Plant Productions - Articles List

The Effect of Heat Treatment and UV-C Radiation on Biochemical Compounds, Enzymatic Activity and Decay Rate of Thomson Novell orange fruit

Shohreh Zivdar; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Hossein Fereydoni; Hojjatollah Rabbani Nasab; Mohammad Hossein Razzaghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2022

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39210.2002

Abstract

IntroductionCitrus is one of the most important horticultural products that is mainly produced in the subtropical regions of the world. Citrus fruits are susceptible to a number of ... Read More IntroductionCitrus is one of the most important horticultural products that is mainly produced in the subtropical regions of the world. Citrus fruits are susceptible to a number of fungal diseases that cause significant losses in the citrus industry in the post harvest stage. Worldwide, diseases have been primarily controlled for many years by the application of conventional fungicides. However, human health risks and environmental contamination associated with chemical residues and the proliferation of resistant strains of the pathogens are major problems associated with the continuous and widespread use of conventional post harvest fungicides. Heat and UV radiation treatments are the most common physical means used to control post harvest diseases of fresh fruits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of UV-C radiation and Hot Air Flow (HAF) treatment on decay control and some biochemical properties in Thomson navel oranges at cold storage. Materials and MethodsIn this experiment, the effects of heat treatments (37 °C for 24 hours), UV radiation (7.92 kJ / m2) and combination treatment (HAF*UV) on the storage life of Thomson oranges were investigated. The statistical model of factorial experiment was in the form of a completely randomized design in which two factors of storage time and treatments were considered. After treatment, the fruits were stored at 5 ° C for 90 days during the storage period, the percentage of decay, fruit weight loss, and some biochemical properties and enzymatic activity were investigated. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS software and the mean data were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at a five percent probability level using MSTATC software.Results and discussion:In this study, the effect of UV-C radiation and hot air flow on the rate of decay, weight loss, biochemical characteristics and activity of a number of enzymes involved in the oxidation of Thomson Novel orange fruit was investigated.Treatments included control (no application of any treatment) radiation (UV-C radiation with an intensity of 7. 98 KJ m2), hot air (hot air 37 °C for 24 hours) and combination (UV-C + hot air) which in The four storage times of zero, 30, 60 and 90 days were examined in factorial format based on a completely randomized design. The results showed that radiation and heat treatment effectively reduced fruit rot . the lowest and highest percentage of cumulative rot was observed in the combined treatment with an average of 3.8% and the control treatment with an average of 12.7%, respectively.The control treatment and the combined treatment with the average of 5.68 and 2.94, respectively, had the highest and lowest fruit weight loss. During fruit storage, TSS, TA, TSS/TA and pH increased and TA decreased The amount of ascorbic acid in fruits treated with hot air flow with an average of 35.54 mg per 100 g of fresh material was higher than the control treatment with an average of 30.67 mg per 100 g of fresh material. Antioxidant activity increased at the beginning of the period, however, the treatments did not have a significant effect on inhibiting DPPH radical activity in fruit flesh The amount of total phenol, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity in fruit flesh under the influence of heat treatment, initially increased with the period, which the enzyme activity decreased with increasing storage time. According to the evaluated traits, heat and combination treatment succeeded in reducing the rate of rot and increasing the biochemical properties of the fruit during storage, so it can be considered as a suitable practical option.

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Improving growth, yield and quality characteristics of greenhouse tomato by using high density fish pond water

Amin Baji; Edris Shabani; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Mohamad Albaji

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 June 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43551.2098

