Plant Productions - Articles List

optimizing in vitro regeneration of Hypericum (Hypericum perforatum L.)

Z. Parsamanesh; F. Bayat; M. Hedayat

Volume 40, Issue 4 , March 2018, , Pages 103-113

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2018.13440

Abstract

Background and objectives: Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) has been received considerable interest worldwide due to its biochemical characteristics and unique secondary ... Read More Background and objectives: Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) has been received considerable interest worldwide due to its biochemical characteristics and unique secondary metabolites. In particular, aromatic polycyclic diones, such as hypericin and pseudohypericin have an interest as their antiviral, anticancer and antidepressant activities. To date, field grown plant material has generally been used for commercial St. John’s Wort production but the quality of these products may be affected by different environmental conditions, pollutants, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects which can alter the concentration of medicinal metabolite. In vitro systems have been reported as an effective tool for the development of genetically uniform plants. In order to approach optimal micropropagation of Hypericum perforatum, it will be necessary to optimize shoot proliferation stage in in vitro culture. Material and methods: In the present study, in vitro regeneration of Hypericum perforatum L. using different plant growth regulators on MS media has been developed. Callus was induced from leaves and shoots explants of St. Johns Wort on MS medium containing different levels of growth regulator (0, 2 and 4 mg/l BA; 1 and 2 mg/l Kin plus 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg/l 2,4-D) in factorial experiment with completely randomized design in three replication. To shoot induction equal size of formed callus were separated and evaluated on MS media containing BA (0, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) and Kin (0, 0.5 and 1 mg/l). The shoot with terminal node were used on MS media containing IBA (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mg/l ) to root induction. Results: After 4 weeks callus and shoot/root induction of explants were measured. Data analysis indicated that leaf explants produced higher callus mass than single node explant, also in leaf explants 2,4-D increment had no significant effect on callus mass induction while in single node, callus induction increased as 2,4-D increased. In presence of BA, callus induction from both explants increased with 2,4-D concentration raising. Single node explants produced highest mass of callus in media containing 2 mg/l BA plus 0.1 mg/l of 2,4-D. The highest number of shoots and the longest shoot achieved in presence of 1 mg/l BA with 0.5 mg/l Kin and 0.5 mg/l BA plus 1 mg/l Kin. Discussion: This experiment results revealed that different explants can be used to achieve high regeneration efficiency using different level of growth regulators. Also it seems that external growth regulators isn't essential lin Hypericum branch for rooting.

Effects of Zinc Foliar Spray on Pollen Tube Growth in Pistils of Some Apple Cultivars Crosses

S. Fallah Moafi; Y. Sharafi; Ayatoallh Rezaei; Mohammad Hosain Fotokian

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 1-14

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.15498.1253

Abstract

Background and Objectives Apple is one the most important horticultural crops in Iran. As the most apple cultivars are self-incompatible, having a good fruit set requires favorable ... Read More Background and Objectives Apple is one the most important horticultural crops in Iran. As the most apple cultivars are self-incompatible, having a good fruit set requires favorable cross-pollination. However, this phenomenon is related to a series ofcomplex processeswhich happens on thestigma. Zinc is one of the main factors that affects pollination and has an important role in increasing the percentage of pollen germination thereby increasing fruit set. It has been reported that zinc is referred to be as a main growth element because of its role in hormone production in buds specially auxin biosynthesis. Auxin is the most important hormone which affects pollen tube penetration to the style and so, fruit set in plants. Zinc deficiency in the apple orchards primarily affects the above ground portions of trees, resulting in poor leaf and shoot growth, reduced flowering and fruit set, and reduced size and coloring of fruit. Zinc is also important in the movement of calcium within the tree. Using zinc sprays is the most consistent and cost effective way to apply this element in apple tree orchards. Materials and Methods In this research, the effect of zinc solution in three levels (0, 3000 and 5000 mg.l) was studied on pollen penetration to the ovary in the crosses among four apple cultivars including Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Gala, Fuji. Pollen penetration was studied 72 and 120 hours using fluorescent microscopy technique in the laboratory after field pollination. Crosses among the cultivars included 1- ♀Red delicious × Golden delicious♂, 2- ♀Galla × Fuji♂, 3- ♀Red delicious × Fuji♂, 4- ♀Golden delicious × Fuji♂ and ♀Golden delicious × Galla♂. Results Results showed that the effects of zinc, crosses and their interaction were significant on pollen germination and tube penetration in the primary, middle of the stigma and top of the ovaries. The highest percentage (59.4%) of germination on the stigma was observed in the cross (♀Golden Delicious × Gala ♂), in 120 hours and the highest penetration of pollen tube in ovary (18.08%) was observed at the cross point of 5000 ppm of Zinc, in 120 hours respectively. Discussion In this research the foliar application of Zinc (until 3000 mg.l) increased pollen germination and tube growth on the stigma in all of the studied four apple cultivars. Although, increasing zinc concentration to 5000 mg.l showed negative effects on the both characteristics which showed the tolerance range of the cultivars to the zinc concentration based on their genetic traits. However, increasing the Zinc concentration to 5000 mg.l led to increased pollen tube growth and penetration to the different parts of the styles in all of the crosses linearly.

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungus (Rhizophagus Irregularis) Inoculation in Different Levels of Water Deficit on Minituber Production in Potato

Kh. Parvizi; Y. Parvizi; A. Navaei

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 15-26

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.19706.1402

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives The symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrizae and plants can improve plant growth by increasing mineral nutrient absorption, tolerance ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives The symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrizae and plants can improve plant growth by increasing mineral nutrient absorption, tolerance to diseases and stresses such as drought, temperature fluctuation, metal toxicity, salinity and other adverse conditions. Micro propagation of potato by micro and mini tubers have been established for improving multiplication rate and possibility of reserving some more stock plants as germplasm. Multiplication of the minitubers already has been accompanied by lower establishment that causes low vigor and performance of the plant especially in water stress conditions. This experiment was done to study the effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus inoculation on vigor and performance of planlets derived from minituber in green house conditions. Material and Methods This experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete design with four replications. The treatments were irrigation levels (100%, 85%, 75% and 65% of field capacity) and two levels of culture medium inoculation (inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis and non- inoculation). The amount of water supplement was evaluated according to their treatment by weighing the boxes and calculating the amount of field capacity base. The method described by Gonigle et al (1990) was used for root colonization assessment. Mini-tuber obtained from any plant was weighed, arranged in three groups. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out using SAS software (v. 8.02, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Results Analysis of variance showed that in all minitubers the main effects of incubation with mycorrhiza, irrigation levels and their interaction were significantly different (p≤0.05). Minituber dry matter percentage showed a significant difference (p≤0.05) with mycorrhizal inoculation and interaction between mycorrhiza and irrigation levels. Means comparison showed that generally more minituber production in different sizes was accomplished by mycorrhizal treatments in all irrigation levels in comparison with non-inoculated ones. The most minitubers in different sizes were accomplished with inoculated and providing 85% FC water treatment. Inoculation of minitubers in 65% and 75% FC of irrigation levels did the same as the competitive situation with non-inoculated miniturbers in 85% and 100% of irrigation at the most traits related with quantity and quality of minituber production. Discussions It is concluded that although mycorrhiza was able to promote growth and final yield of minituber production and multiplication rate, this ability is not limited and can be extended ultimately by critical threshold of water accessibility. Dry matter of minituber was affected by application of mycorrhiza in four irrigation regimes. In relation with minituber dry matter, it is conceived that mycorrhiza can affect the dry matter of minituber but irrigation levels must be remarkable in this situation. Generally, it is concluded that mycorrhiza had considerable effect on performance of planted minitubers by adjustment of water stress through promoting mineral nutrients absorption and increasing osmotic potential capability. This ability could be different with intensity of water deficiency.

