ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Thermal Shock, Burial Depth and Seed Position on Germination of eeds of Heteromorphism Hedge Parsley (Torilis arvenis)
Abstract Background and Objectives Weeds are one of the most important factors that affect and reduce the yield of crops. Hedge parsley produces two shapes of seeds, fluffy and non-fluffy, of their germination behavior little information is available. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seed position, burial depth, thermal shock and seed polymorphism on germination percentage of hedge parsley. Materials and Methods The experiments were conducted based on factorial experiment in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications at campus of agriculture and natural resources during years 2016-2017. In the first experiment, the factors included seed position (high, middle and low plants), temperature (20 and 25 C°) and seed shape (fluffy and non-fluffy). In the second experiment, the factors were thermal shock (100, 150 and 200 C°), burial depth (0, 2 and 4 cm) and seed shape (fluffy and non-fluffy). Results In the first experiment, with increasing temperature from 20 to 25 C° germination percentage decreased and at 20 C° the highest germination percentage (73.33%) was observed. Seed shape also affected seed germination percentages. In the second experiment, the burial depth had a positive effect on seed germination and with increasing burial depth, seed germination percentage increased. Interaction of thermal shock and burial depth showed that increasing burial depth and temperature increased the percentage of germination (57.14%). In both shapes of seeds, germination percentage increased with increasing burial depth and the highest germination percentage was observed in the maximum burial depth (4 cm). Discussion The results of this study showed that this weed is capable of germination in a wide range of environmental conditions. Germination percentage of hedge parsley increased with increasing burial depth. The optimum temperature for seed germination of hedge parsley is 20 C°. Seed shape was affected on seed germination percentage of hedge parsley.
https://plantproduction.scu.ac.ir/article_14958_43adc4bbf5b5ac77a9aad319ccb48fb7.pdf
2020-05-21
1
12
10.22055/ppd.2019.26379.1621
Apiaceae
Germination percentage
Seed Shape
Temperature and weed
Rezvan
Payamani
rezvanpa@gmail.com
1
M.Sc. Student of Agroecology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
Iraj
Nosratti
iraj.nosratti@razi.ac.ir
2
Associate Professor. Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Science and Agriculture Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Masoomeh
Amerian
masoomehamerian@yahoo.com
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Science and Agriculture Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
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© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
55
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating the Expression of Pinene Synthase and Linalool Genes in Response to Gibberellic Acid in Yarrow (Achillea millelium L.) Plant
Abstract Background and Objectives Currently, there is an immense attention towared medicinal plant and secondary motabiltes. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) is a medicinal plant which consists of two important compounds; including penene and linalool. Since these two compounds have the importance values, the researchers significantly focused on them. The rate of transcript expression of penene synthesis and Linalol synthesis induced at the end of 2-c-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway that caused to produce Penene and Linalol. In order to evaluate the synthesis of Penene and Linalol, a research study was carried to exame the exogenous treatment (zero, 25 and 50 mg/l) of gibberellic acid (GA3) at different times (24, 48 and 74 hr.) on Yarrow at the greenhouse on 1395-1397. The results of R-PCR indicated that significant rate of the transcript expression was related to the Penene synthesis at 25 mg concentration of GA3 at the 48 hr after treatment. In the most samples as the rate of the Penene synthesis increased the rate of Linalol synthesis decreased. The evidences suggested that the exogenous treatment of GA3 induced a transduction signal in the plant. In which at the end, the plant molecular process respond to it and showed in overall that evaluation of GA3 implemented different encoding gene expression for theses compounds, and illustrated that when the Penene synthesis inceased in the treated plant the Linalol synthesis dcreased simontenously. Materials and Methods A greenhouse pot trial was conducted at the Experimental Research Station of College of Agriculture at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The plants used in this study were provided from the National Center for Genetic and Biological Resources of Iran, with access code P1000093. Two months after seed germination, the desired amounts of gibberellic acid were prepared with distilled water (25 mg/l and 50 mg/l), and then each potted plant was sprayed uniformly with 10cc of prepared solution. Sampling was carried out by collecting the leaves of treated plants at 24, 48 and 72 hours after the treatment. The phenol-chloroform method (Wang and Ghabrial, 2002) was conducted with some modifications to extract RNA of collected leaves at the two biological replications. Quantity and quality of extracted RNAs were measured using Nanodrop and electrophoresis of %1 agarose gel. Synthesis of cDNA was performed using the Takara cDNA synthetase kit according to its manufacturer's instructions. Partial sequences of pinene synthase and linalool synthase genes were obtained in an early experiment in our laboratory (data is not published). The coding sequence of the target genes in other plants within the same family aligned with our obtained sequences to identify conserved segments for each gene using CLUSTAL W program. The standard housekeeping actin for yarrow with accession number JX679606.1, which is available in the public GenBank database, used to normalize the expression of the genes of interest. The primers of all genes (pinene synthase, linalool synthase and actin) were designed from the conserved sequences by PrimerQuest Tool, and then verified with oligoanalyzer v.3.1. Relative expressions of target genes were determined using real-time PCR with SYBR green fluorescence detection. Relative differences in target gene expression were calculated using REST software. Results The acquired result of real-time PCR revealed that in pinene synthase gene, the highest amount of transcription occurred at 48 hours after the treatment with the concentration of 25 mg of gibberellic acid and, interestingly, the lowest expression of the transcript for linalool synthase gene observed at the same level of concentration and time. In most of the samples, with the increase in pinene synthase transcriptase, the amount of linalool synthase transcript decreased. Discussion Taking into account the fact that both pinene and linalool are synthesized from the common substrate geranyl diphosphate. Therefore, an increase in the expression one leads to reduction in the transcript expression of the other one in the same pathway. Our results also confirmed that the transcription level of pinene synthase gene has been increasingly altered in response to the applied concentrations of exogenous gibberellic acid, resulting in a reduction in the expression of linalool synthase gene. Evidence suggests that the application of gibberellic acid triggers a cascade of molecular events which ultimately constitutes the plant response to the elicitor.
https://plantproduction.scu.ac.ir/article_14963_07aa587e0361845c4f1e32612a91bd63.pdf
2020-05-21
13
24
10.22055/ppd.2019.27042.1652
Coding genes
Real time-PCR
Time
Transcript rate
Omid
Poorraskari
1
M.Sc. Student of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Daryoosh
Nabati Ahmadi
dnabati@scu.ac.ir
2
Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Khosro
Mehdikhanlou
k.mehdikhanlou@gmail.com
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Leila
Nejhadsadeghi
l.nejadsadeghi@scu.ac.ir
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
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© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of in vitro Callus Induction and Somatic Embryogenesis of Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) Supplemented with 2,4-D and IAA
Abstract Background and Objectives Horseradish has a male sterility that produces a small amount of seed with a low germination. It then propagates with root cuttings, which is also subject to a limited number of mother rootstocks. Therefore, the mass proliferation of this plant is important through tissue culture, especially somatic embryogenesis protocols. Somatic embryogenesis is a method to develop embryo via plant somatic cells during in vitro culture. The purpose of the present experiment is to find the best method for callus and somatic embryogenesis inducing horseradish, which is carried out in two B5 and NL media in both solid and liquid phases. Materials and Methods This research was carry out in the tissue culture lab of the department of horticultural sciences at gorgan university agricultural sciences and natural resources from 2016 to 2019. Calli are developed on callus induction media (B5 + 1 µM 2,4-D + 2 µM kin, NL + 1 µM IAA + 2 µM kin), and then transferred to somatic embryo induction phase (B5 + 3 µM 2,4-D + 4 µM kin, NL + 3 µM IAA + 4 µM kin) for 8 weeks. Elimination of IAA, 2,4-D and kin from induced calli done onto realization phase, and globular, heart and torpedo embryos observed 4 weeks later. Results Based on the results, the best surface sterilization was achieved by 70% ethanol for 30 seconds and 70% aqueous sodium hypochlorite (v/v) for 60 minutes. The callus and somatic embryo were observed in both solid and liquid B5 and NL media. In the study of callus induction, according to the measurement of appearance quality and the process of callus formation, the growth and increase of callus in solid phase are higher than that of liquid phase. The highest callus induction record is seen in solid B5 medium containing 2 µM Kin and 1 µM 2,4-D. Generally, calli on embryo induction phase are bright green to yellowish and compact consisting of separate clusters of somatic embryonic cells. The results of somatic embryogenesis revealed that globular, heart, torpedo and total embryos in B5 containing 1 µM 2,4-D are more than NL containing 1 µM IAA. Discussion Optimizing the growth of somatic embryos is important for mass propagation of plants that face problems in seed germination or have a long growth period. Due to the success of the production of horseradish somatic embryos, the results of this experiment can provide the possibility of production and propagation of horseradish plants in a short time. Further studies are required to determine the somaclonal variation of horseradish mature somatic embryos and plantlets.