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionIran ranks 11th in the world in tomato production, with more than 3 million tons produced. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will ... Read More AbstractIntroductionIran ranks 11th in the world in tomato production, with more than 3 million tons produced. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will be one of the challenges of the near future in the agricultural sector due to the drought problem in Iran. Reuse of fish waste in agriculture is one of the important dimensions of water resources planning. Recycling drainage water from aquaculture farms is one of the necessities because it is rich in substances that can be useful in agriculture. World population and food security is one of the most difficult challenges that most of the countries are facing, because the world population is increasing rapidly and will reach 9.6 billion people by 2050. In this situation, the food supply should increase by 70 to 100%. Considering these challenges, it is necessary to conduct applied research to make maximum use of effluents and wastewaters in the production of greenhouse products.Materials and methodsThe treatments of this experiment included 3 types of nutrient solutions (Resh nutrient solution, fish pond water and modified fish pond water) and 3 promising greenhouse tomato lines (AZ4, AZ5 and V4). The experimental design was factorial arranged in complete block design with 3 replications. At the end of the experiment, the plants were removed from the pot and the roots, leaves and stems were separated from each other. Their fresh and dry weight and the number of leaves were recorded separately for each treatment. To check yield indicators, ripe tomato fruits were harvested during the growth period, counted and weighed with a scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g. The firmness of the fruit tissue was measured by a firmness meter, and the pH and EC of the fruit extract were measured by a pH meter and an EC meter, respectively. The measurement of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll was done using a spectrophotometer in mature leaves developed according to the method suggested by Arnon (1967).Result and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that V4 and AZ4 cultivars had the highest stem and leaf weight compared to AZ5 cultivar. Also, the results showed that the Resh solution and modified pond water had the highest root dry weight (58 and 56 g, respectively) compared to the fish pond water treatment (47 g). The findings of this study showed that the use of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water compared to the treatment of fish pool water increased the number of leaves of tomato plants by 23.88% and 18.69%, respectively. It seems that irrigation with modified pool water and Resh solution increases the growth and development of the plant due to the increase in the level of nutrients. The highest amount of total chlorophyll was observed in the Resh solution and modified pool water with concentrations of 2.3 and 2.2 mg/g, respectively. The results of Silva et al (2021) showed that in irrigation with fish waste, greater availability of magnesium in plant tissue increases the content of chlorophyll b in leaves and increases plant chloroplast pigments. The highest total yield was observed in cultivar V4 and in the treatments of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water. The results showed that modified pool water had the highest EC of tomato extract (1.9 dS/m). Also, the results of the interaction effect of cultivar and nutrient solution showed that the highest fruit firmness was observed in Resh solution and fish pond water in V4 cultivar. Also, the lowest fruit firmness was observed fish pond water in AZ5 cultivar. It seems that, in the present study, the reduction of calcium absorption in fish pond water caused the reduction of firmness of tomato fruit (Kaab omeir et al., 2020).ConclusionIt seems that according to the above results, it is possible to use pool water with a high density of fish after modification and changes in the amounts of its nutrients in greenhouse tomato cultivation. Among the tested cultivars, the promising line V4 can be recommended for cultivation in the greenhouse for the use of modified fish pond water.

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Investigating the effects of post-harvest application of nanocellulose/carvacrol composite coating on the physico-chemical characteristics of Physalis fruit with calyx

Leila Fereidoni; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Hassan mumivand; Mohamadrez Raji

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42926.2078

Abstract

IntroductionPhysalis (Physalis peruviana L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and Its fruit is berry, round and orange in color. This fruit is climacteric and after reaching physiological ... Read More IntroductionPhysalis (Physalis peruviana L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and Its fruit is berry, round and orange in color. This fruit is climacteric and after reaching physiological maturity, it can be harvested as a mature green. Since small fruits are consumed fresh and also because of their sensitivity to spoilage pathogens, physiological disorders. On the other hand, food safety is one of the important issues related to fresh fruits and vegetables. Most of the natural compounds are degradable and can be a safe compound for human health and the environment and an alternative to synthetic compounds. Research has shown that the incorporation of bioactive compounds such as essential oils, plant extracts and nanocomposite increases the active effect as a packaging for fruit and reduces the rate of fruit deterioration.Materials and MethodsThis research was done in the laboratory of Lorestan university (Khorramabad, 33° 26 ´N latitude and 48 °15´E longitude and at an altitude of 1148 meters above sea level). In this study, physalis fruits from Khorramabad research greenhouse, nanocellulose gel extracted from Bergan conifer pulp from Nano Novin Polymer Company, pure carvacrol by GC/MS analysis from Khorrman Pharmaceutical Company and the combination of nanocellulose with carvacrol, in The laboratory was prepared. The experiment was conducted as a factorial with two factors in the form of a complete random design with 4 replications. The first factor is the type of material in specific concentrations at nine levels (Control, Car 0.3%, Car 0.6%, CNF 0.5%, CNF 1.5%, Car 0.3+CNF 0.5%, Car 0.6+CNF 0.5%, Car 0.3+CNF 1.5%, Car 0.6+CNF 1.5% and the second factor of storage time at four levels (0, 45, 90 and 135 days). First, physalis fruits were washed with distilled water, and then the excess leaves and damaged fruits were separated. The fruits were placed in the desired suspension for 2-3 minutes. After applying the treatment, the fruits were placed in a refrigerator with a temperature of 4 degrees and a relative humidity of 90%.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the treated fruits with nanocellulose and carvacrol showed less weight loss and had higher tissue firmness. Examining the biochemical characteristics also showed the positive effect of the treatments on the desired parameters, so that the most TA and vitamin C and the least amount of acidity were obtained in the nanocellulose and nanocellulose/carvacrol combination treatments. Also, the treatments used reduced the TSS and the fruit TSS/TA, and the combined treatments had the lowest values. By creating a layer on the surface of the fruit, nanocellulose coating prevents water evaporation and reduces metabolic and respiration processes. The amount of fruit softening is directly related to the amount of decomposition of pectin compounds through the enzyme activity of methylesterase and polygalactronase during ripening. The used coatings form a thin layer on the surface of the fruit, which can reduce gas exchange and the rate of respiration. Nanocellulose/carvacrol composite coatings lead to an increase in the activity of cytochrome oxidase by reducing internal oxygen and this enzyme increases the rate of ascorbic acid decomposition. ConclusionIn general, the results of the research showed that the investigated characteristics of physalis fruit were influenced by the treatments used. As treated samples, weight loss was less, acidity, soluble solids and taste index were lower, tissue firmness, titratable acids and vitamin C were higher. According to the general results, it can be stated that the application of nanocellulose/carvacrol composite treatments, especially the Car 0.6+CNF 1.5% treatment, showed more favorable results than the application of each one alone in most features.