Effect of Some Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on Morphological and Biochemical Factors of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

S. Mafakheri

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 27-40

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.19128.1378

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Any improvement in agricultural system that results in higher production should reduce the negative environmental impact of agriculture and enhance ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Any improvement in agricultural system that results in higher production should reduce the negative environmental impact of agriculture and enhance the sustainability of the system. Seaweed extracts (SWE) are known to cause many beneficial effects on plants as they contain growth promoting hormones, trace elements, vitamins and amino acids. Humic acid plays a vital role in soil fertility and its application increases the plant growth and nutrient uptake. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of SWE, humic acid and chemical fertilizers on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Material and methods The experiment was carried out in 2016 at the Agricultural Research Greenhouse at Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. The experiment was based on a completely randomized design with four treatments including: SWE, humic acid, chemical fertilizers and control and 7 replications. The pots were filled with 5kg of farm soil, which was evenly mixed with recommended level of chemical fertilizers (N; 0.08, P; 0.06 and K; 0.1 g/kg soil) for chemical fertilizer treatment. Seeds were sown at a depth of 1.5 cm in each pot. Seedlings were thinned to five plants per pot 10 days after emergence. In 4 leaves, appearance stage, SWE and humic acid treatments were applied as a foliar spray every 14 days, for three times before harvesting. Growth parameters were measured in correct time. The biochemical constituent pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids and also total ascorbic acid in leaf were estimated in control and treated plants using standard methods. Dried seeds of Fenugreekwere subjected to hydro distillation for 3h using a Clevenger-type apparatus to produce oil and essential oil percentage was measured. Results In relation to the mean comparisons, the maximum shoot length and the highest number of pods per plant was obtained in plants receiving SWE and NPK. Maximum plant fresh and dry weights were observed in plants received SWE. All fertilizer treatments increased the number of seeds per pod but there were no significant differences between the treatments. The highest chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll contents, total carotenoids, ascorbic aicd and essential oil percent were obtained in plants that received SWE. Discussion Foliar application of seaweed extract fertilizer on fenugreek plants significantly increased all the examined growth parameters of the plants compared to the control. These results agree with previous studies where growth and plant vigor of dill, coriander and fenugreek plants were enhanced by seaweed extracted treatment. Seaweed extracts create equilibrium in growth as a result of the present auxins which will increase vitamins and hormones produced in the treated plants. Results showed that treatments had a significant effect on total chlorophyll, chlorophyll 'a' and 'b', total carotenoids and essential oil content of fenugreek. Seaweed extracts contain cytokinins as well which induce the physiological activities and increase the total chlorophyll, carotenoids and ascorbic acid in the plant.

Evaluating the Effects of Municipal Waste Compost and Corm Weight on Qualitative Characteristic and Secondary Metabolites of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

Z. Gholizade; M.H. Aminifard; M.H. Sayyari

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 53-64

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.18117.1351

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Organic fertilizers are carbon-based compounds that increase the productivity and growth quality of plants. Municipal waste compost is an organic ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Organic fertilizers are carbon-based compounds that increase the productivity and growth quality of plants. Municipal waste compost is an organic manure that improves the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and adds organic matter and exerts a positive effect on elements absorption, quality and yield of saffron. In addition, in saffron cultivation, it is possible to produce considerable amounts of stigma by using of standard mother corms with a minimum weight of 8 g. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the interaction effects of municipal waste compost and mother corm size on chemical properties of saffron. Materials and methods This experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, University of Birjand during the growing season of 2014-2015. Treatments were four levels of municipal waste compost (0, 5, 10 and 20 t.ha-1) and three mother corm weights (0.1-4, 4.1-8 and 8.1-12 g). Flower of saffron was measured during autumn of 2015. Total phenol was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Free radical scavenging activity of the samples was determined using DPPH method. Secondary metabolites of saffron (crocin, picrocrocin and safranal) were measured according to Iran’s national standard. Results The results showed that the highest total phenol and antioxidant activity (10.0789 mg.100 gr-1 and 65.66%, respectively) was obtained in treatment 20 t. ha-1 compost and the lowest (10.0785 mg.100 gr-1 and 62.58%) was recorded in control. Results showed that addition of the compost rate significantly increased secondary metabolites (crocin, picrocrocin and safranal). So, corm weight had a significant effect on antioxidant activity and the main secondary metabolites and the highest characteristics were obtained for corm with 8.1-12 g. As, the effect of interaction of municipal waste compost and corm weight significantly affected the main secondary metabolites. Discussion The results showed that fertilizer treatment and corm weight influenced chemical properties and the main second metabolites of saffron positively. It has been reported that plants cannot simultaneously allocate resources to growth and defence and that there is competition between proteins and phenolics in plants for the common precursors involved in their biosynthesis .These results led us to presume that saffron plants may utilise benefits from compost fertilizer for their protein synthesis and growth development. On the other hand, organic matter (e.g. compost) acts as precursors or activators of phytohormones and growth substances and secondary compounds in plants. The type of soil and the content of organic compounds in soil can have a decisive effect on increasing the content of organic compounds in soil and strengthening antioxidant activity.