https://plantproduction.scu.ac.ir/article_14937_7d6144c52300e353b0ed9d7a5793f80b.pdf
2020-05-21
25
38
10.22055/ppd.2019.26639.1635
kin
Medium
Somatic embryo induction
Sara
Ahmadi
sara_ahmadi_72@yahoo.com
1
M.Sc. Student of Vegetables, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
AUTHOR
Kambiz
Mashayekhi
kambizm@yahoo.com
2
Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyyed Javad
Mousavizadeh
mousavizadeh@gau.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
AUTHOR
References
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Balapoor, Z., Hosseini-Moghaddam, H., Zarei, M. and Mollashahi, M. (2019). Micro Propagation of Penta Rootstock (Prunus domestica) in the two culture media (MS and B5). Plant Productions, 42(4), 441-454. [In Farsi]
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Balen, B., Peharec, P., Tkalec, M. and Krsnik-Rasol, M. (2011). Oxidative stress in horseradish (Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib) tissues grown In Vitro. Food technology and Biotechnology, 49(1), 32-39.
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Ghanbari, S. and Kazemitabar, S. K. (2016). Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Callus Induction via Shoot Bud Meristems of Single Branch NazCultivar of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Journal of Crop Breeding, 8(17), 231-237. [In Farsi]
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Jayasree, T., Pavan, U., Ramesh, M., Rao, A. V., Reddy, K. J. M. and Sadanandam, A. (2001). Somatic embryogenesis from leaf cultures of potato. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 64(1), 13-17.
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indirect organogenesis of Memordica charantia. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(22), 4118-4122.
12
Mashayekhi, K. and Neumann, K. H. (2006). Effects of boron on somatic embryogenesis of Daucus carota. Plant cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 84(3), 279-283.
13
Mashayekhi, K., Sharifani, M., Shahsavand, M. and Kalati, H. (2012). Induction of somatic embryogenesis in absence of exogenous auxin in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). International Journal of Plant Production, 2(2), 163-166.
14
Miller, A. J. and Gross, B. L. (2011). From forest to field: Perennial fruit crop domestication. American Journal of Botany, 98(9), 1389-1414.
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Mousavizadeh, S. J. and Mashayekhi, K. (2011). Histological changes of carrot (Daucus carota L.) petiole somatic embryogenesis in some Media. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 25(1), 94-100.
16
Mousavizadeh, S. J., Mashayekhi, K. and Asna-Ashari, M. (2012). The investigation of callogenesis and somatic embryogenesis of strawberry. Plant Production Technology, 1(1), 55-68. [In Farsi]
17
Mousavizadeh, S. J., Mashayekhi, K. and Hassandokht, M. R. (2017). Indirect somatic embryogenesis on rare octoploid Asparagus breslerianus plants. Scientia Horticulturae, 226(1), 184-190.
18
Mousavizadeh, S. J., Mashayekhi, K., Akbarpoor, V., Kallati, H. R. and Ghasemi, Y. (2010). Effect of IAA and 2,4-D on somatic embryogenesis and pigments synthesis of carrot root secondary phloem. Australian Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 1(4), 126-131.
19
Nabi, S. A., Rashid, M. M., Al-Amin, M. and Rasul, M.G. (2002). Organogenesis in teasle gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb). Plant Tissue Culture, 12(2), 173-180.
20
Neumann, K. (2006). Some studies on somatic embryogenesis: A tool in plant biotechnology. Indian Science congress Jan. 2000 in Pune, India.
21
Neumann, K. H. (1966). Wurzelbildung und Nukleinsauregehalt bei phloem Gewebekulturen der karrotenwurzel auf synthetischen Nahrmedium verschiedener Hormonkombina-tionen. Lees Phytohormones ET Organogenese, 38(1), 95-102.
22
Ozgur, M., Shehata, A. M., Skirvin, R.M., Norton, M. A., Mulwa, R. M., Uchanski, M., Hamblin, A. M. and Babadoost, M. (2004). An in vitro method to rescue embryos of horseradish, a reputedly sterile plant. Journal of Vegetable Crop Production, 10(2), 99-105.
23
Parvin, S., Daneshvar, M. and lotfi jalal-abadi, A. (2019). In vitro regeneration of ornamental crocus (Crocus vernus L.) by using plant growth regulators. Plant Productions, 42(4), 429-440. [In Farsi]
24
Roy, A., Ghosh, S., Chaudhuri, M. and Saha, P. K. (2008). Effect of different plant hormones on callus induction in Gymnema sylvestris R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(13), 2209-2211.
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Shinoyama, H., Nomura, Y., Tsuchiya, T. and Kazuma, T. (2004). A Simple and Efficient Method for Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Leaves of Chrysanthemum [Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura]. Plant Biotechnology, 21(1), 25-33.
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30
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Salicylic Acid on the Quality Characteristics of Apple Fruit (Golden Delicious and Red Delicious) During Storage Period
Abstract Background and Objectives Apple has a long-term supply throughout the year because of its high storage capacity. Sometimes keeping this fruit in the cold storage room for a long time reduces the quality and marketability, thus making it unattractive for consumers. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural compounds to maintain fruit quality and extend its shelf life. Salicylic acid (SA), a widely distributed compound in plants, belongs to a group of phenolic compounds. It could be considered an endogenous plant growth regulator involved in the regulation of physiological processes and disease resistance mechanisms. Materials and Methods To solve this problem, the effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid on the storage of golden and red delicious apple fruits was examined at harvest, 45, 90, 135 and 180 days after storage. Treatments included no washing, distilled water, and salicylic acid 1, 2, and 3 mM for half and 1 hours in cold storage room at 1 ± 2° C. At the end of each storage period, traits such as fruit firmness, vitamin C, TSS/TA, phenol, mealy fruit, flavor (panel test), chilling index and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in three storage periods (0, 90 and 180 days after storage). A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design was conducted. In both cultivars, harvest index coincided with 170 days after full bloom. Results Results showed that chilling injury, mealy and fruit ripening reduced by salicylic acid treatment and flavor maintained. Antioxidant capacity and phenol content increased by salicylic acid treatment during the storage, but no effect on vitamin C and fruit firmness was observed. During storage, maximum of chilling injury and flavor was related to yellow apple fruit and the maximum of tissue and skin firmness, vitamin C and antioxidant activity belonged to red apple cultivar. The use of 2 mM salicylic acid for half an hour was more effective than other treatments in preserving the quality and storage of fruit of both cultivars. Discussion The results of this study showed that at the end of the storage period the amount of mealy fruit and flavor increased, while skin and tissue firmness decreased significantly. The effects of salicylic acid include a decrease in mealy fruit and chilling injury, as well as an increase in phenolic compounds and maintenance of the antioxidant activity, flavor and TSS/TA, which ultimately increased shelf life of apple fruits. High quality and storage capacity were related to red rather than yellow apple.
https://plantproduction.scu.ac.ir/article_14943_8f79dca58967d3c73509b1a57cfe02d9.pdf
2020-05-21
39
52
10.22055/ppd.2019.24821.1577
Chilling
Firmness
Flavor
mealness index
Zahra
Sedaghati
z.sedaghati13@gmail.com
1
M.Sc. Graduate of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsajan, Rafsajan, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Nazoori
f.nazoori@vru.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsajan, Rafsajan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed Hossein
Mirdehghan
mirdehghan@vru.ac.ir
3
Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsajan, Rafsajan, Iran
AUTHOR
References
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Sepahvand, A., Ghasemnezhad, M., Fatahimoghadam, M. R., Talaii, A. and Asgari-sarcheshmeh, M.A. (2016). Effect of training system and calcium chloride foliar spray on storability of apple fruit cvs. ‘Gala’ and ‘Delbarestival’ Journal of Crop Improvement, 18(3), 543-555.