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Effect of Drought Stress on the Amount of Proline, Glycine Betaine, Carbohydrate, Phenol and Malondialdehyde Content Genotypes and Interspecific Hybrids Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.)

hassan farhadi; Mohammad Mehdi ُSHARIFANI; Mehdi Alizadeh; hossein hokmabadi; Sasan aliniaefard

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 August 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43029.2083

Abstract

IntroductionCross breeding processes including targeted crossings to increase tolerance, can be considered as a safe and permanent solution to reduce the harmful effects of drought ... Read More IntroductionCross breeding processes including targeted crossings to increase tolerance, can be considered as a safe and permanent solution to reduce the harmful effects of drought stress on plants. Therefore, two issues of pistachio as a strategic crop in the country and location of Iran in arid and semi-arid region necessitated research in order to achieve rootstocks drought-tolerant hybrids are necessary.Materials and methodsThe experiment was conducted as factorial based on a Completely Randomized Design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2018-2019. The treatments were consisted of 10 pistachio genotype Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari, Sorkheh Hosseini, Garmeh, Fandoghi and interspecific hybrids (Ahmad Aghaei‌×Integerrima, Akbari‌×Integerrima, Sorkheh‌ Hosseini‌× Integerrima, Garmeh‌×‌Iintegerrima and Fandoghi‌×‌Integerrima) and three levels of drought including control (field capacity), mild stress (65% of field capacity) and Severe stress (30% of field capacity) were applied on 3 months old the seedlings for 84 days.Results and DiscussionAccording to the results, fandoghi genotype the highest concentration of malondialdehyde in leaves (280.23 %) and the hybrid genotypes of Sorkheh Hosseini‌×‌Integerrima, Ahmad Aghaei‌×Integerrima and Akbari‌× Integerrima respectively with the amount of 70.18, 76.70, 81.03 % in leaf the showed the least increase in malondialdehyde concentration between seedlings compared to the control. Several osmotic mechanisms are carried out by plants, especially pistachios, in stressful conditions to reduce the effects of drought stress. In fact, these mechanisms have enabled plants to withstand the damages caused by drought and have made plants able to recover their biochemical and physiological functions faster after removing the stress factor. For example, a general physiological mechanism adopted by plants to cope with abiotic stresses is the production of large amounts of low molecular weight, water-soluble, non-toxic organic compounds even in high amounts called osmolytes. One of the most important of them is proline. Therefore, the genotypes with higher amount of proline can be more tolerant to drought conditions. The next osmolyte is glycine betaine, which has a significant protective role in the stability of enzymes and the structure of plasma membranes when faced with drought stress. Therefore, glycine betaine plays a significant role in the resistance of plants to stress through the protection of enzymes, the photosynthetic apparatus, the elimination of free radicals, the preservation of membrane integrity, the protection of large molecules, and as a non-toxic compatible osmolyte. It has an environment. Carbohydrates also increase membrane stability in response to drought stress. Therefore, the accumulation of carbohydrates in the osmotic responses of plants is one of the factors that can prevent disorders in the cell membrane. In addition, phenols are also one of the antioxidant mechanisms of plants in drought stress conditions, because such compounds act as scavengers of reactive oxygen species and thus stabilize membranes. cells and prevent lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde is also a decomposition product of unsaturated fatty acids and hydroxides and is used as a suitable marker for lipid peroxide. Therefore, the amount of malondialdehyde obtained from the peroxidation of membrane lipids is used as an indicator for oxidative damage in most cases. ConclusionBased on the results of the present research, it seems that it is possible to use the hybrids of Sorkhe Hosseini × Integerrima, Ahmad Aghaei‌ ×‌ Integerrima, and Akbari‌× ‌Integerrima as drought-tolerant genotypes in dry areas. Therefore, based on the results of the present research, it seems that the plants in question can be used as drought tolerant genotypes in arid regions.