The Effect of Different Concentrations of Sodium Nitroprusside in Alleviating Oxidative Damages Caused by Water Stress of Polyethylene Glycol in Medicinal Plant of Catmint Hairless under In Vitro Condition

R. Narimani; M. Moghaddam; D. Shokouhi

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 77-88

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.19097.1375

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Nowadays, the use of sodium nitroprusside as an antioxidant and plant growth regulators to decrease the negative effects of various stresses has been ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Nowadays, the use of sodium nitroprusside as an antioxidant and plant growth regulators to decrease the negative effects of various stresses has been an in portant consideration. Materials and Methods This investigation was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with five replications at the laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The first factor was water stress in three levels (0, 0.5, 1 %) by polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the second factor was use of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (0, 25, 50, 100 µM), in MS medium. In order to provide the explants, seeds of catmint hairless were disinfected and cultivated in MS medium. When the explants were grown, they were affected by polyethylene glycol and different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside in MS medium. After two weeks, growth characteristics, antioxidant activity, total phenol content and electrical conductivity were measured in explants. Results Water stress reduced the traits related to explants growth such as explants height, distance between internodes, fresh weight of explants, number of nodes and number of branches in each explant. Concentration of 25 µM of sodium nitroprusside had a great impact on improving these traits. The maximum amount of the measured traits was observed in water-stress-conditions using 25 µM of sodium nitroprusside and in without-water-stress conditions. Also, antioxidant activity (85.15%), total phenol content (5.15 mg/g FW) and electrical conductivity (74.92%) were in maximum amount in water-stress conditions by 1% polyethylene glycol application and non-use of sodium nitroprusside that decreased with the use of sodium nitroprusside. Discussion The results showed that using NO as an antioxidant compound reduces the effects of tension generally and the low concentration of nitric oxide (Concentration of 25 µM of SNP) seems to be the best concentration for catmint hairless seedlings under severe drought stress conditions which can reduces the adverse effects of stress and increases the probability of tolerance of seedlings in drought stress conditions by effecting on antioxidant activity of the plant.

Effects of Calcium Chloride Sprays to the Leaves and Fruits on Postharvest Physiological Characteristics of Papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Eksotika II) Fruits

A. Mirshekari; B. Madani

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 89-100

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.17673.1335

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical fruit crop. The ‘Eksotika II’ is high yielding cultivar with pleasant aroma, but fruits soften ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical fruit crop. The ‘Eksotika II’ is high yielding cultivar with pleasant aroma, but fruits soften quickly and lose their quality. Low calcium content causes low fruit quality and storage life. Foliar application of calcium on the fruit is significant to make the cell membrane integrity and cell wall firm and improve fruit quality. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of calcium chloride foliar application on postharvest quality of papaya fruits. Materials and methods In order to evaluate the effect of calcium chloride (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2) on leaves, fruits and leaves + fruits of papaya, a factorial experiment based on RCBD was conducted in 2012. Calcium chloride was sprayed starting 21 days after flower anthesis and continued every two weeks for six times. Fruits were stored at 12±1 ̊C and RH=85-90% after harvest. The calcium and magnesium, respiration rate and ethylene, firmness, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids concentration (SSC) and quality were determined 21 days after storage. Results The highest calcium content in fruits was observed with fruits and fruits + leaves sprayed treatments, while the lowest was recorded on leaves sprayed. Magnesium in peel and pulp of fruits that sprayed on fruits or fruits + leaves was lowest, while the highest was observed in leaves sprayed. Decreased in respiration rate and ethylene production were observed in fruits sprayed on fruits and fruits + leaves. The SSC was lowest in fruits + leaves treatment. Inverse results were recorded for TA. Moreover, calcium content in the peel and pulp, TA and overall quality increased when calcium chloride concentration in fruits and fruits + leaves treatments increased, While there was no effect on calcium content when applied to the leaves, but it increased TA. Discussion Results of this study showed that calcium could not transfer from leaf to fruit and vice versa in papaya. Since calcium moves in the transpiration stream, little or no subsequent translocation occurs from leaf to fruit. Unchanged ethylene production and respiration rate when calcium was applied to the leaves might be related to the immobility of calcium. Calcium was considered as a binding agent between cell walls which result in higher fruit firmness. Calcium is hypothesized to delay ripening by reducing disintegration of tissues and maintaining membrane integrity. The positive correlation might be related to magnesium and malate in fruits and malate might not be used in the process of respiration and thus increase in TA. The effect of calcium in decreasing SSC in fruits is possibly due to the decreasing respiration rate and metabolism activity that postpones ripening process.

Investigation on physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters associated with the drought tolerance in four edible fig and two capri fig cultivars

M. Sajedi; M. Esna-Ashari; M. Jafari; E. Aslmoshtaghi

Volume 40, Issue 3 , December 2017, , Pages 101-112

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.18347.1354

Abstract

Abstract Background and Objectives Plant responses to water deprivation are usually monitored through selected parameters which have been proven to be good indicators of drought in ... Read More Abstract Background and Objectives Plant responses to water deprivation are usually monitored through selected parameters which have been proven to be good indicators of drought in different studies. Some of the most important standards for evaluating plants under drought stress are measurements of physiological, morphological and biochemical parameters. These parameters have been found to generally reflect drought adaptation and could be used to select drought-tolerant species suitable to cultivate in dry and/or semi-dried lands. In this study, the effect of drought stress on some above-mentioned parameters in six fig cultivars including Sabz, Siah, Siahe Dorosht, Shah Anjir, Bare Veil and Bare poozdombali was investigated through a two-year experiment. Materials and methods The study was conducted in a factorial experiment based on a complete randomized design with four replications and three drought stress levels including field capacity as the control and 50 and 25% of field capacity as mild and severe stress, respectively. Results The highest amount of reduction in the above-mentioned parameters was observed under severe stress showing significant differences with the control and mild stress. The highest amount of relative water content associated with Sabz and Siah Dorosht cultivars and the greatest level of electrolyte leakage belonged to Siah cultivar. Chlorophyll reduction in Sabz was higher than the others and the least was observed in Siah Dorosht. The greatest proline accumulation was related to Bare Veil and the highest carbohydrate accumulation belonged to Bare Veil and Siah cultivars. The highest amount of protein reduction was also observed in Siah and Siah Dorosht without a significant difference. Maximum increase in the amount of potassium and sodium was observed in Siah Dorosht cultivar. Discussion Results indicated that, Siah and Bare Veil cultivars had approximately similar physiological and biochemical characteristics, so they evaluated as drought tolerant cultivars. It seems that fig plant employs a combination of mechanisms to overcome drought stress. Osmotic regulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of the fig plant tissue’s fluid to maintain the homeostasis of the tissue’s water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution) to keep the fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated. In this study, the two above-mentioned drought-tolerant fig cultivars synthesized considerable amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and proline to regulate their tissues osmotic pressure resulting in better growth under drought stress.