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Shafiee, M., Taghavi, T. S. and Babalar, M. (2012). Addition of salicylic acid to nutrient solution combined with postharvest treatments postharvest treatments (hot water, salicylic acid, and calcium dipping) improved postharvest fruit quality of strawberry. Scientia Horticulturae, 124(1), 40-45.
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Shokrollahfam, S., Hajiloo, J., Zarenahandi, F., Tabatabaii, S. J. and Naghsh-bandhasani, R. (2014). Effect of popresin, calcium chloride and salicylic acid on quality characteristics and post-harvesting of prunes in shablon. Plant Productions, 37(2), 15-26. [In Farsi]
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41
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
42
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Calcium Nanochelate on Morphological, Physiological, Biochemical Characteristics and Vase Life of Three Cultivars of Gerbera under Hydroponic System
Abstract Background and Objectives Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) is one of the most important cut flowers in the world, and its production is increasing. One of the major problems in cultivating gerbera is its bent neck and short vase life. With the ever-increasing development of flowering industry and the necessity of improving the quantity and quality of flowers, it is necessary to use the beneficial elements in the production of flowers. Calcium is one of the most important nutrient elements that plays a major role in plants. It has a crucial task in the stability of cell wall and cell membrane as well as the development of cells. The balance between cations and anions, the activation of certain enzymes and the regulation of osmotic pressure are among other functions of this element. Calcium, also, plays a role in root development and prevents injuries caused by mechanical and thermal damages such as wind. Nanochelate technology has been able to significantly solve chelate problems. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of various concentrations of calcium nanochelate on quantitative and qualitative characteristics and vase life of Gerbera. Materials and Methods In this study, three concentrations of calcium nano-chelate (0, 2 and 3 g/l) on three cultivars of gerbera cut flower (Intense, Amlet and Cabana) were examined. Factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. In this experiment, morphological, physiological, biochemical parameters and postharvest life of these cultivars were evaluated. The related characteristics of the flower included the dry weight of the scape, the number of inflorescences per plant, the height of the flowering stem, the diameter of the scape and the diameter of the inflorescence. The percentage of electrolyte leakage or membrane stability index, chlorophyll and carotenoids content, calcium content of the plant, vase life and water absorption were investigated. Results The results showed that morphological traits improved with increasing the concentration of calcium nano-chelate. Also, chlorophyll and stomatal conduction increased, but ion leakage decreased. Increasing the concentration of calcium nano-chelate increased the vase-life and water absorption in gerbera flower. The highest number of inflorescence, scape diameter, scape dry weight, inflorescence dry weight and vase life were obtained with 3 g / L of calcium nano-chelate. Discussion In this research, we found that gerbera treatment by calcium nano-chelate was significantly effective. Among the treatments, the concentration of 3 g/l was recognized as the best treatment by increasing the vase life and improving the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics of gerbera cut flower.
https://plantproduction.scu.ac.ir/article_14954_2c30f6071cf46ff35cf003193df8acde.pdf
2020-05-21
53
66
10.22055/ppd.2019.25085.1574
Calcium nanochelate
Hydroponic system
Vase life
soraya
moallaye mazraei
sorayamoalla@gmail.com
1
M.Sc. Student of Ornamental Plants, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehrangiz
Chehrazi
chehrazi.m@scu.ac.ir
2
Associate Proffesor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Esmaeil
Khaleghi
khaleghi2184@gmail.com
3
Associate proffesor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
References
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Albino-Garduno, R., Zavaleta-Mancera, H. A., Ruiz-Posadas, L. M., Sandoval-Villa, M. and Castillo-Morales, A. (2008). Respones of gerbera to calcium in hydroponics. Journal Plant Nutrition, 31(1), 91-101.
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Chang, L., Wu, Y., Xu, W. W., Nikbakht, A. and Xia, Y. P. (2012). Effects of calcium and humic acid treatment on the growth and nutrient uptake of Oriental lily. African Journal Biotechnology, 11(9), 2218-2222.
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Chen, S. F., Colfen, H., Antonietti, M. and Yu, S. H. (2013). Ethanol assisted synthesis of pure and stable amorphous calcium carbonate nanoparticles. Chemical Communication, 49(83), 9564-9566.
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Gerasopoulos, D. and Chebli, B. (1999. Effects of pre and postharvest calcium applications on the vase-life of cut gerberas. Journal Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 74(1), 78-81.
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Iranshahi, A. (1998). The Effect of nutrition on the quality and vase life of gladiolus cut flower cv. Oscars. M.Sc. Thesis of Horticulture, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran. [In Farsi]
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Liu, R., Zhang, H. and Lal, R. (2016). Effects of stabilized nanoparticles of copper, zinc, manganese, and iron oxides in low concentrations on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seed germination: Nanotoxicants or nanonutrients?. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 227(1), 1-14.
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35
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36
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37
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39
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Isolation, Cloning, Bioinformatics Analysis of Protein Properties and Gene Expression Analysis of Dihydrosanguinarine Oxidase (DBOX) from Opium Poppy (Papaveer somniferum L.)
Abstract Background and Objectives Opium poppy (Paoaver somniferum L.) is one of the important medicinal plants considered the only source for several high-value pharmaceutically BIAs. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloieds (BIAs) are a very large and complex group of plant alkaloids. Today’s various methods of genetic engineering are applied to improve the biosynthetic pathways in medicinal plants. For successful implementation of techniques such as gene silencing and over-expression, it is important to get accurate and complete information about genetic characteristics of related genes in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. DBOX is one of the important genes in biosynthesis of sanguinarin and papaverin alkaloids of poppy. According to the cause, the present study was performed on DBOX to explain genetic characteristic and gene expression pattern. Materials and Methods Specific primers were designed based on databases, and complete sequences of DBOX gene were amplified using DNA and cDNA as a template, and then were cloned in pTZ57R/T plasmid. After sequencing of cloned fragments, CDD, CELLO and ProtParam tools were used to determine ORFs, domains and the location of protein accumulation. Phylogenetic relationship between the gene in this plant with other plants was determined. Finally, the pattern of gene expression in different tissues was assessed using real time RT-PCR technique and RNA-seq data derived from SRA data bank. Results Sequencing results showed the 1614-bp fragment that has 100% identity with the DBOX gene of P. somniferum. The protein encoded by this gene was analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Three domains including FAD binding, Berberine and FAD/FMN-containing dehydrogenase in the protein sequence were identified and the existence of an N-terminal signal peptide was also determined in this protein. The results also showed that the highest concentration of protein was present in the plasma membrane and highest function of this protein was in the extracellular. In order to analyze and determine the expression pattern of DBOX gene in different tissues, 5-gene libraries of RNA-seq data of opium poppy (with ERX651037, ERX651023, ERX651056, ERX651082 and ERX651062 access numbers) derived from NCBI-SRA were analyzed. The numbers of sequences from the alignment between different tissues were compared using the Fisher exact test and Chi-squared 2X2 tests. Results of the gene expression analysis showed that the highest level of gene expression of this gene performed in roots and the lowest level of gene expression occurred in the stems. In addition, results of the real-time RT-PCR experiment were similar to in silico tests and the present results demonstrated that DBOX gene transcript levels in root were significantly more than other plant tissues. Discussion Results showed that DBOX gene is an intron less gene. According to existing domains, this gene is a member of a FADOX gene family. Due to the presence of FAD and berberin like domains in protein sequence of this gene, its key function in biosynthesis of BIA alkaloids was confirmed. Different expression patterns of DBOX gene in root confirmed accumulation of high value sanguinarin alkaloid in this tissue.