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Effect of Proline Nanocomposite Coated with Chitosan and Moderate Salinity Stress on in vitro Microtuberization of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Agria

roghayeh ghasemi; alireza motallebiazar; sima panahirad; amin jahanian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43532.2097

Abstract

Introduction: In recent years, the application of nanoparticles has been used successfully in plant tissue culture, which has a tremendous impact on the removal of microbial contamination ... Read More Introduction: In recent years, the application of nanoparticles has been used successfully in plant tissue culture, which has a tremendous impact on the removal of microbial contamination of the explant through the use of these materials and also the positive role of these materials in callus formation, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, somaclonal variation and production of secondary metabolites. Proline is a proteogenic amino acid that accumulates as a useful solvent in plants under both stress and non-stress conditions. Recent discoveries indicate that proline plays an important role in plant growth and differentiation throughout the life cycle. Chitosan was found to enhance secondary metabolite production in cell suspensions and calli of various species applied in micropropagation, chitosan could improve plantlet quality in vitro, in consequence facilitating the subsequent acclimatization of plantlets to ex vitro conditions. The aim of this work was to investigate whether the in vitro application of nanocomposite and moderate salinity can improve microtuberization.Materials and Methods: After the cultivation, the jars containing the explants were transferred to the growth chamber under absolute darkness and at a temperature of 18±2°C. The cultures were kept in these conditions for 4 months without sub culturing the samples for this purpose. MS medium containing 80 g of sucrose, containing proline at concentrations of 20 and 40 mg L-1, chitosan at a concentration of 240 mg L-1, proline 20 and chitosan 240 mg L-1, proline 40 and chitosan 240 mg L-1, 120 mg L-1, proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan 120 and 240 mg L-1 and control treatment, as well as non-salinity treatments with the same compounds and concentrations mentioned for salinity were cultured. Factorial experiment was conducted base on a completely randomized design with three replications on single nude explants of mentioned cultivar.Results and Discussion: The results of this study show that moderate salinity has a significant effect on the first, second, third and last month of microtuberization. (in 1% level). The results of the comparison of mean microtuber yield showed that the highest yield was obtained when 240 mg of chitosan was treated with 20 mg / l of proline at moderate salinity with an average weight of 210 mg. Moreover, a concentration of 20 mg / l proline alone in moderate salinity was not sufficient to stimulate microtubers., but a concentration of 40 mg L-1 proline in mild salinity was satisfactory. According to the results of this study, it can be suggested that the use of chitosan compounds with proline and the use proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan with moderate salinity can be used to produce suitable microtuberization in the in vitro conditions of potatoes. In order to prove our results with the results of previous researchers, the results of chitosan application experiment on the growth and yield of miniature showed that application of 500 mg L-1 chitosan produced minituber weighing more than 1.5 g per seedling. Chitosan increased other traits including number of minituber per seedling, number of leaves per seedling and seedling length (Asghari-Zakaria et al., 2009). In the study of the effect of cobalt nanoparticles on the morphological characteristics of Santana cultivar in vitro, it was observed that the presence of cobalt nanoparticles caused the formation of microtubers faster, also the maximum size and function of microtubers from the combination of 2.5 mg. Cobalt nanoparticles with 80 g L-1 sucrose were obtained (Hamza, 2019).Conclusions: In this experiment, proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan was successfully synthesized and according to the obtained results, it can be used in plant tissue culture and in vitro microtuberization. In the field of potato microtuberization, the use of nanocomposite showed a significant increase in the number of microtubers compared to the control, which showed a significant effect in the late stages of microtuberization. Also, the use of moderate salinity with treatment nanocomposite is effective for stimulating microtuberization, which increases microtubers yield. Based on the results of this experiment, a concentration of 120 mg L-1 proline nanocomposite coated with chitosan is a more suitable concentration for potato microtuberization.

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Evaluation of the fruit quality of Fukumoto, Navelate and Thomson Novel orange cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks

Javad Fattahi Moghadam; Seyedeh Elham Seyedghasemi; Negin Akhlaghi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43862.2102