The Effects of Silver Nitrate, Thymol, Green Silver Nanoparticles and Chitosan on Vase Life of Carnation Cut Flowers cv. White Liberty

Mousa Solgi; M. Taghizadeh

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 1-12

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13112

Abstract

Background and Objectives Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is one of the most important and consumption cut flowers in the world. Carnation cut flowers are sensitive to microbial contaminations ... Read More Background and Objectives Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is one of the most important and consumption cut flowers in the world. Carnation cut flowers are sensitive to microbial contaminations at the stem end or in the vase solutions that make their vase life shorter. Numerous studies have reported that three genera of bacteria are the main bacteria which were recognized in the preservative solution of cut flowers. Nowadays, the finding of new compounds as alternatives to common chemicals is important in postharvest of cut flowers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of new compounds including chitosan, thymol and green silver nanoparticles on vase life of cut carnation flowers. Material and Methods The effects of green silver nanoparticles (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1), thymol (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1) and chitosan (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1) were investigated against of silver nitrate (25, 50 and 100 mg L-1) and control (2% sucrose) on vase life of carnation cut flowers "White Liberty", in this research. All treatments included 2% sucrose. Cut flowers were held in treatments for 24 hours, then replaced with distilled water. The experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications. Evaluated characteristics were vase life, relative fresh weight (on days 2, 3, 4, 7, 9 and 10), solution uptake (on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10), ion leakage of petals (on day 11) and chlorophyll contents (on days 2, 4 and 8). Results Results showed that the effects of different treatments on vase life were significant and thymol 25 (13 days), green silver nanoparticles and chitosan 25 (12.5 days) had the highest vase life in comparison with control. The effects of different treatments on relative fresh weight and solution uptake were significant in the evaluated days. Although, the chlorophyll content of leaves and ion leakage of petals were not significant. Discussions In the present study, it was found that pulse treatment by chitosan, thymol and green silver nanoparticles (25 mg L-1) significantly increased the vase life of cut carnations cv. "White Liberty". The presence of two sections of sucrose as nutrition source and antimicrobial agents seems to be necessary for carnation cut flowers. The antimicrobial effects of these compounds have been demonstrated in several studies. The application of thymol and chitosan as non-toxic compounds in the preservative solutions showed positive prospects for using these in extending carnation cut flowers.

Interaction Effects of Oxalic Acid and Storage Time on Some Qualitative Characteristics of Plum Fruit cv. Santa Rosa

h. khosroabadi; F. Varasteh; E. Seifi

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 15-24

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13113

Abstract

Background and Objectives Plum as a climacteric fruit has high ethylene production and respiration rate at the ripening stage which is the reason for its short postharvest life. In ... Read More Background and Objectives Plum as a climacteric fruit has high ethylene production and respiration rate at the ripening stage which is the reason for its short postharvest life. In order to evaluate the effect of oxalic acid treatment on postharvest storage life and maintain qualitative characteristics of plum fruit cv. Santa Rosa, an experiment was performed based on factorial in completely randomized design with two factors, oxalic acid concentration and storage time, in three replications. Material and Methods Plum fruits were harvested at the commercial harvest stage from a commercial orchard located in Golestan Province, Iran. On the same day, harvested fruits were transported to the laboratory and selected for the uniformity in size, shape and color. The selected fruit samples were distributed into four groups of 60 (each replicate contained 5 fruits). The selected fruits were immersed in oxalic acid solutions (0, 2, 4 and 6 mM) for 3 minutes and after removing the surface moisture at room temperature stored at 4 ◦C and 80 % relative humidity. The quantitative and qualitative traits of the fruit were evaluated every two week intervals during 42 days of storage. The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS (9.1) software, and LSD values were calculated for the mean comparisons. Results The results showed that oxalic acid had a significant effect on soluble solids content, titratable acidity, vitamin C, peel anthocyanins and browning index, whilst weight loss, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, vitamin C, fruit flavor index, pH, flesh and peel anthocyanins, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, b, total carotenoids, phenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, electrolyte leakage and browning index were significantly influenced by storage time. The increment of the oxalic acid concentration led to increase of soluble solids content by the late week 4 of storage. The highest (1.21%) and lowest (0.38%) titratable acidity was recorded for 6 mM oxalic acid in week 2 and 2 mM oxalic acid in week 6 of storage, respectively. At the end of the storage, 6 mM oxalic acid caused to preserve the maximum Vit C content (11.63 mg/100g) compared to control. Oxalic acid had no significance on total phenols and flavonoids; however, the interaction between storage time and oxalic acid had also a significant effect on soluble solids content, titratable acidity, vitamin C, fruit flavor index, peel anthocyanins, phenols, flavonoids and browning index. The weight loss reached 9.96% by late week 6. The electrolyte leakage percent and browning index increased during storage period and the minimum browning index without any significant difference was observed in 2 mM (41.11%) and 4 mM (43.89%) oxalic acid treatments. Discussions In conclusion, oxalic acid significantly increased titratable acidity, vitamin C, plum peel anthocyanins and soluble solids compared to the control. The treated fruits had a lower browning index than the control. As a whole, regarding the results of this research, post-harvest application of 4 mM oxalic acid treatment could be used to maintain plum fruit qualitative properties and increase the time of storage.

The Effects of Ethylene and 1-MCP on Storability of Pomegranate Fruit cv. ‘Malase Yosef Khani’

O. Khademi; S.M. Hosseini Molla; D. Talei; E. Sepahvand

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 25-36

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13114

Abstract

Background and Objectives Pomegranate is classified as a non-climacteric fruit, so it is considered as insensitive to ethylene. However, in some other non-climacteric fruit it has been ... Read More Background and Objectives Pomegranate is classified as a non-climacteric fruit, so it is considered as insensitive to ethylene. However, in some other non-climacteric fruit it has been shown that ethylene accelerates senescence or increase chilling injury symptoms during postharvest life. In this study, to determine the sensitiveness of pomegranate fruit to ethylene, the effects of ethylene and 1-MCP (as an ethylene inhibitor material) treatments were investigated on the pomegranate storability. Material and Methods Pomegranate fruit cv. ‘Malase Yousef Khani’ was harvested at the ripening stage (full aril coloring) from an orchard near Saveh city, and treated following treatments; 2 μL/L ethylene for 48 hours, 1 μL/L 1-MCP for 24 hours, and 2 μL/L 1-MCP for 24 hours as well as a combination of 2 μL/L 1-MCP and μL/L ethylene treatments. Fruit without any treatment was put as control. The treatments were applied inside the polyethylene container. Then the treated fruits were stored at 4°C and 90% RH for up to 3 month. The fruits were removed from storage in 1, 2 and 3 months of storage and after 3 days keeping at room temperature as shelf life was analyzed. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications at Shahed University in 2016. Results Results showed that ethylene treated fruits, as compared to 1-MCP treated fruit (even in presence of ethylene in combination treatment) had less fruit and aril marketability, as well as less firmness, ion leakage, total phenol content and antioxidant capacity, whilst this fruit had more weight loss than 1-MCP treated fruits. Ethylene treated fruit had also less fruit and aril marketability, and less antioxidant capacity than control fruit. The control fruit had less fruit and aril marketability, ion leakage, total phenol content and antioxidant capacity than 1-MCP fruits. Discussions According to these results, pomegranate fruit was sensitive to ethylene and its postharvest loss, such as chilling injury symptoms, electro leakage, and antioxidants reduction was accelerated by presence of ethylene around the fruit. On the other hand, since in the most measured characteristics, control fruit had a lower quality than 1-MCP treated fruit, it seems that pomegranate is very sensitive to ethylene and even low level of internal ethylene is enough to accelerate the postharvest loss of this fruit. Therefore, removal of ethylene from the pomegranate storage, or using the anti ethylene materials such as 1-MCP can be effective in increasing posthrevst life of pomegranate fruit.