https://plantproduction.scu.ac.ir/article_15591_07cb06c666cc5c5dbcb76b1d396f0247.pdf
2020-05-21
67
80
10.22055/ppd.2020.21559.1463
Functional domain
Gene expression pattern
Opium poppy
Sequencing
Transcriptome
Kamran
Samiey
kamransamiei@yahoo.com
1
Ph.D. Student of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Ismaili
ismaili.a@lu.ac.ir
2
Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Farhad
Nazarian Firoz-abadi
nazarian_f2000@yahoo.com
3
Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Mohsen
Sohrabi
ms.seyyed@gmail.com
4
Ph.D. Student of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
AUTHOR
References
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Beaudoin, G. A. and Facchini, P. J. (2014). Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy. Planta, 240(1), 19-32.
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Custers, J. H., Harrison, S. J., Sela Buurlage, M. B., Van Deventer, E., Lageweg, W., Howe, P. W., Van Der Meijs, P. J., Ponstein, A. S., Simons, B. H. and Melchers, L. S. (2004). Isolation and characterisation of a class of carbohydrate oxidases from higher plants, with a role in active defence. The Plant Journal, 39(2), 147-160.
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Dastmalchi, M., Park, M. R., Morris, J. S. and Facchini, P. (2017). Family portraits: The enzymes behind benzylisoquinoline alkaloid diversity. Phytochemistry Reviews, 17(2), 1-29.
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Desgagne-Penix, I. and Facchini, P. J. (2012). Systematic silencing of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic genes reveals the major route to papaverine in opium poppy. The Plant Journal, 72(2), 331-344.
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Facchini, P. J. and De Luca, V. (1994). Differential and tissue-specific expression of a gene family for tyrosine/dopa decarboxylase in opium poppy. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(43), 26684-26690.
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Gesell, A., Chavez, M. L. D., Kramell, R., Piotrowski, M., Macheroux, P. and Kutchan, T. M. (2011). Heterologous expression of two FAD-dependent oxidases with (S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine oxidase activity from Argemone mexicana and Berberis wilsoniae in insect cells. Planta, 233(6), 1185-1197.
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Hagel, J. M. and Facchini, P. J. (2013). Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid metabolism a century of discovery and a brave new world. Plant and Cell Physiology, 54(5), 647-672.
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Hagel, J. M., Beaudoin, G. A., Fossati, E., Ekins, A., Martin, V. J. and Facchini, P. J. (2012). Characterization of a flavoprotein oxidase from opium poppy catalyzing the final steps in sanguinarine and papaverine biosynthesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287(51), 42972-42983. Jalilian, A., Ismaili, A., Nazarian Firouzabadi, F. and Hosseini, S. Z. (2017). Induction of transgenic hairy roots in medicinal plant poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) by agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. Plant Productions, 39(4), 1-14. [In Farsi]
12
Kishore Sakharkar, M. and Kangueane, P. (2004). Genome SEGE: A database for'intronless' genes in eukaryotic genomes. BMC Bioinformatics, 5(1), 1-5.
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14
Marchler-Bauer, A., Derbyshire, M. K., Gonzales, N. R., Lu, S., Chitsaz, F., Geer, L. Y., Geer, R. C., He, J., Gwadz, M. and Hurwitz, D. I. (2014). CDD: NCBI's conserved domain database. Nucleic Acids Research, 28(43), 222-226.
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Murray, D., Doran, P., MacMathuna, P. and Moss, A. C. (2007). In silico gene expression analysis an overview. Molecular Cancer, 6(1), 50-60.
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Petersen, T. N., Brunak, S., Von Heijne, G. and Nielsen, H. (2011). SignalP 4.0: Discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions. Nature Methods, 8(10), 785-786. Siahmansour, Sh., Ismaili, A. and Nazarian Firouzabadi, F. (2018). Effect of different elicitor treatments on hairy root of medicinal plant poppies (Papaver somniferum L.). Plant Productions, 41(1), 29-42. [In Farsi]
18
Srivastava, V. K., Agrawal, S. and Sahu, S. (2011). Association of acute onset hypertension and tachycardia following intracisternal papaverine administration during intracranial aneurysm surgery: A case report and review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 23(3), 224-226.
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Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. and Higgins, D. G. (2002). Multiple sequence alignment using Clustal W and Clustal X. Current Protocols in Bioinformatics. USA: WILEY Press.
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Yan, H., Jiang, C., Li, X., Sheng, L., Dong, Q., Peng, X., Li, Q., Zhao, Y., Jiang, H. and Cheng, B. (2014). PIGD: A database for intronless genes in the Poaceae. BMC Genomics, 15(1), 832-839.
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Yang, X., Jawdy, S., Tschaplinski, T. J. and Tuskan, G. A. (2009). Genome-wide identification of lineage-specific genes in Arabidopsis, Oryza and Populus. Genomics, 93(5), 473-480.
22
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Methanol Spraying on Seed Yield and Mucilage of Flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.)
Abstract Background and Objectives Descurainia sophia L. is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical industry because its seeds are used for the production of mucilages. Methanol spraying, as a biological stimulant on three carbonaceous plants, can increase carbon dioxide stability and reduce respiration, resulting in more dry matter in these plants. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of methanol spraying on seed yield and mucilage variation of D. sophia based on randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replications in a field experiment in Khoy, Iran. The treatments consisted of the control treatment (distilled water without methanol application) with 4 concentrations of methanol spraying (containing 10, 20, 30 and 40%) carried out during the growing season three times at intervals of 12 days (36, 48, 60 days after planting). After the last spraying at the time of full maturity, the plants in each plot were taken individually. The measured morphophysiological characteristics included plant height, plant leaf number, plant stem number, plant dry weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight and seed yield. Also, the measured phytochemical traits included seed ash content, mucilage percentage and yield, and inflation index. Results Results showed that foliar application of different concentrations of methanol had a significant effect on number of plant stems, number of plant leaves, plant dry weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, grain yield, seed mucilage yield, seed ash, seed inflation index (p ≤ 0.01), plant height and 1000 seed weight (p ≤ 0.05). Foliar application of different concentrations of methanol had a significant effect on all morphological and functional components. To be more precise, methanol spray had a significant effect on plant height, number of stems, plant leaf number, shoot dry weight, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight and seed yield, but the effect of year on none of the measured traits was meaningful. Also, the interaction between the year and methanol spraying on the traits of plant leaf number, number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight had a significant effect, but the remaining traits were not affected considerably. Combined analysis of variance showed that the year effect had no noticeable effect on seed ash. While methanol concentration had a significant effect (p≤ 0.01) on the seed ash content, the interaction of methanol in different years of experiment was not significant on this characteristic. Discussion Regular methanol spraying, as an active bioavailable and a new method in the production of medicinal plants, improved seed yield and mucilage of Descurainia sophia seed. Generally, the highest values for the evaluated properties were obtained in the induction of 40% volumetric methanol solution.
https://plantproduction.scu.ac.ir/article_14941_7e6e9270cddc94aa82fd904e404450dc.pdf
2020-05-21
81
92
10.22055/ppd.2019.26775.1639
Biological stimulus
dry weight
Seed inflation index
fatemeh
Azimi
azimi@gmail.com
1
M.Sc. Student of Physiology of Medicinal, Spice and Aroma Medicines, Faculty of Agriculture, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran
AUTHOR
fatemeh
nejatzadeh
fnejatzadeh@yahoo.com
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Khoy Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khoy, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
1
Aghaabbasi, K., Dehghan, E., Baghizadeh, A. and Dashti, H. (2013). Comparing the effect of ethanol extracts of Descurainia sophia (L.) Seed and althaea officinalis root on streptococcus pyogenes. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 10(15), 29-33.