Abstract

Introduction: It is important to attend the physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, especially in newly introduced cultivars that may be unknown to the consumer. Nutritive ... Read More Introduction: It is important to attend the physical and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, especially in newly introduced cultivars that may be unknown to the consumer. Nutritive compounds in fruit are usually influenced by variety, rootstock and post-harvest conditions. In this article, the results related to the evaluation of the fruit quality of three varieties of oranges on two rootstocks have been examined at harvest time and during storage.Materials and methods: Fruit of Thomson Novel, Fukumoto, and Navelate oranges on two rootstocks including Swingle Citrumelo and Citrange C-35 were harvested when TSS/TA reached about 6.5-7. Fruits were evaluated at the harvest time and then stored in cool storage (5oC, RH=85%) for 60 days. The fruit quality were checked on the 30th and 60th days of storage for two years. Characteristics evaluation were including fruit lenght, width, thickness; arithmetic, geometric, equivalent and harmonic means; fruit aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, true volume, apparent volume, volume error, density, weight, weight loss, peel thickness, juice percentage, peel color indices (L*, a*, b*, hue angle, chroma and CCI), total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), technological index (TI), total phenol, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity and organoleptic evaluation. Results: The fruit of Navelate orange on Citrumelo rootstock and Fukumoto orange on C-35 rootstock had smaller physical characteristics than Thomson Novel. In all treatments, the shape of the fruit was balanced and without elongation or indentation. The fruit of Navelate on Citrumelo (aspect ratio: 96.96) was slightly elongated. Navelate variety on C-35 produced larger and heavier fruit similarly Thomson fruit. The volume error in Fukumoto and Navelate varieties and on both rootstocks was less than the control. At the time of harvest, the fruit of the Fukumoto had a thicker peel (more than 4 mm) on both rootstocks than the other cultivars. The amount of juice percentage was not significantly different than control at harvest time, but at the end of storage, the fruit of Navelate on the C-35 had the lowest (35.73%) of juice percentage. Fukumoto and Navelate fruits on both rootstocks had higher TI index than Thomson at harvest time. The TSS at harvest time was the lowest (9.22 and 9.78 respectively) only in the fruits of Thomson and Navelate on Citrumelo rootstock. Navelate and Thomson fruits had higher TA on C-35 rootstock. In all treatments, the amount of TA decreased during storage. Fukumoto fruit on C-35 had the highest TSS/TA ratio, which was preserved during storage. The fruit of Navelate had a lower TSS/TA level at the harvest time on both rootstocks (7.12 and 7.5). At the time of harvest, the average ascorbic acid in all three cultivars on C-35 rootstock was higher than the same cultivars on Citrumelo rootstock. The value of a*, hue angle, and CCI of the skin of Navelate orange with a negative value were different from the other cultivars on Citrumelo and C-35 rootstocks (-1.12 and -0.61 respectively). The antioxidant capacity of Fukumoto fruit was 43.99% on Citrumelo and 62.12% on C-35 rootstock at the harvest time. The amount of antioxidant capacity and total phenol increased during storage. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the Fukumoto as Thomson, scored better in relations to peel and pulp appearance, sourness, aroma and taste than the fruit of the same cultivars on the C-35 rootstock. Navelate fruit produced higher score in terms of taste and sweetness (7) on Citrumelo rootstock than C-35 (6) rootstock.Conclusion: Based on the TSS/TA ratio, it was determined that Fukumoto and Navelate oranges are early and late ripening respectively. Citrumelo rootstock increased late ripening in Navelate fruit and contrary C-35 rootstock increased early ripening in Fukumoto fruit. According to the a* and CCI indices, the Navelate fruits did not have suitable coloring at the time of harvest, and Citrumelo rootstock delayed the color change of the fruit skin. In general, the organoleptic characteristics of the fruit on C-35 were better than Citrumelo. Finally, it seems that the combination of Navelate/C-35 is more suitable than Navelate/Citrumelo. Fukumoto/C-35 combination is suitable for having early ripening fruit.

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The effect of different culture media and aerial root pruning on the growth of Papaya (Carica papaya)

mohammad kazemi; Elham Danaee

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44549.2118

Abstract

IntroductionPapaya (Carica papaya) is a tropical fruit that leaves, fruits, seeds and roots has many medicinal and edible uses. Choosing the appropriate planting medium is one of the ... Read More IntroductionPapaya (Carica papaya) is a tropical fruit that leaves, fruits, seeds and roots has many medicinal and edible uses. Choosing the appropriate planting medium is one of the important goals in improving seedling growth of fruit trees, because by improving the physical and chemical properties, it causes better absorption of nutrients and improves plant growth. Also, performing aerial root pruning to produce seedlings with branched and strong root systems is one of the effective factors in growing plants.Materials and methodsTo study the effect of different culture media and aerial root pruning on the growth of Papaya (Carica papaya), an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized statistical design with three replications and two factors of planting media (cocopeat 100% , peat mass 100% , and cocopeat 70% + perlite 30% , peat moss 70% + perlite 30%) and performing or not performing aerial root pruning was implemented in the greenhouse. The seeds were sown in October in the culture trays containing the desired planting beds, and horizontal cuts were made in the walls of the culture tray cavities to perform aerial pruning of the roots in the desired treatments. Sampling was done 50 days after planting the seeds and some morphologic, physiologic and biochemical traits include fresh and dry weight of seedlings, root length, seedling height, internode length, node number, leaf area, total chlorophyll, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were analyzed.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the assessed traits so that the highest fresh and dry weight of seedlings (1.69 - 0.66 g), root length (17.66 cm), seedling height (7.92 cm), internode length (8.61 mm) and node number (4.67) were observed in 70% peat moss + 30% perlite and no aerial root pruning. The maximum leaf area (9.14 cm3) and total chlorophyll (1.69 mg g-1 FW) content were obtained in the 100% peat moss planting bed treatment and no aerial root pruning and the 70% peat moss + 30 % perlite treatment and root aerial pruning. The highest activity of peroxidase (37.60 U enzyme-1 FW), catalase (7.60 U enzyme-1 FW) and superoxide dismutase (16.08 U enzyme-1 FW) enzymes was also in 100 % peat moss treatment and root aerial pruning. ConclusionIn general, the results of this research showed that the combination of two organic and inorganic substrates, peat mass 70% and perlite 30%, showed the best effect on vegetative characteristics and total chlorophyll content in papaya. Also, the highest activity of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes was observed in 100% peat moss bed. Root aerial pruning also decreased the evaluated growth characteristics and increased the total chlorophyll content and activity of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes. According to the results, Different culture media have different physical and chemical characteristics that can affect plant growth, in this research it is recommended to papaya seeds in 70% peat moss and 30% perlite and not to perform aerial root pruning to produce this product.