Effect of Rosemary and Artemisia Essential Oil on Decay Control and Quality Characters of Mango Fruit During Storage

A. Golestani; S. Rastegar Rastegar

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 53-62

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13118

Abstract

Background and Objectives Postharvest diseases are one of the major causes of storage losses of mango. The incidence of postharvest diseases can affect the quality and limits the shelf ... Read More Background and Objectives Postharvest diseases are one of the major causes of storage losses of mango. The incidence of postharvest diseases can affect the quality and limits the shelf life of the horticultural fresh products. Generally, there is a great interest in using essential oils (EOs) as biological control to increasing shelf life of fruits. Mango is one of the most important tropical fruits. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo effectiveness of Artemisia persica and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils against Aspergillus niger, which are one of the most important postharvest diseases of mango. Material and Methods Inoculation of artificial fungal was done at room temperature. One day after inoculation, fruits were treated with different concentrations of EOs. The fruits were placed into boxes and kept in 25°C for three weeks. Then decay, weight loss, firmness, ascorbic acid and values of surface color were determined during storage. Fruits surface color was measured using a chromameter (CR 400, Minolta) which provided (CIE L*, a*, and b*). Firmness values were measured by using a texture analyzer. Results Results showed that all treatments had significant effects in preventing fruits decay during storage. Rosemary essential oil at low concentration (500 μl/l) (13.3%) significantly reduced deterioration of mango fruits, followed by Artemisa persica (1000 μl/l) (12%). Quality of fruits was also affected by essential oil. Fruit treated by Rosmarinus officinalis showed the highest firmness (3.7 kg/cm2) rather than other treatments. Different treatments showed more firmness rather than control and different concentrations of treatment did not show any significant difference. Discussions Modifications induced by EOs might be due to theirs components interactions with cell wall synthesis, which affects fungal growth and morphology. Moreover, the presence of an aromatic nucleus and one hydroxyl group is important for their antimicrobial activity. Some reported that efficacy of plant EOs depends on their composition

Study on the effects of dust on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pollination and fruit set

A. Torahi; K. Arzani

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 63-74

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.19084.1374

Abstract

Background and ObjectivesIn the recent years the phenomenon of dust increased in the environment, so has affected most agricultural products such as date palm. This study has been conducted ... Read More Background and ObjectivesIn the recent years the phenomenon of dust increased in the environment, so has affected most agricultural products such as date palm. This study has been conducted in order to study on the effects of dust on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pollination and fruit set. The experiment was carried out in two growing seasons 2014 and 2015 in order to evaluate the effect of combined treatments including dust, rain and pollination on fruit set, parthenocarpic fruits and fruit abscission of 8-years old `Estamaran’ (‘Sayer’) date palms in the field. In addition, dust sediment manner on the flower and stigmatic surface in the simulated environment at the laboratory was studied. Materials and methodsIn each combined treatment in the field, all bunches of experimental trees was treated as replications. At the laboratory, simulation operation has been done by placing the flowers under binocular camera and operating the combined treatments using soft brush for dusting and pollination on the stigma, also manual hand spray was applied. A month after treatments, traits such as fruit set, parthenocarpic fruit and abscission percentage and dust sedimentation manner on the flower and stigma was studied. The data were analyzed statistically using the analysis of variance using MINITAB17 software.Results and Discussion Results showed that treatments had significant effects on the studied traits. Maximum obtained from pollination (66.11%) and minimum fruit set obtained from non-pollinated treatment (0.5%). In the other applied treatments, in spite of pollination, existence of one or two other factors and their operation order had different effects on fruit set. Combined treatments that included dust caused significant reduction in fruit set and led to the increase in fruit abscission. The maximum parthenocarpic fruit set observed in non-pollinated treatment (23.38%) with the significant difference in comparison to other treatments and the minimum parthenocarpic fruit produced by combined dust, rain and pollination treatment (0.48%). The maximum abscission was observed in the combined dust, rain and pollination treatment (83.82%) and the minimum abscission observed in pollination treatment (32.88%). The simulated operation results at the laboratory was approved and quiet similar to the results obtained from the field experiment, so the formation of dust insulator layer on the stigmatic surface inhibited most of the pollen grains for direct contact to the stigmatic surface. The obtained results from this research showed the negative impact of the dust on fruit set, so we conclude and suggest the repeat of pollination after the dust storm during date palm pollination.

Investigation effects of Malling and Malling Merton rootstocks and planting distances on the quality and quantity characteristics apple cultivar red delicious in Meshginshahr region

H. karbalaei Khiavi; A. pirayesh

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 89-98

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.13122

Abstract

In order to determine the most suitable dwarf rootstock for apple cultivar 'Red Delicious' and optimal planting distances under climatic conditions of Meshginshahr region, this research ... Read More

Evaluation of storage temperature and container material effects on summer wild blackberry postharvest

