the form of a completely randomized design in which two factors of storage time and treatments were considered. After treatment, the fruits were stored at 5 ° C for 90 days during the storage period, the percentage of decay, fruit weight loss, and some biochemical properties and enzymatic activity were investigated. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS software and the mean data were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at a five percent probability level using MSTATC software.Results and discussion:In this study, the effect of UV-C radiation and hot air flow on the rate of decay, weight loss, biochemical characteristics and activity of a number of enzymes involved in the oxidation of Thomson Novel orange fruit was investigated.Treatments included control (no application of any treatment) radiation (UV-C radiation with an intensity of 7. 98 KJ m2), hot air (hot air 37 °C for 24 hours) and combination (UV-C + hot air) which in The four storage times of zero, 30, 60 and 90 days were examined in factorial format based on a completely randomized design. The results showed that radiation and heat treatment effectively reduced fruit rot . the lowest and highest percentage of cumulative rot was observed in the combined treatment with an average of 3.8% and the control treatment with an average of 12.7%, respectively.The control treatment and the combined treatment with the average of 5.68 and 2.94, respectively, had the highest and lowest fruit weight loss. During fruit storage, TSS, TA, TSS/TA and pH increased and TA decreased The amount of ascorbic acid in fruits treated with hot air flow with an average of 35.54 mg per 100 g of fresh material was higher than the control treatment with an average of 30.67 mg per 100 g of fresh material. Antioxidant activity increased at the beginning of the period, however, the treatments did not have a significant effect on inhibiting DPPH radical activity in fruit flesh The amount of total phenol, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity in fruit flesh under the influence of heat treatment, initially increased with the period, which the enzyme activity decreased with increasing storage time. According to the evaluated traits, heat and combination treatment succeeded in reducing the rate of rot and increasing the biochemical properties of the fruit during storage, so it can be considered as a suitable practical option.

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Research Paper - Olericulture

Improving growth, yield and quality characteristics of greenhouse tomato by using high density fish pond water

Amin Baji; Edris Shabani; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Mohamad Albaji

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43551.2098

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionIran ranks 11th in the world in tomato production, with more than 3 million tons produced. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will ... Read More AbstractIntroductionIran ranks 11th in the world in tomato production, with more than 3 million tons produced. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will be one of the challenges of the near future in the agricultural sector due to the drought problem in Iran. Reuse of fish waste in agriculture is one of the important dimensions of water resources planning. Recycling drainage water from aquaculture farms is one of the necessities because it is rich in substances that can be useful in agriculture. World population and food security is one of the most difficult challenges that most of the countries are facing, because the world population is increasing rapidly and will reach 9.6 billion people by 2050. In this situation, the food supply should increase by 70 to 100%. Considering these challenges, it is necessary to conduct applied research to make maximum use of effluents and wastewaters in the production of greenhouse products.Materials and methodsThe treatments of this experiment included 3 types of nutrient solutions (Resh nutrient solution, fish pond water and modified fish pond water) and 3 promising greenhouse tomato lines (AZ4, AZ5 and V4). The experimental design was factorial arranged in complete block design with 3 replications. At the end of the experiment, the plants were removed from the pot and the roots, leaves and stems were separated from each other. Their fresh and dry weight and the number of leaves were recorded separately for each treatment. To check yield indicators, ripe tomato fruits were harvested during the growth period, counted and weighed with a scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g. The firmness of the fruit tissue was measured by a firmness meter, and the pH and EC of the fruit extract were measured by a pH meter and an EC meter, respectively. The measurement of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll was done using a spectrophotometer in mature leaves developed according to the method suggested by Arnon (1967).Result and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that V4 and AZ4 cultivars had the highest stem and leaf weight compared to AZ5 cultivar. Also, the results showed that the Resh solution and modified pond water had the highest root dry weight (58 and 56 g, respectively) compared to the fish pond water treatment (47 g). The findings of this study showed that the use of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water compared to the treatment of fish pool water increased the number of leaves of tomato plants by 23.88% and 18.69%, respectively. It seems that irrigation with modified pool water and Resh solution increases the growth and development of the plant due to the increase in the level of nutrients. The highest amount of total chlorophyll was observed in the Resh solution and modified pool water with concentrations of 2.3 and 2.2 mg/g, respectively. The results of Silva et al (2021) showed that in irrigation with fish waste, greater availability of magnesium in plant tissue increases the content of chlorophyll b in leaves and increases plant chloroplast pigments. The highest total yield was observed in cultivar V4 and in the treatments of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water. The results showed that modified pool water had the highest EC of tomato extract (1.9 dS/m). Also, the results of the interaction effect of cultivar and nutrient solution showed that the highest fruit firmness was observed in Resh solution and fish pond water in V4 cultivar. Also, the lowest fruit firmness was observed fish pond water in AZ5 cultivar. It seems that, in the present study, the reduction of calcium absorption in fish pond water caused the reduction of firmness of tomato fruit (Kaab omeir et al., 2020).ConclusionIt seems that according to the above results, it is possible to use pool water with a high density of fish after modification and changes in the amounts of its nutrients in greenhouse tomato cultivation. Among the tested cultivars, the promising line V4 can be recommended for cultivation in the greenhouse for the use of modified fish pond water.