2
Barnes, J., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. (2007). Herbal medicines. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
3
Cherazi, M., Pourghasemi, D. and Khoshbakht, M. (2018). The effect of planting methods and calcium nanoparticles spray on quality, quantity and vase life of gladiolus hybrida cv. magma. Plant Productions, 41(2), 55-67. [In Farsi]
4
Dadkhah, A. S. and Kafi, M. (2012). Effect of salt stress on germination and seedling growth of four medicinal plants. Iranian Journal of Applied Research, 10(1), 25-32.
5
Downie, A., Miyazaki, A., Bohnert, H., John, P., Coleman, J., Parry, M. and Haslam, R. (2004). Expression Profiling of the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to methanol stimulation. Phytochemistry, 65(16), 2305-2316.
6
Galbally, E. and Kirstine, W. (2002). The production of methanol by flowering plants and the global cycle of methanol. Atmosphere Chemistry, 43(3), 195-229.
7
Ghafari, H. and Tadayon, M. R. (2018). Impact of jasmonic acid on radiation use efficiency and dry biomasses of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under water deficit conditions. Plant Productions, 41(4), 111-124. [In Farsi]
8
Gout, E., Aubert, S., Blingny, R., Rebeille, F., Nonomura, A. R., Benson, A. A. and Douce, R. (2000). Metabolism of methanol in plant cells: Carbon-13 (Nuclear magnetic resonance studies). Plant Physiology, 123(1), 287-296.
9
Kalidasu, G., Sarada, C. and Reddy, T. Y. (2008). Efficacy of biofertilizers on the performance of rainfed coriander (Coriandrum sativum) in vertisols. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 17(2), 98-102.
10
Khosravi, E., Mehrafarin, A. Naghdibadi, H. Hajiabadi, R. and Khosravi, M. (2012). The phytochemical response of (Melissa officinalis L.) to foliar application of hydro-alcoholic solutions (methanol and ethanol). Journal of Herbal Drugs,2(2), 121-28. [In Farsi]
11
Lawlor, D. (1987). Photosynthesis: Metabolism, control and physiology. Harlow: Longman Sc & Tech.
12
Lee, Y. J., Kim, N. S., Kim, H., Yi, J. M., Oh, S. M. and Bang, O. S. (2013). Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory constituents from the seeds of Descurainia sophia. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 36(5), 536-541.
13
Mehrafarin, A., Naghdi-Badi, H. A., Ghadiri, A. Labafi, M. R., Zend, E. Nourmohammadi, A. H., Qavami, N. and Saif Sahandi, M. (2016). Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(20), 86-100.
14
Paknejad, F., Bayat, V., Ardakani, M. R. and Vazan, S. (2012). Effect of methanol foliar application on seed yield and its quality of soybean (Glycine max L.) under water deficit conditions. Annals of Biological Research, 3(5), 2108-2117.
15
Pasalar, M., Bagheri lankarani, K., Mehrabani, D., Tolide-I, H. R. and Naseri, M. (2013). The effect of descureania sophia l. and prunus domestica l. in prevention of constipation among iranian hajj pilgrims, saudi arabia. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 4(2), 1195-1203.
16
Sabokrow Foomany, K., Safarzade Vishekaei, M. N. Daneshian, J. and Rangbar, M. (2012). Study of growth and yield indexes of tobacco in response to methanol sprayed. International Journal of Agriculture: Research and Review, 2(3), 149-154.
17
Safarzadeh Vishekaei, M. N., Mahalleh yosefi, M. and Normohammadi, G. (2011). Effect of spraying methanol on yield of common bean and snap bean. New Topics First National Conference on AgricultureTehran, Iran.
18
Sani, B. and Aliabadi Farahani, H. (2010). Evaluation of amino acids foliar application on essential oil variations in flixweld (Descurainia sophia L.) under drought stress conditions. USA: American Council for Medicinally Active Plants.
19
Welch, R. M., Allaway, W. H., House, W. A. and Kubota, J. (1991). Geographical distribution of trace element problems. In J. J. Mortvedt, F. R. Cox, L. M. Shuman and R. M. Welch (Eds.), Micronutrients in agriculture (pp. 31-57). Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Soil Science Society of America, Inc.
20
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Silicon Nutrition on Strawberry cv. Camerosa Yield and Growth in Outdoor Hydroponic System
Abstract Background and Objectives Strawberry is one of the important small fruits worldwide because of its high economical value. Mazandaran is ranked second among Iran’s strawberry prodcing provinces with about 14581 tones of strawberry yearly. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of different silicon sources on the reproductive and vegetative growth of strawberry in an outdoor hydroponic system. Materials and Methods This experiment carried out in a factorial format with two factors consisting of growth media (double medium: 1 cocopeat + 1 perlite, and triple medium: 1 cocopeat + 1 perlite + 1 rice husk) and silicon spray (control, 50 mg/L Si from sodium silicate, 100 mg/L Si from sodium silicate, 50 mg/L Si from potassium silicate, 100 mg/L Si from potassium silicate). It was performed in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University at 2016. Different characteristics including silicon concentration in the leaf, aerial fresh and dry weight, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of crown, fresh and dry weight of root, yield, weight of single fruit, number of the produced fruits in each plant were evaluated. Results Potassium silicate 100 increased silicon concentration of strawberry leaf significantly. Leaf number of the plant and aerial dry weight in triple medium were significantly higher than the double medium. High rate of potassium silicate in the triple medium caused lower crown diameter in comparison with potassium silicate 50 in the same medium. However, in the double medium, the potassium silicate 50 was the best treatment for crown diameter. Both fresh and dry weight of strawberry roots were the highest in the double medium and potassium silicate 50 treatment. Single fruit weight was maximum in the double medium and potassium silicate 100, which was not significantly different from potassium silicate 100 in triple medium. Fruit dry matter in the double medium and potassium silicate 50 treatments was more than other treatments. Fruit size was affected by medium, so that fruit size in the double medium was more than the triple medium significantly. Discussion Sodium toxicity in sodium silicate treatment, low rate of silicon in potassium silicate 50 treatment, and lack of rice husk in the double medium could all negatively affect different physiological aspects of strawberry growth; or at least, they hindered achieving positive results. In summary, it can be concluded that the double medium and potassium silicate 100 can be recommended for higher yield and big strawberry fruit, but the triple medium and potassium silicate are useful treatments for vegetative growth specially for more crown diameter and root growth.
https://plantproduction.scu.ac.ir/article_14994_bb8afb752b9f553d5148e8fb38c45c8d.pdf
2020-05-21
93
106
10.22055/ppd.2019.26611.1634
Crown diameter
Growth medium
Rice husk
Silica
Silicate
Kamran
Ghasemi
kamranghasemi63@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mehdi
Ghajar Sepanlou
sepanlu@yahoo.com
2
Associated Professor, Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
hadadinejad
mehdihadadi@gmail.com
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
References
1
Asadi Gharneh, H. A., Arzani, K., Shojaeiyan, A., Golparvar, A. R. and Sabaghnia, N. (2014). Evaluation of genetic diversity in some strawberry (Fragaria × annanasa Duch.) cultivars in Iran using morphological characteristics. Plant Productions, 37(4), 93-106.
2
Chapman, H. D. and Pratt, P. F. (1961). Methods of analysis for soils, plants and water. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California.
3
Chen, W., Yao, X. Q., Cai, K. Z. and Chen, J. (2011). Silicon alleviates drought stress of rice plants by improving plant water status, photosynthesis and mineral nutrient absorption. Biological Trace Element Research, 142(1), 67-76.