M. Haddadinejad; K. Ghasemi; A.A. Mohammadi

Volume 40, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 99-112

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.19095.1376

Abstract

Background and objectives: Blackberry due to its short post-harvest shelf life and rapid perishability cannot be conserve for long time. Recently, using small plastic containers became ... Read More Background and objectives: Blackberry due to its short post-harvest shelf life and rapid perishability cannot be conserve for long time. Recently, using small plastic containers became popular that unfortunately is non-biodegradable and incompatible with environment so these materials are dangerous for environment. But using biodegradable packages which made up by natural materials like starch, corn, potato and wheat can be a suitable substitution. This research aimed to evaluate optimum conditions including temperature and container material for increasing summer wild blackberry shelf life.Materials and methods: With the aim of evaluation of summer wild blackberry optimum storage conditions, its fruits were compared via three levels of temperature (0, 4 and 25˚C) and two kinds of containers (biodegradable and non-biodegradable) during 14 days. Different characteristics comprising of visual quality (fruit weight, fruit weight loss and market acceptance), edible quality (TSS, pH, TA, TSS/TA, flavor and taste) and health value (total antioxidant activity, total phenol content, total flavonoid content and total anthocyanin) was evaluated. Results: The obtained results showed fruits weight lost, during postharvest maintenance in all of treatments the highest fruit weight recorded on the first day and after that decreased significantly. In addition to fruit weight, length, width, flavor, taste and market acceptance of fruit decreased during storage, significantly. Visual quality of fruits packed in polystyrene container was better than bio based one. Total soluble solids of blackberries stored in biodegradable package were significantly higher than non-biodegradable container. Inhibitory percentage of DPPH radicals in all treatments showed powerful antioxidant properties of blackberry. The highest phenol content (62.33 gGalicacid/ g fruit juice) of fruits was recorded in 3th day at 4˚C in polystyrene container. The lowest amount of total phenol in the same temperature was observed after 8 days storage in biodegradable container. In both of containers, the temperature of 0 ˚C showed less decrease of flavonoid content. During the experiment conduction, anthocyanin content decreased generally but in 8 and 14th day in polystyrene container and 0˚C, its content increased from 224,99 in first day at 0oC to 57.89 and 90.3 mg Cyanidin/Lit fruit juice in both containers types at 14th day, significantly.Discussion: Water loss due to transpiration and respiration is the main reason for weight loss during post-harvest period. Because of this, using Nano particles in containers materials around the fruits to control water exchange can reduce weight loss and influence different fruit characteristics as well. Conclusion: The positive effect of the 0 ˚C temperature on blackberry shelf life was significant. Using biodegradable package despite its environmental importance showed less efficiency for increasing blackberry postharvest life in comparison with plastic one and require additional researches.

Study on the effects of medium, sterilization and hormonal treatment on micropropagation of some apple (Mallus domestica Borkh.) rootstocks

N. Mohamadzadeh Moghadam; H. Hamidi

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 41-54

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.14039.1189

Abstract

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIn order to increase yield in apple orchards, multiplication of rootstocks is essential, and it depends on the availability of a simple and easy proliferation ... Read More AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIn order to increase yield in apple orchards, multiplication of rootstocks is essential, and it depends on the availability of a simple and easy proliferation method of rootstocks. The study investigated the effect of disinfection, culture condition and plant growth regulators on the rate of contamination, number of lateral branches, stem length, number of leaves, callus creation and the rate of branch creation of rootstocks MM106, MM111 and B9.Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with three replications. Surface sterilization of explants with different concentrations of mercuric chloride and sodium hypochlorite (mercuric chloride 0.1% for 3 minutes and ethanol 70% for 30 seconds; mercuric chloride 0.1% for 5 minutes and ethanol 70% for 30 seconds; NaOCl 0.75% for 15 minutes and ethanol 70% for 30 seconds) was done and then explants were cultivated in modified MS, WPM and DKW mediums. The evaluated characters were infection percent of explant, number of lateral branches, stem length, percentage of callus induction and number of leaves. Data were analyzed using SAS software. The analysis of variance on the test data was performed at 5% level and comparison to the middle of the Duncan test.ResultsResults showed that using a mercuric chloride (0.1%) and ethanol (70%) respectively for 3 Minutes and 30 Seconds achieved the least contamination. Results showed significant differences between plant hormone and rootstocks for traits. In this test, the modified MS medium with 0.1 mg/L BA hormones with the largest percentage growth had more successful establishment. Average comparisons showed that rootstock MM106 in terms of all traits had a significant difference with other rootstocks. The highest stem length, number of leaves and callus creation were shown in rootstock MM106. In order to investigate the effect of hormone levels on branch creation, different levels of BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) and IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) were used. The best medium was the culture containing 0.1 milligrams per liter IBA plus 2 milligrams per liter BAP.DiscussionsIn general, the present results showed that genotypes respond differently to in vitro conditions. The rootstock B9 by the above method showed better response to branch creation trait than other genotypes.

The Effect of Different Organic Matter on the Seed Emergence and Some Vegetative and Qualitative Traits of Lepidium sativum

Davood Naderi; E. Kazemi Jazanabadi; B. Bahari; L. Mohamadbaghery

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 97-110

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12450

Abstract

Background and Objectives Garden cress is believed to have very useful nutritive impacts on human and the quantity of minerals, protein, necessary amino and fat acids. Application of ... Read More Background and Objectives Garden cress is believed to have very useful nutritive impacts on human and the quantity of minerals, protein, necessary amino and fat acids. Application of organic and mineral materials in culture media plays an effective role in increasing yield and effective materials of the plants. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of agricultural by product and wastages such as spent mushroom compost, Rotten manure and rice bran was evaluated in different ratios with soil on seed emergence and vegetative and qualitative properties of Garden cress. Materials and Methods In order to study the effect of different culture media on the seed emergence and vegetative and qualitative properties of Garden cress (Lepidium sativum), various media including field soil, rice bran, Rotten manure and spent mushroom compost (SMC) were used in eight different compound and ratios. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Results The results showed that the highest length and width of leaves and plant height was observed in the treatments of field soil alone, 1.3 field soil + 1.3 rice bran + 1.3 spent mushroom compost, 1.2 field soil + 1.2 spent mushroom compost, and the lowest amount was related to the treatment of 1.3 field soil + 1.3 Rotten manure + 1.3 rice bran. Also, the highest and the lowest percentages of seed emergence were observed in the treatment of 1.3 field soil + 1.3 rice bran + 1.3 spent mushroom compost, and 1.2 field soil + 1.2 Rotten manure, respectively. The highest of Cu and the lowest of Ca and Mn were obtained in 1.3 field soil + 1.3 Rotten manure + 1.3 spent mushroom compost. The lowest of Cu and Zn were observed in field soil + Rotten manure + rice bran + spent mushroom compost. Discussions The results indicated that the different culture media had various effects on the nutrients content. According to the results of this experiment, using spent mushroom compost in soil for different purposes will cause short and long term changes in soil properties. The existing high levels of organic matter and nutrients can have positive effects on the physical and chemical properties of soil and cultivated plants and can replace many conventional beds.