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The effect of foliar application of nutrients and fruit cover on quality traits and some diseases of oranges (Thomson Novel)

Babak Jamshidi; Leila Pourhosseini; Mahmoud Reza Ramezanpour; Seyed Vahid Alavi; Amir Lashgari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45279.2133

Abstract

IntroductionIncreasing the shelf life of oranges after harvesting while maintaining its quality is of particular importance, and providing solutions to prevent waste and increase the ... Read More IntroductionIncreasing the shelf life of oranges after harvesting while maintaining its quality is of particular importance, and providing solutions to prevent waste and increase the shelf life of this fruit while maintaining its quality is very important. Citrus fruits in Iran have the highest production of tree products with the production of more than 4 million tons, in the country. Mazandaran province (North of Iran), contains about 50% of orange orchards of Iran, which first ranks in orange production and the cultivated area of this product in the country. Plant nutrition is very important and the use of potassium nitrate, potassium phosphide and calcium nitrate can increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of oranges. The use of wax coating increases the shelf life of vehicles in the warehouse, on the other hand, it improves their appearance quality.Material and MethodsThis two year research (2019-2021) was carried out in factorial form in the form of randomized complete block design in three replications in Mazandaran, Iran, on oranges of Thomson Novel variety. Research treatments included nutritional treatments on the tree at 4 levels: control, calcium nitrate foliar spraying (2 mg.l-1), potassium nitrate foliar spraying (3 mg.l-1), potassium phosphide foliar spraying (3 mg.l-1). The second factor was 9 storage coating treatments: control, Nylon, Deco wax (based on petroleum polyethylene), Xeda wax (with natural carnauba gum base), Poshan Emulsion Wax (with paraffin base), Deco wax+ Rural TS fungicide (2 mg.l-1), wax remover + Rural TS fungicide (2 mg.l-1), Poshan emulsion wax + Rural TS fungicide (2 mg.l-1), and nylon + Rural TS fungicide (2 mg.l-1). Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the nutritional treatments as well as the coating treatments increased the yield and quality of oranges. The highest fruit weight in 45 days and 90 days after storage was seen in the interaction of Rural TS fungicide + nylon + potassium nitrate which was the same statistic group with interaction of Rural TS fungicide treatments + nylon + potassium phosphide, interaction of Xeda wax + potassium nitrate, interaction of Xeda wax + potassium phosphide and also interaction of nylon + potassium phosphide. Rural TS fungicide + nylon as well as Xeda wax increased the traits studied in this research and also improved the quantitative and qualitative performance of oranges compared to other treatments. Therefore, it is recommended to apply potassium phosphide and potassium nitrate treatments along with nylon and Xeda wax. In addition, the application of rural TS 2 fungicide in thousand decreased the diseases and the percentage of decay along with the wax coating treatments compared to the control. The improvement of fruit yield and quality can be attributed to the effect of potassium on the entry of carbohydrates or the synthesis of plant regulators in young fruits. Fruit coatings with wax can effectively maintain the quality of these perishable materials after harvesting and increase their useful life. In another research on Valencia oranges, using different commercial wax coatings, it was observed that the coating Wax-containing helped preserve the appearance of fruits compared to other coatings.ConclusionThe use of applied coatings by reducing the amount of decay and diseases has kept the consumer's acceptance of orange fruits in storage for a longer period of time and increased the appearance quality of oranges in storage conditions, but among the applied treatments, rural fungicide treatment TS 2 ppm + Xeda wax increased the traits studied in this research and also improved the quantitative and qualitative yield of oranges compared to other treatments. Therefore, it is recommended to apply potassium phosphide and potassium nitrate treatments along with Xeda wax.