4
Cocco, C., Goncalves, M. A., Reisser J., Carlos, M., Anderson C. and Antunes, L. E. C. (2016). Carbohydrate content and development of strawberry transplants from Rio Grande do sul and imported. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 38(4), 1-8.
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Fatemy, L. S., Tabatabaei, S. J. and Fallahi, E. (2009). The effect of silicon on the growth and yield of strawberry grown under saline conditions. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 23(1), 88-95.
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Ghasemi, K., Emadi, S. M. and Ghasemi, Y. (2018). Effect of Different Culture Media on Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) Yield Components and Mineral Elements Concentration in Soilless Culture. Journal of Horticultural Science, 31(4), 694-704.
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Liang, Y., Nikolic, M., Belanger, R., Gong, H. and Song, A. (2015). Silicon in agriculture from theory to practice. Dordrecht: Springer.
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Mahmoudi Soureh, N., Farokhzad, A. and Hassanpour, H. (2018). Effect of foliar application with calcium silicate on calcium amount, total antioxidant content and some qualitative and quantitative characteristics of two strawberry cultivars. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 48(3), 585-599. [In Farsi]
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Mali, M. and Airy, N. C. (2008). Silicon effects on nodule growth, dry-matter production, and mineral nutrition of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 171(6), 835-840.
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Nelwamondo, A. and Dakora, F. D. (1999). Silicon promotes nodule formation and nodule function in symbiotic cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). New Phytologist Trust, 142(3), 463-467.
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Nelwamondo, A., Jaffer, M. A. and Dakora, F. D. (2001). Subcellular organization of N2-fixing nodules of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) supplied with silicon. Protoplasma, 216(1), 94-100.
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Park, Y. G., Muneer, S., Kim, S., Hwang, S. J. and Jeong, B. R. (2018). Silicon application during vegetative propagation affects photosynthetic protein expression in strawberry. Journal of Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology, 59(2), 167-177.
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Richmond, K. E. and Sussman M. (2003). Silicon, the non-essential beneficial plant nutrient. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 6(3), 268-272.
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Shadmehri, F., Chalavi, V. and Sadeghi, H. (2017). Effect of planting time on yield and fruit quality of three strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars. MSc Thesis of Horticulture, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari. [In Farsi]
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Song, Z., Liu, H., Si, Y. and Yin, Y. (2012). The production of phytoliths in China’s grasslands: Implications to the biogeochemical sequestration of atmospheric CO2. Global Change Biology, 18(12), 3647-3653.
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29
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of Yield and Agronomic Characteristics of Promising Lines of Rice
Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of morphological characteristics of different promising lines of rice and the effects they have on yield can be considered a good tool for identification of preferable lines with ideal agronomical traits. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the most important characteristics of cultivars affecting yield in 2017, a field experiment was conducted in a research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, in a randomized complete block design with three replications, in 5 square meters plots with 25×25 space between them. Morphological characteristics include plant height, panicle length and number measured before harvest in the farm, as well as other characteristics after harvest in laboratory. At the end of growth season, panicles were harvested and collected in separate bags and were selected randomly for measurement of their morphological characteristics. Mean comparisons were calculated with Duncan method in 5% level of possibility. Also, variance analysis was calculated for all the traits. Cluster analysis was calculated with ward method. The genotypes were 30 promising lines of rice. In this study, 10 traits including plant height, panicle length, panicle number, total number of grains, number of filled grains, grain length, grain diameter, grain length to width ratio, 1000 grain weight and yield were evaluated. Results Correlation analysis results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between yield and number of panicles, number of filled grains and 1000 grain weight, but the length of the grain had a negative significant correlation with yield.The results of path analysis showed that the number of filled grains had the highest direct effect (0.67), and, after that, the number of panicles (0.59) and grain width (0.47) had the highest effect on yield.Therefore, based on the results obtained from this study, number of panicles and number of filled grains as selection index on rice yield improvement were identified.The results of cluster analysis of the studied lines were also classified into four groups. The genotypes in the second and the third, in addition to the higher yields, had the lower height, number of tillers and more grain number.The average deviation of clusters from total mean was calculated for these lines and the existence of this deviation can demonstrate diversity. The genotypes in the second group add up to 57% of all the genotypes, which is above the total mean in traits including panicle number, grain length, grain diameter, 1000 grain weight and yield. Discussion According to the results of this study, the highest lines in terms of yield and other agronomical characteristics were 8, 13, 14, 15 and 28. Also, traits including number of panicles and filled grain number can be considered selecting factors for improvement of rice yield. Abstract Background and Objectives Determination of morphological characteristics of different promising lines of rice and the effects they have on yield can be considered a good tool for identification of preferable lines with ideal agronomical traits. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the most important characteristics of cultivars affecting yield in 2017, a field experiment was conducted in a research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, in a randomized complete block design with three replications, in 5 square meters plots with 25×25 space between them. Morphological characteristics include plant height, panicle length and number measured before harvest in the farm, as well as other characteristics after harvest in laboratory. At the end of growth season, panicles were harvested and collected in separate bags and were selected randomly for measurement of their morphological characteristics. Mean comparisons were calculated with Duncan method in 5% level of possibility. Also, variance analysis was calculated for all the traits. Cluster analysis was calculated with ward method. The genotypes were 30 promising lines of rice. In this study, 10 traits including plant height, panicle length, panicle number, total number of grains, number of filled grains, grain length, grain diameter, grain length to width ratio, 1000 grain weight and yield were evaluated. Results Correlation analysis results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between yield and number of panicles, number of filled grains and 1000 grain weight, but the length of the grain had a negative significant correlation with yield.The results of path analysis showed that the number of filled grains had the highest direct effect (0.67), and, after that, the number of panicles (0.59) and grain width (0.47) had the highest effect on yield.Therefore, based on the results obtained from this study, number of panicles and number of filled grains as selection index on rice yield improvement were identified.The results of cluster analysis of the studied lines were also classified into four groups. The genotypes in the second and the third, in addition to the higher yields, had the lower height, number of tillers and more grain number.The average deviation of clusters from total mean was calculated for these lines and the existence of this deviation can demonstrate diversity. The genotypes in the second group add up to 57% of all the genotypes, which is above the total mean in traits including panicle number, grain length, grain diameter, 1000 grain weight and yield. Discussion According to the results of this study, the highest lines in terms of yield and other agronomical characteristics were 8, 13, 14, 15 and 28. Also, traits including number of panicles and filled grain number can be considered selecting factors for improvement of rice yield. Keywords: Cluster analysis, Correlation,New lines
https://plantproduction.scu.ac.ir/article_14953_7fca2aae306ff7bf698f8d3207decf45.pdf
2020-05-21
107
116
10.22055/ppd.2019.26920.1643
Cluster analysis
Correlation
New lines
Elnaz
Khalil Khalili
khalilielieli1373@gmail.com
1
M.Sc. Student of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
ghafar
kiani
gh.kiani@gmail.com
2
دانشیار، گروه اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران
LEAD_AUTHOR
seyed kamal
kazemi tabar
sdklkm@ymail.com
3
Associate Professor, Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
References
1
Abouzari Gazafrudy, A., Honarnejad, R., Fotokian, M. H. and Alami, A. (2006). Study of correlations among agronomic traits and path analysis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 10(2), 99-107. [In Farsi]
2
Azizi, H., Alaami, A. S., Isfahani, M. and Ebadi, A. (2017). Correlation study and causality analysis of grain yield and its related traits in rice cultivars and lines (Oryza Sativa L.). Journal of Agronomy Reproduction, 9(21), 43-36 [In Farsi]
3
Bakhtiari, S. Nabati Ahmadi, D., Sorkheh, K. and Hosseni Chaleshtari, M. (2018). Molecular characterization of recombinant inbred line population of rice with retrotransposon (Ipbs) marker. Plant Prodductions, 40(4), 1-10 [In Farsi]
4
Balouchzaehi, A. B. and Kiani, Gh. (2013). Determination of selection criteria for yield improvement in rice through path analysis. Journal of Crop Breeding, 5(12), 75-84 [In Farsi]
5
Beikzadeh, H., Alavi, S., Bayat, M. and Ezady, A. (2015). Estimation of genetic parameters of effective agronomical traits on yield in some of Iranian rice cultivar. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 106(28), 73-78. [In Farsi]
6
Chau, N. M. and Yamauchi, M. (1994). Performance of anaerobically direct seeded – rice plant in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Internation Rice Research Notes, 19(2), 6-7.