Investigating the Effects of Plant Density, Seed Inoculation with Bacteria and Different Nitrogen Fertilizing Methods on Yield, Yield Components and Essential Oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

M. Delfieh; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy; R. Farhoudi

Volume 40, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 111-121

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12436

Abstract

Background and Objectives Fennel is one the most important medicinal and aromatic plants which is widely used in food, medicine and cosmetic industries worldwide. This study was carried ... Read More Background and Objectives Fennel is one the most important medicinal and aromatic plants which is widely used in food, medicine and cosmetic industries worldwide. This study was carried out in order to investigate the effects of different nitrogen nutritional systems including chemical, organic and biologic ones at different plant densities on yield, yield components and seed essential oil content and yield of fennel in south western Iran climatic conditions. Materials and Methods To do this research, a field experiment was carried out in 2013-2014 agricultural season at Islamic Azad University of Shoushtar agricultural college in split plot design with 18 treatments in 4 replications based on completely randomized blocks design. Different nitrogen system treatments consisting of N1: Uniformly spreading urea fertilizer in the plot, half at planting time and other at stem elongation, N2: Uniformly spreading half of urea fertilizer in the plot at planting time and spraying the other half at stem elongation on fennel foliage, N3: cow manure, N4: Inoculation of fennel seeds with Azotobacter and Azospirillum, N5: Applying half of required nitrogen fertilizer from cow manure and other half from urea, N6: Applying half of required nitrogen fertilizer from cow manure + inoculation of fennel seeds with Azotobacter and Azospirillum were applied to the main plots. Three fennel densities consisting of FD1: 60 plant/m2, FD2: 80 plant/m2 and FD3: 100 plant/m2 were applied to subplots. Results Based on the results, utilization of the first integrated treatment which consisted of cow manure and urea as chemical fertilizer at 50:50 percent, along with using 100 plant per m2 as a proper crop density achieved production of 94.575 g/m2 seed yield containing 3.375 percent of essential oil. Other findings showed that Azotobacter+ Azospirillum had no positive effect on plant seed yield and essential oil. Discussions The findings of our study showed that replacing 50 percent of required nitrogen with cow manure in fennel could lead to a favorable quantitative and qualitative seed production as well as the treatments which use 100 percent of nitrogen as chemical fertilizers. It seems that nitrogen application with manure probably through increasing organic matter mineralization and mineral absorption, improved the effectiveness of manure. Therefore application of such a combination not only could lead to a desirable fennel quantity and quality, but also is more consistent with environment. Other findings of the present study showed that seed inoculation with bio-fertilizers (Azotobacter + Azospirillum) had no positive effects on plant seed yield and essential oil. For such a result, it could be said that climate and soil conditions and also plant species and varieties are important in bio-fertilizers usefulness and also in determining suitable bacteria species for application.

Effect of Pre-treatment and Seed Size on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Two Onion (Allium cepa L.) Genotypes

M. I.; M. T.; j. j.; B. P.

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 15-30

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.12064

Abstract

Background and Objectives Seed priming is a type of pre-sowing seed treatment known to improve seed performance by increasing seed germination rate and uniformity. Another factor which ... Read More Background and Objectives Seed priming is a type of pre-sowing seed treatment known to improve seed performance by increasing seed germination rate and uniformity. Another factor which could be helpful for rapid and uniform germination and emergence is seed size. Seed size is a component of seed quality which has an impact on the performance of crop. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of priming and seed size on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two onion genotypes. Materials and methods In order to evaluate the effect of priming and seed size on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of onion genotypes a factorial field experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2012 and 2013 cropping season at Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of East Azarbayjan, Iran. The experimental treatments included priming (at four levels: hydro priming, osmopriming (in 2% KNO3), priming with folammin amino acid (in 2%) and control (without priming), seed size (at three levels: small, medium and large) and genotype (at two levels: Red Azarshahr and Zargan). Quantitative characteristics included bulb fresh and dry yield, bulb, leave fresh and dry weight and qualitative characteristics included percentages of soluble solids and dry matter, bulb pH, pyruvic acid content, bulb and Leave ash of onion. Results Analysis of variance for the measured traits indicated that all characteristics significantly were affected by priming and seed size. Results showed that seed priming and seed size improved quantitative and qualitative characteristics of onions. The highest bulb fresh and dry yield, total soluble solids and dry matter, were obtained from plant that primed with folammin amino acid 58.17, 7.27 (tha-1), 12.54, 13.67 percent, respectively, and the lowest were achieved from control plants. Also, mean comparison indicated that the higher values of bulb fresh and dry yield, total soluble solids and dry matter were obtained from large seed size 58.99, 7.37 (tha-1), 11.14, 12.45 percent, respectively and the lower values were found to belong to small seed size. Genotypes mean comparison showed that the higher values of bulb fresh and dry yield, total soluble solids and dry matter were obtained from Red Azarshahr cultivar 53.46, 6.68 (tha-1), 12.62, 11.81 percent, respectively. Discussion According to the results mentioned above, seed priming treatments improved quantitative and qualitative characteristics as compared to the unprimed. Among the treatments, seed priming with folammin amino acid 2 % was more effective than the potassium nitrite 2 % and hydropriming. Large seed size significantly increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Accordingly, the importance of seed priming and seed grading was obvious in this study, so seed priming with folammin amino acid 2% and large seed size should be used for onion planting in order to improve quantitative and qualitative characteristics of onion. Therefore priming with folammin amino acid 2 % and large seed are recommended for onion planting for the places with the same environmental conditions.

Effect of Potassium Nitrate and Phenyl Phthalamic Acid on Some of Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Strawberry ‘Gaviota’

S M; M H; M S; S A

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 43-52

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12427

Abstract

Background and objectives Proper plant nutrition is very important for high productivity and fruit quality. Strawberry has more need for potassium because this element is a major component ... Read More Background and objectives Proper plant nutrition is very important for high productivity and fruit quality. Strawberry has more need for potassium because this element is a major component of the fruit. Size, colour, and acidity of the fruit have a positive relation with potassium amount. Also, the phenyl phthalamic acid is a regulator that increases the working life of stigma and supports the better pollination, which results in a higher yield. This study was performed to increase the quantity and quality of strawberry fruits. Materials and Methods To study the effect of potassium nitrate and phenyl phthalamic acid on vegetative and reproductive growth of strawberry cv. Gaviota, a research was conducted as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Potassium nitrate (0, 1, 2 and 5 g.l-1) and phenyl phthalamic acid (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg.l-1) were sprayed on leaves and flowers, respectively. The parameters such as inflorescense and fruit number, yield per plant, fresh and dry weight of fruit, TSS, TA and N, P, K and Ca content of leaf and fruit were measured. Results The results showed that the use of 5 g.l-1 of potassium nitrate or 500 mg.l-1 phenyl phthalamic acid had the greatest effect on the fresh and dry weight of fruit. Also, potassium nitrate in concentration of 2 g.l-1 has a significant effect on the number of inflorescences and phosphorus of leaves and fruits. The highest number of fruits (26 fruits per plant) with 2 g.l-1 potassium nitrate and the highest yield per plant (541.2 g) and TSS juice (8.3) with 2 g.l-1 potassium nitrate + 500 mg.l-1 phenyl phthalamic acid were obtained. Discussion The phenyl phthalamic acid could increase fruit setting, which resulted in a yield increase too, especially when it was applied with potassium nitrate. In general, the use of potassium nitrate and phenyl phthalamic acid in concentration of 2 g.l-1 and 500 mg.l-1, respectively, resulted in increase of yield and qualitative and quantitative traits of strawberry.