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Research Paper - Pomology

Investigating the effects of post-harvest application of nanocellulose/carvacrol composite coating on the physico-chemical characteristics of Physalis fruit with calyx

Leila Fereidoni; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Hassan mumivand; Mohamadrez Raji

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42926.2078

Abstract

IntroductionPhysalis (Physalis peruviana L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and Its fruit is berry, round and orange in color. This fruit is climacteric and after reaching physiological ... Read More IntroductionPhysalis (Physalis peruviana L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and Its fruit is berry, round and orange in color. This fruit is climacteric and after reaching physiological maturity, it can be harvested as a mature green. Since small fruits are consumed fresh and also because of their sensitivity to spoilage pathogens, physiological disorders. On the other hand, food safety is one of the important issues related to fresh fruits and vegetables. Most of the natural compounds are degradable and can be a safe compound for human health and the environment and an alternative to synthetic compounds. Research has shown that the incorporation of bioactive compounds such as essential oils, plant extracts and nanocomposite increases the active effect as a packaging for fruit and reduces the rate of fruit deterioration.Materials and MethodsThis research was done in the laboratory of Lorestan university (Khorramabad, 33° 26 ´N latitude and 48 °15´E longitude and at an altitude of 1148 meters above sea level). In this study, physalis fruits from Khorramabad research greenhouse, nanocellulose gel extracted from Bergan conifer pulp from Nano Novin Polymer Company, pure carvacrol by GC/MS analysis from Khorrman Pharmaceutical Company and the combination of nanocellulose with carvacrol, in The laboratory was prepared. The experiment was conducted as a factorial with two factors in the form of a complete random design with 4 replications. The first factor is the type of material in specific concentrations at nine levels (Control, Car 0.3%, Car 0.6%, CNF 0.5%, CNF 1.5%, Car 0.3+CNF 0.5%, Car 0.6+CNF 0.5%, Car 0.3+CNF 1.5%, Car 0.6+CNF 1.5% and the second factor of storage time at four levels (0, 45, 90 and 135 days). First, physalis fruits were washed with distilled water, and then the excess leaves and damaged fruits were separated. The fruits were placed in the desired suspension for 2-3 minutes. After applying the treatment, the fruits were placed in a refrigerator with a temperature of 4 degrees and a relative humidity of 90%.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the treated fruits with nanocellulose and carvacrol showed less weight loss and had higher tissue firmness. Examining the biochemical characteristics also showed the positive effect of the treatments on the desired parameters, so that the most TA and vitamin C and the least amount of acidity were obtained in the nanocellulose and nanocellulose/carvacrol combination treatments. Also, the treatments used reduced the TSS and the fruit TSS/TA, and the combined treatments had the lowest values. By creating a layer on the surface of the fruit, nanocellulose coating prevents water evaporation and reduces metabolic and respiration processes. The amount of fruit softening is directly related to the amount of decomposition of pectin compounds through the enzyme activity of methylesterase and polygalactronase during ripening. The used coatings form a thin layer on the surface of the fruit, which can reduce gas exchange and the rate of respiration. Nanocellulose/carvacrol composite coatings lead to an increase in the activity of cytochrome oxidase by reducing internal oxygen and this enzyme increases the rate of ascorbic acid decomposition. ConclusionIn general, the results of the research showed that the investigated characteristics of physalis fruit were influenced by the treatments used. As treated samples, weight loss was less, acidity, soluble solids and taste index were lower, tissue firmness, titratable acids and vitamin C were higher. According to the general results, it can be stated that the application of nanocellulose/carvacrol composite treatments, especially the Car 0.6+CNF 1.5% treatment, showed more favorable results than the application of each one alone in most features.

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Research Paper - Tissue Culture

Production of triploid plants of Mooseer (Allium. hirtifolium) through endosperm culture

amin jahanian; alireza motallebiazar; jaber panahandeh; Mohamad reza Dadpour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43507.2096