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Investigation of flowering and some physico-biochemical characteristics of French parsley (Tagetes patula L.) under salinity stress conditions and application of silver nanoparticles

Khatoun Behzad; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Mohamadreza Raji; Hasan MUmivand; Majid Alikhani Koupaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 February 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45252.2130

Abstract

Introduction Salinity stress leads to ion toxicity and osmotic stress. Salinity stress through the osmotic mechanism, due to the reduction of the osmotic potential of the soil solution, ... Read More Introduction Salinity stress leads to ion toxicity and osmotic stress. Salinity stress through the osmotic mechanism, due to the reduction of the osmotic potential of the soil solution, causes disturbances in transpiration and photosynthesis. The mechanism of action of ionic toxicity is also related to ion absorption and changes in physiological processes caused by toxicity, deficiency or change in the balance of mineral elements. In the last decade, the tendency to use metal nanoparticle compounds in agriculture and horticultural sciences has become popular. Researchers believe that silver nanoparticles are absorbed faster by plants due to their small size and high solubility, and therefore, by using these materials, optimal conditions for plant growth are created and any stress conditions are prevented in the plant. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in 2021 in the greenhouse of Horticultural Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture located in Khorram Abad city, Lorestan province. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor includes salinity treatment at four levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl, respectively equivalent to 0.067, 2.450, 5.440 and 9.520 ds/m) and the second factor is application Leaf modulating nanosilver was at four levels (0, 10, 50 and 100 ppm). Salinity treatment started gradually with the application of low concentration of salt after establishing the plants in the pot. Nanosilver foliar spraying was applied weekly for 5 times until the flowering stage. Foliar spraying with silver nanoparticles was done in 3 stages, four leaves, full growth and flowering. Results and Discussion In this study, the application of nanosilver not only significantly improved all evaluated parameters, but also partially reduced the destructive effects in salinity conditions (50 and 100 mM), this gradual effect of nanosilver when in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm was applied, it was more prominent. The application of nanosilver increased the ornamental characteristics of parsley, including the fresh weight of the flower (by 5.024 gr) and the time of budding and full flowering (57 and 70 days, respectively). Nanosilver in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm increases the relative content of leaf water (8.22%), total phenol content (3.16 mg/gallic acid/gr of FW), total flavonoid content (542.5 0 mg/quercetin/ gr of FW) and potassium content of leaves (4.055%) under salinity stress conditions. Also, in this treatment, the lowest amount of leaf sodium (0.162%), ion leakage (30.36%) and malondialdehyde (0.448 µgr/gr of FW) was recorded. Researchers believe that silver nanoparticles are absorbed faster by plants due to their small size and high solubility, and therefore, by using these materials, optimal conditions for plant growth are created and any stressful conditions are prevented in the plant. Silver nanoparticles with suitable size and remarkable chemical stability remain in constant shape and size in solutions. Conclusion Based on the results observed in this study, the treatment of silver nanoparticles in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm in the conditions of salinity stress, relative water content of leaves, potassium content of leaves, fresh and dry weight of flowers and time of budding and flowering. It increased total yield and, on the other hand, decreased ion leakage, malondialdehyde, proline, total phenol and flavonoid content, and sodium content of leaves. Therefore, it can be stated that the application of silver nanoparticles in the form of foliar spraying at levels of 10 and 50 ppm can reduce the negative effects caused by salinity stress and improve the ornamental characteristics of parsley in 25 and 50 mM of salinity stress.

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Effect of different levels of IBA and cutting positions on the rooting of greenhouse rose cv. “Cherry Brandy” (Rosa hybrida .) cuttings

Mohammad Rezq Talebi; M. matlobi; Sadollah Alizadeh; Mina Amani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44756.2121

Abstract

Introduction To evaluate the effect of different levels of IBA (0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/L) and position of take cuttings (lower, middle and upper) on rooting of greenhouse rose cultivar ... Read More Introduction To evaluate the effect of different levels of IBA (0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/L) and position of take cuttings (lower, middle and upper) on rooting of greenhouse rose cultivar cherry brandy. In general, this research is to determine the best level of IBA hormone for the rooting of greenhouse rose cuttings, to determine the possible effect of the possible of the cutting on the rooting rate of the cuttings, to determine the most suitable level of the hormone and the location of the cutting to produce the desired aerial part of the resulting cutting, to evaluate the best level of the hormone and determining the most suitable position for cutting is based on some physiological parameters such as the relative content of leaf water and the efficiency of maximum chlorophyll fluorescence. Materials and Methods To conduct the experiment, the mother plants were purchased from a commercial greenhouse in Bostan-Abad and transferred to the physiology laboratory. To conduct the experiment, rose cuttings with a length of 10 to 12 cm and a diameter of 2 to 3 mm were prepared, and after removing the lower leaves, at least two end leaves were left on the cutting. In this experiment, a factorial method based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The traits measured in this experiment were rooting percentage, root fresh weight, number of roots, root length, relative leaf water content and variable to maximum fluorescence ratio. Results and Discussion The results of the average data comparison showed that the highest rooting percentage of cuttings and root fresh weight were seen in the treatment of 1500 mg/L of IBA and in the cuttings of the lower and upper parts, respectively. The lowest rooting percentage of cuttings and root fresh weight were also observed in the cuttings taken from the upper of the branch without hormone application. The cuttings taken from the lower part of the branches at a concentration of 1500 mg/L of IBA had the highest number of roots, which did not show a significant difference with the middle cuttings of the branch at a concentration of 1500 mg/L and lower cuttings at a concentration of 2000 mg/L. The cuttings in the middle part produced the lowest number of roots in the control treatment. The cuttings taken from the middle and upper of the branch had the longest and shortest root length, respectively. The cuttings taken from the lower part of the branch at a concentration of 1500 mg/L and the middle part at a concentration of 2000 mg/L of hormone had the highest and lowest relative content of leaf water, respectively. The maximum variable chlorophyll fluorescence was observed in the cuttings taken from the lower part of the branch and treated with 1500 mg/L of hormone. The terminal cuttings also had the lowest variable chlorophyll fluorescence to the maximum under the absence of hormone application. Conclusion Finally, due to the fact that the concentration of 1500 mg/L and the lower cuttings had the highest percentage of rooting, root length, root fresh weight, relative leaf water content and maximum variable chlorophyll fluorescence. It should be the best type of cuttings and hormone concentration for the rooting of rose cuttings. At the highest concentration of indole butyric acid (2000 mg/L) in most cases, there was no increase in the rooting characteristics of rose cuttings compared to the concentration of 1500 mg/L.