Effect of Silver Nitrate on In vitro Propagation of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cvs. ‘Malas Yazdi’ and ‘Robab’

babak valizadeh kaji; Ahmad Reza Abbasifar

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 53-64

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12430

Abstract

Background and Objectives Traditional propagation method of pomegranate by hard wood and soft wood cuttings does not ensure disease-free and healthy plants and it depends on the season. ... Read More

Evaluative Effects of Brassinosteroid on Reduction of Harmful Effect of Chilling in Fruit Grape (Vitis vinifera L. Rishbaba) During Storage

BAHAREH GHORBANI; zahra pakkish

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 65-78

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2017.12528

Abstract

Background and Objectives Grapes are generally grown in different regions of Iran. Quality of table grapes is usually considered as a combination of appearance and flavor during shelf-life. ... Read More Background and Objectives Grapes are generally grown in different regions of Iran. Quality of table grapes is usually considered as a combination of appearance and flavor during shelf-life. Brassinosteroids are considered to be a class of plant polyhydroxysteroids and have been recognized as a new kind of phytohormones that play an essential role in plant development. Researchers studied the brassinosteroids levels in cucumber through a chemical genetics approach and found that BR levels were positively correlated with the tolerance to cold stresses. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of BR on chilling d, lipid peroxidation content, and the induction of antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutasein “Rish Baba” grape fruit during storage at 0-1 °C. Materials and methods Grape fruits were harvested and transported to the laboratory on the same day. The harvested fruits were washed, and dried in air. Grape fruits were treated with 0 (control), 0.75 and 1.5 milligram per liter brassinosteroid for 5 min and then stored at 0-1°C, 85-90 % relative humidity for 6 weeks. Characteristics such as chilling injury, ion leakage, lipid peroxidation, and activity of antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. Results Results showed that brassinosteroid significantly reduced the chilling injury, ion leakage, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide, in treated fruits, compared to control. According to these results, pH and ascorbic acid of treated and controlled fruits increased during storage while titratable acidity of fruits decreased. As for brassinosteroid treatment, the pattern of mentioned changes reduced lower than control. So, the activity of antioxidant enzymes of fruits treated with brassinosteroid highly increased compared to control during storage. Fruits treated with 1.5 mgL-1 brassinosteroid showed the best effect with lowest chilling injury. Discussion In the present study, the plant hormone BR was applied and the results indicated that BR significantly reduces CI of grape fruits during storage at 0-1 °C. Our finding was consistent with previous reports that exogenous application of BR is effective in protecting seedlings of rice, maize and cucumber against cold stress. CI occurrence is often accompanied by oxidative damage, which can be followed through lipid peroxidation content, since it is a final product of lipid peroxidation. In this study, there was a continuous increase in fresh tissue lipid peroxidation content in all fruits, but the application of BR significantly delayed the increase of lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the change in membrane permeability showed trends similar to lipid peroxidation content; that is, fresh tissue H2O2 content increased with storage duration, but BR markedly delayed the increase. BR has been considered to be involved in a network of interacting signal transduction pathways, which regulate defense responses to abiotic stress. When horticultural crops are exposed to severe abiotic stresses, including cold stress, large amounts of intracellular ROS are generated. The detoxification of ROS is dependent on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase. The increase in these enzymes’ activity contributes to the adaptation of plants to cold stress and ameliorates oxidative damage such as lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content.

Chemical Composition Essential Oil of Hors Mint (Mentha longifolia) as a Rich Source of Pulegone From Five Wild Habitats of Fars Province

p a; m m; j v; a gh; gh d

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 87-100

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12435

Abstract

Background and Objectives Horse Mint (Mentha longifolia synMentha sylvestris) is a valuable medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. This plant has been used traditionally ... Read More

Investigating of Copper Effect on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Nasturtium Officinale

M. T.; Ahmad Mohtadi; T. A.

Volume 39, Issue 4 , March 2017, , Pages 101-114

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12432

Abstract

Background and Objectives Environmental pollution is the result of industrial societies and industrialization of human society. Copper is an essential micronutrient for plants growth ... Read More Background and Objectives Environmental pollution is the result of industrial societies and industrialization of human society. Copper is an essential micronutrient for plants growth and development when the copper concentration in the water is high, as one of the most toxic heavy metals for living organisms. Some plants are known as copper accumulator. Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) is an aquatic plant species from Brassicaceae family. Greenhouse experiments have showed that watercress has high accumulation ability of some heavy metals. Material and methods This study aimed to examine the effects of copper on growth and physiological characteristics of Nasturtium officinale. Accordingly, effects of different levels of copper sulfate (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 µM) in N. officinale in a complete randomized design with three replications were studied. Rooted cuttings of N. officinale were transferred to hydroponic culture, in 1-L polyethylene pots containing a modified half-strength Hoagland’s solution. Nutrient solutions were renewed weekly and plants were grown in a growth chamber (20/15 °C day/night; light intensity 200 µE m-2 s-1, 16 h day-1; relative humidity 75 %). After 14 days of pre-culture, plants were exposed to different levels of copper sulfate. The plants were harvested for analysis after having grown in the test solution for 2 weeks. Results The results showed that in the 4 µM copper treatment, fresh and dry weight of shoots, shoot length, leaf area and RWC increased, but at higher concentrations (8, 12, 16 µM) these characteristics significantly decreased. The root and shoot copper concentrations consistently increased with increasing copper exposure. At the 16 µM of copper in the nutrient solution, the average of copper concentrations in root and shoot was 4210 and 558 µg/g d.w., respectively. According to the results, shoot copper concentration was lower than the root and very little of that was transferred into the shoot. Discussion In total, according to the results, copper sulfate significantly decreases the shoots and roots of fresh and dry weight as well as root length, shoot length and leaf area, and increases the total chlorophyll, but no significant effect on the amount of Protein, Carbohydrate, Anthocyanin and Carotenoid. Generally, the threshold of this plant is to 4 µM copper.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Some of Iranian Snake Melon (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus) Accessions Using Morphological Markers

Narges Dastranji; Abdolali Shojaeiyan; Mohsen Falahati-Anbaran; Sajad Rashidi-Monfared; Azam Nikzad-Gharehaghaji

Volume 39, Issue 3 , December 2016, , Pages 15-26

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2016.12061

Abstract

Background and Objectives Local accessions have developed traits that may improve their ability to adapt to local invironmental conditions. These accessions may contain genes responsible ... Read More

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = H: Horticulture

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