7
Chauby, P. K. and Singh, R. P. (1994). Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis of yield and yield components of rice. Madras Agricultural Journal, 18(9), 468-470.
8
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2009). Statistics: FAOSTAT agriculture. Retrieved fromhttp/www.fao.org/crop/statistics.
9
Gunasekaran, M., Nadarajan, N. and Netaji, S. V. (2010). Character association and path analysis in interracial hybrids in rice (Oryza Sativa L.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 1(4), 956-960.
10
Haji Aghatabar, A., Kiani, Gh. Kazemitabar K., Alawi, S. M (2014). Study of correlation between agronomic traits and causality analysis in f2 separate generations in Rice. The 16th National Rice Conference of the Country, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan. Sari, Iran.
11
Hasannataj, H., Pouryousef, M., Babaeian Jelodar, N. A., Pirdashti, H. and Bagheri, N. A. (2013). Investigation of morphological traits related to yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) promising lines. Journal of Crop Breeding, 11(5), 34-48. [In Farsi]
12
Honarnezhad, R. (2002). Study of correlation between some quantitative traits and grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using path analysis. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 4(1), 25-34. [In arsi]
13
Hosseinzadeh Fashalami, N., Kazemitabar, S. K. BabaeianJelodar, N. A., Zamani P. and Allahgholipour, M. (2009). A study of genetic diversity among different rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes using multivariate methods. Iranian Journal of Field Crops science; 40(1), 45-54. [In Farsi]
14
Kiani, G. (2012). Character association and path coefficient analysis of yield components in rice varieties. Research on Crops, 13(2), 552-555.
15
Lafitte, H. R., Price, A. H. and Courtois, B. (2004). Yield response to water deficit in an upland rice mapping population: Associations among traits and genetic markers. Field Crops Research, 109(6), 1237-1246.
16
Mahabub, H. (2005). Does rice researches reduce poverty. Asia Rice Today, 5(1), 37-37.
17
Rafiei, F. and Saeidi, Gh. (2005). Phenotypic and genotypic relationships between agronomic traits and yield components of Safflower. The Scientific Journal of Agriculture., 28(1), 137-147.
18
Rahim Soroush, H., Mesbah, M. and Hosseinzadeh, A. (2005). Study the relationship between grain yield and yield components in rice. Journal of Agricultural Science, 35(4), 993-983. [In Farsi]
19
Rahimi, M., Rabiei, B., Ramzani, M. and Movafegh, S. (2010). Evaluation of agronomic traits and variables to improve on rice yield. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research, 8(1), 111-119. [In Farsi]
20
Selvaraj, C., I., Nagarajan, P. Thiyagarajan, K. Bharathi, M. and Rabindran, R. (2011). Genetic parameters of variability, correlation and pathcoefficient studies for grain yield and other yield attributes among rice blast disease resistant genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.). African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(17), 3322-3334.
21
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Extraction Method on Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Satureja avromanica Maroofi
Abstract Background and Objectives Satureja avromanica Maroofi is a medicinally perennial herb which is native to Iran, exclusively restricted to Uramanat mountains of Kurdistan province. It has various pharmaceutical and biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer and antiprotozoal properties. The experiment was conducted to study the biochemical characteristics of S. avromanica Maroofi extract by two extraction methods as solvent and solvent-ultrasonic. Materials and Methods The study was carried out as a factorial based on a completely randomized design. The investigated factors were the type of solvent (water, 75% water, 50% water, 75% methanol and methanol) and extraction method (solvent and solvent-ultrasonic). For this purpose, the plant samples were collected from Uraman Mountains of Kurdistan province in July of 2016. Samples were immediately transferred to Herbarium of Agricultural Research Center and Natural Resources of Kurdistan province. The samples were dried in shade for 15 days, and then crushed into pieces of 0.5 to 1 cm by a laboratory mill (Molyneux, Spain). The content of phenol and flavonoid as well as antioxidant activity was measured. Besides, the components of phenol and flavonoid for the best treatment were determined by HPLC apparatus. Results The results showed that the compounds extracted by water-ultrasonic were significantly more than those extracted by water. Inhibition percent in water-ultrasonic and water treatments were 16.62% and 11.92%, respectively. The content of phenol (45.36 mg/g, 40.29 mg/g) in water-ultrasonic was higher than that obtained in water treatment (40.29 mg/g). The flavonoid content (15.33 mg/g) in water-ultrasonic was more than that in water treatment (13.29 mg/g). Therefore, water-ultrasonic treatment was more efficient in extracting S. avromanica Maroofi compared to water treatment. On the other hand, the 75% water treatment had more compounds compared to other solvents. The chromatogram of essential ingredient revealed that S. avromanica Maroofi had more Caffeic acid, Gallic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Quercetin, p-Coumaric acid, Ferulic acid. Also, Rutin as the highest amount was obtained in Ferulic acid to be 9.12 mg/g. Discussion We found that water is the best solvent for biochemical extraction of S. avromanica Maroofi. We found a 12% increase of phenol and 14 % increase of flavonoid in water-ultrasonic relative to water treatment. Due to the wide structure of hydrogen bonds, water is a very polar solvent with a dielectric constant at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Ultrasonic is a type of ultrasound that increases the polarity of the liquid phase. Ultrasonic waves cause mechanical fluctuations in the liquid medium. The mechanical effect of ultrasound improves the penetration of solvent into cellular materials and mass transfer. Hence, ultrasonic waves are more efficient for producing the biochemical compounds like phenol and flavonoid.
https://plantproduction.scu.ac.ir/article_14940_7a27ebbd4512b0b5e4d4665d2ead171c.pdf
2020-05-21
117
128
10.22055/ppd.2019.26694.1636
Ferulic acid
Secondary metabolites
Solvent
Ultrasonic
leila
hakimi
hakimi_l@yahoo.com
1
Assistance Professor, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Marjan
Maasumi Gudarzi
m.gudarzi78@gmail.com
2
M.Sc. Graduate of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran
AUTHOR
References
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Mustapa, A. N., Martin, A., Gallego, J. R., Mato, R. B. and Cocero, M. J. (2015). Microwave-
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assisted extraction of polyphenols from clinacanthus nutans Lindau medicinal plant: Energy perspective and kinetics modeling. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 97(4), 66-74.
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Noshkam, A., Majnoonhoseini, N., Hadian, J., Jahansoz, M. R., Salehnia, A. and Hedaiatpour, S. (2015). The effect of irrigation regimes on qualitative and quantitative yield of Satureja khozestanica and S. Rechingeri in west of Lorestan. Plant Productions, 38(2), 77-88. [In Farsi]
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Pourmorad, F., Hosseini Mehr, S. J. and Shahabimaj, D. N. (2006). Antioxida activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(11), 1142-1145.
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Raza, A., Li, F., Xu, X. and Tang, J. (2017). Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of antioxidant polysaccharides from the stem of Trapa quadrispinosa using response surface methodology. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 94(1), 335-344.
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Sadeghi, A., Ebrahimzadeh, A. M., Qurbani, M. and Qarakhabi, M. (2010). Comparison of different methods of extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from Urtica dioica. Research of Iranian Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 26(3), 389-405. [In Farsi]
28
Sefidkon, F., Askari, F., Sadeghzadeh, L. and olia, P. (2009). Effect of essential oil of Satureja (S. mutica, S. edmondi, S. bachtiarica) on Salmonella paratyphi. Iranian Biology Journal, 22(2), 258-249.