Abstract

Introduction:The endosperm (3n) is the food source for the embryo, which has received two polar nuclei from the maternal parent 2n and one sperm cell from the paternal parent 1n. Traditionally, ... Read More Introduction:The endosperm (3n) is the food source for the embryo, which has received two polar nuclei from the maternal parent 2n and one sperm cell from the paternal parent 1n. Traditionally, triploid plants are created by crossing between tetraploid plants and diploid plants. To carry out this method, it is necessary to create tetraploid lines, and it is possible to double the chromosomes of diploid species by using substances that inhibit the formation of the division spindle. The advantage of endosperm culture over the traditional method is that the production of triploid plants in endosperm culture is done in a single step, and the time required to generate a triploid plant is less than in the traditional method. Increasing the level of ploidy of the nucleus can affect the plant's physiological and biochemical processes as well as altering the rate of photosynthesis, respiration, activity of genes, enzymes, and expression of isoenzymes compared with diploid types. They will have a new phenotype and can surpass the range of traits of their diploid ancestors such as increasing biomass and changing the quality and concentration of plant active ingredients, increasing resistance to drought stress, and resistance to pests. Therefore, the chance of their selection will increase.Materials and methods:Immature seeds were collected in late May, about 35 to 45 days after pollination, and mature seeds were harvested after fully ripening approximately in late July, and disinfection using a stereomicroscope with 60 times magnification under a laminar hood. The endosperm tissue was separated from the seed coat and embryo. In this study, mature and immature endosperm tissues of the Mooseer plant were cultured onto hormonal compounds for callus induction in dark conditions for three months. In further experiments, the effects of sucrose were investigated at two levels of 30 and 50 gl-1 and the combination of BAP and NAA treatments on Mooseer production. The flow cytometry method and chromosome counting were used to determine the ploidy levels of regenerated plants.Results:In this study, the treatment of 1 mg L-1 of NAA and 1 mg L-1 of BAP indicated the highest percentage of callus formation in both mature and immature tissues of Mooseer endosperm. Seedlings produced in the treatment of 0.5 mg L-1 of NAA and 3 mg L-1 of BAP in culture medium with 50 g of sucrose caused the production of bulblet with greater length and diameter. The present study identified the cytogenetic properties, chromosome counts, and stomatal sizes of triploid plants regenerated from both mature and immature endosperm tissue of Mooseer, using flow cytometry. A total of 12 triploid seedlings were obtained from mature tissue, while 8 seedlings were obtained from immature tissue.Conclusion:Traditionally, triploids are produced by hybridization between induced superior tetraploids anddiploids, but endosperm culture is a one-step protocol. In this study, according to the sexual and asexual propagation (propagation through daughter bulbs) of Mooseer, the modification and production of the triploid plants in Mooseer allow the propagation of this plant through daughter bulbs. Generally, triploid plants were successfully produced through the endosperm culture method.

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Research Paper

The effect of manure and humic acid fertilizer on ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) under salinity stress

Mahboobeh Sardar; Mohammad Ali Behdani; Seyd vahid Eslami; Gholam Reza Zamani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42864.2075

Abstract

Introduction: Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, ... Read More Introduction: Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, it threatens cotton production in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, it is possible to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress through application of organic fertilizers (manure and humic acid). In addition, Organic inputs can guarantee both agricultural production and nature conservation. The current approach is to employ the organic compounds like manure and humic acid (that are cost-effective and eco-friendly) as an appropriate substitute for chemical fertilizers. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out to assess the effect of manure and humic acid application on some elements accumulation and ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) (cotton leaves) under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in the 2019-2020 cropping year in Beshravieh city in South Khorasan. The main plot included different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m-1) and sub-plots consisted of a factorial combination of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/ 100 kg of seeds as priming). In order to measure the concentration of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) elements, it was done using a film photometer and chlorine concentration based on the method provided by Johnson and Ulrich (1995). In order to assess the cotton yield, the yield of two consecutive harvests were added together and was considered as the seed cotton yield of each experimental unit. Results and Discussion: The results of the present study illustrated that the salinity stress increased the concentration of Na+, and Cl- on cotton leaves and consequently decreased K+ concentration. The increase of salinity stress from 2.5 to 5.5 and 8.5 dS/m caused a significant concentration in yield. Manure application treatment increased Na+ (13.45%), K+ (2.67%), Cl- (18.30%) concentration in the plant leaves and seed cotton yield (13/90 %) compared to the no use of manure. Humic acid application treatment decreased Na+ (3.08%), Cl- (9.78%) concentration and increased K+ concentration (4.17%) and cotton yield (9/15 %) and improved the growth conditions compared to the treatment of no use of humic acid. The application of manure (before planting) and humic acid (as priming treatment) increased the seed cotton yield by improving the accumulation of beneficial elements in the leaves under salinity stress conditions. Conclusion: Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the application of manure and humic acid (priming) moderated the negative effects of salinity stress on plant yield. In addition, manure and humic acid can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and salinity stress in hot and dry climates. Therefore, manure and humic acid (organic fertilizers) are recommended to be applied under (environmental stresses) salinity stress conditions to mitigate the effects of salt stress and obtain a greater higher yield.

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Volume & Issue: Articles in Press

Impact of intensive, sustainable and organic agriculture systems of grain yield and energy use efficiency in sesame, mung bean and corn crops

Abstract

The Effect of Heat Treatment and UV-C Radiation on Biochemical Compounds, Enzymatic Activity and Decay Rate of Thomson Novell orange fruit

Abstract

Improving growth, yield and quality characteristics of greenhouse tomato by using high density fish pond water

Abstract

Investigating the effects of post-harvest application of nanocellulose/carvacrol composite coating on the physico-chemical characteristics of Physalis fruit with calyx

Abstract

Production of triploid plants of Mooseer (Allium. hirtifolium) through endosperm culture

Abstract

The effect of manure and humic acid fertilizer on ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) under salinity stress

Abstract