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Sherafati-chaleshati, R., Sherafati-chaleshati, F., Sherafati-Chaleshati, A. and Ashrafi, K. (2009). Antimicrobial effect and determination of phenolic and flavonoid compounds of Scrophularia striata ethanol extract. The Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, 11(4), 37-32.
30
Siahmansour, Sh., Ismaili, A. and Nazarian Firouzabadi, F. (2018). Effect of different elicitor treatments on hairy root of medicinal plant poppies (Papaver somniferum L.). Plant Productions, 41(1), 31-42. [In Farsi]
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Sultana, B., Anwar, F. and Ashraf, M. )2009(. Effect of extraction solvent/technique on the antioxidant activity of selected medicinal plant extracts. Molecules, 14(6), 2167-2180.
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Wojdyło, A., Oszmianski, J. and Czemerys, R. (2007). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food chemistry, 105(3), 940-949.
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Wu, J., Lin, L. and Chau, F. T. (2001). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of ginseng saponins from ginseng roots and cultured ginseng cells. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 8(4), 347-352.
34
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Pomegranate Peel Extract, Rosmarinus and Artemisia Essential Oils on Vase Life of Cut Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium R.)
Abstract Background and Objectives Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium R.) is one of the most popular cut flowers in the world. Stem end blockage and water stress are two problems in shortening the vase life of cut Chrysanthemum. Essential oils are noble alternative substitutes for silver and chemical compounds because of their antimicrobial activities and environmentally friendly nature of the extracts. A pomegranate peel extract (PGE) was evaluated as a natural antifungal preparation for the control of postharvest rots. Materials and Methods This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pomegranatepeelextract of three cultivars (‘Shahvar dane sefid’, ‘Rabab dane ghermez’ and ‘Malas Poost Siah Yazdi’) in four concentration of 0, 15, 25 and 50 mg/l and Rosmarinous and Artemisia essential oils in four concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 75 mg/l on vase life of cut chrysanthemum in a completely randomize design (CRD). Evaluated characteristics were consisted of vase life, stem end bacteria, petals water content, fresh weight loss, electrolyte leakage, protein content and peroxidase enzyme activity. Results According to the results, flowers treated by 15 mg/l pomogrante peel extract of ‘Shahvar dane sefid’ showed the highest effect on vase life of chrysanthemum with 34.10% higher than control. The lowest population of bacterial in stem end of flowers was obtqined by 25 mg/l Rosmarinus essential oil with 70.14% lower than control. By increasing the extract and essential oils concentrations, bacterial population in stem end of cut flower significantly increased, while peroxidase activity significantly decreased. The lowest fresh weight loss was observed in stems treated with 75 mg/l pomegranate peel extract of ‘Shahvar dane sefid’, 15 mg/l Pomogrante Peel Extract of ‘Rabab Daneh Ghermez’, 25 mg/l Artemissia essential oil and 25 and 50 mg/l Rosmarinous essential oil. The highest petals water content (75.66%) was obtained in 75 mg/l Rosmarinus essential oil. The lowest petals water content (44.66%) was obtained in 75 mg/l Artemisia essential oil. The lowest electrolyte leakage was observed in cut stem floweres that were treated by 15 and 25 mg/l pomegranate peel extract cv.’Malas Poost Siah Yazdi’. Discussion Generally, compared to control, all treatments were able to extend vase life and decrease fresh weight and microbial stem end of cut flowers. Also, among three pomegranate peel extracts, extracts of cv. ‘Shahvar dane sefid’ showed the highest effect on extending vase life, decreasing the fresh weight, electrolyte leakage and stem end bacteria, and thus, recommended for extending the vase life of cut flowers.
https://plantproduction.scu.ac.ir/article_14947_52cba81e895a4d672b1484213f50f26b.pdf
2020-05-21
129
143
10.22055/ppd.2019.25748.1596
Bacteria
Peroxidase
Petals
Weight loss
Masoumeh
Ebrahimipour Bafghi
s.ebrahimporbafghi@gmail.com
1
M.Sc. Student of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Dehestani-Ardakani
mdehestani@ardakn.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran Assistant Professor, Medicinal and Industrial Plant Research Institute, Ardakan, I. R. Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jalal
Gholamnezhad
jgholamnezhad@ardakan.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor, Medicinal and Industrial Plant Research Institute, Ardakan, I. R. Iran Assistant Professor, Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
AUTHOR
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© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Stochastical Analysis of Phenological Timing Traits of Rainfed Wheat in Golestan Province Using Climate Parameters
Abstract Background and Objectives Considerng stochasticalnature of precipitation and temperature and high dependence of the eco-phenological timing traits on them, the present study was conducted with the aim of estimating eight eco-phenological traits of rainfed wheat including planting date, emergence date, flowering date, maturity date and length of each stage of growth in Golestan province. Materials and Methods First, studied traits were determined by daily data of maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation of 33 meteorological stations in the 26-year common statistical period (1991-2016). Then, these traits were calculated based on frequency analysis by SMADA software package for 25, 50, 75, 85 and 95 percent occurrence probability level. Planting date was determined based on the first precipitation equal to or more than 25 mm over a period of 10 consecutive days in December. Also, length of each growth stages was determined based on the concept of Growing Degree-Days (GDD). Finally, zoning maps of eco-phenological traits for different occurrence probability level were produced by ArcGIS software. In order to verify estimated eco-phenological traits values, findings from various field scale researches in Golestan province were used. The results showed that estimations and zoning maps wrere done with good precision. Results The results showed that the effect of occurrence probability level was significant on all variables, so that with increasing occurrence probability level several important changes were observed: first, a significant postponement of dates of planting, emergence, flowering and maturity; second, a significant increase in the length of planting to emergence; and finally, a significant reduction in the length of the emergence to flowering, flowering to maturity and planting to maturity stages. Zoning maps showed that the suitable planting date for rainfed wheat in 90 percent of Golestan province area for occurrence probability levels of 25, 50 and 75 percent was before 10 December and for 85 and 95 percent occurrence probability levels in 78 and 90 percent of the province area was from 1-20 December and 21 December to 9 January, respectively. Emergence date of rainfed wheat in more than 90 percent of the Golestan province area for the occurrence probability levels of 25 to 95 percent was calculated until 20 December, until 4 January, 21 December to 19 January, 5 January to 3 February and 20 January to 18 February, respectively. Also, flowering date of rainfed wheat was obtained 4 April to 4 May in 95 percent of the province's area for 25 percent occurrence probability level, 5-20 May in 86 percent of the province's area for 50 percent occurrence probability level, 20 April to 20 May in 95 percent of the province's area for 75 percent occurrence probability level, 5-20 May in 75 percent of the province's area for 85 percent occurrence probability level, and 5 May to 4 June in 93 percent of the province's area for 95 percent occurrence probability level. In terms of maturity date, the results showed that this date in more than 90 percent of the Golestan province's area was 21 May to 4 June for 25 percent occurrence probability level, 21 May to 20 June for 50 percent occurrence probability level, 5-20 June for 75 percent occurrence probability level, and 5 June to 5 July for 85 and 95 percent occurrence probability levels. Discussion Based on the average of all weather stations, the increase in occurrence probability level from 25 to 95 percent (risk reduction from 75 to 5 percent) delays the suitable planting date, dates of germination, flowering, and maturity of rainfed wheat by 37, 56, 35 and 28 days, respectively. It also increases the length of planting to germination stage by 19 days while decreases the length of germination to flowering, flowering to maturity stages, and total season by 22, 8 and 10 days, respectively.
https://plantproduction.scu.ac.ir/article_14951_da5ebef497cf262d0a0a64cc6a45db66.pdf
2020-05-21
143
158
10.22055/ppd.2019.26579.1633
Occurrence probability
Planting date
Precipitation
Temperature
kami
kaboosi
kkaboosi@yahoo.com
1
Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Agriculture, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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© 2020 by the authors. Licensee SCU, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
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