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The effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine on essential oil yield and composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

Saeideh Alizadeh-salteh; Somayeh Najjarzadeh; jaber panahandeh; ghasem eghlima

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45206.2129

Abstract

Extended Abstract Introduction Secondary metabolites have a complex structure which should be produced by chemical bio-synthesis, therefor they are mostly extracted from wild or cultivated ... Read More Extended Abstract Introduction Secondary metabolites have a complex structure which should be produced by chemical bio-synthesis, therefor they are mostly extracted from wild or cultivated plants. The essences are natural, complex and volatile secondary metabolites which are mostly obtained from aromatic plants through the method of distillation with water. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is an herbaceous and perennial plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. It is also a natural hybrid from M. aquatica and M. spicata. Peppermint is widely cultivated in temperate regions of Europe, Asia, America, India and Mediterranean countries due to its commercial value and unique odor. Materials & Methods In order to investigate the influence of putrescine treatment at three levels including 0, 0.1 and 1 mM, and salicylic acid treatment at three levels including 0, 0.1 and 1 mM, on yield performance and essence components of peppermint, a field factorial experiment was performed based on complete blocks design with three replications at Research Station of Tabriz University during 2019. Peppermint seedling were prepared from Agricultural Jihad Organization of Bostan Abad and cultivated at a distance of 30×30 cm. Foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine was carried out twice during vegetative stage of plants (with one week interval). Harvesting and bio-chemical assessments were done at stage of 25 % flowering. The essential oil of peppermint was assessed to identify its main components. Results & Discussion The results of the current study showed that the average yield of essential oil in plants treated with 1 mM salicylic acid significantly increased compared to the control. A total of 24 compounds were identified in the essential oil of peppermint aerial parts, and the main components of the essential oil included menthone, menthol, L-menthol and 8,1-cineole. Menthone and menthol constituted 26.14 and 23.21 % of essential oil, respectively. Different concentrations of salicylic acid and putrescine increased the production rate of menthone, menthol, l-menthol and methyl acetate compounds in the essential oil compared to the control. The concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid had the greatest effect on the production of essential oil compounds. The correlation results between essential oil compounds showed that menthone has a positive and significant correlation with methyl acetate. Similarly, foliar application of salicylic acid (10 mM) and indole-3-acetic acid (1.5 mg L-1) increased the content of main component of peppermint and lemonbalm. In the other study, foliar application of lemonbalm plants with salicylic acid and putrescine caused a considerable increase in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes content which was in line with obtained results of the present study. Conclusion The plant growth regulators used in this research increased the yield and composition of the essential oil of aerial parts of peppermint, which shows that both salicylic acid and putrescine have a high potential in increasing the potency and chemical composition of the essential oil in the peppermint plant and probably in other aromatic crops. Therefore, foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine during vegetative growth of peppermint could be introduced as influential technique to improve qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this aromatic and medicinal plant.

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Antioxidative and pigment response of Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) to Zinc oxide and Cerium dioxide nano elicitors

Hadiseh Sadeghi; Jafar Ahmadi; Farhad Habibzadeh; Sedigheh Fabriki Ourang

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44522.2119

Abstract

Introduction Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is a perennial and woody shrub that grows in different regions of Iran and the world. The Berberidaceae family has a high potential ... Read More Introduction Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is a perennial and woody shrub that grows in different regions of Iran and the world. The Berberidaceae family has a high potential in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Elicitors are biotic or abiotic stimulators can induce responses in plants. Abiotic elicitors are used to increase secondary metabolites in plants. Nanoparticles have minimum dimensions between one and 100 nanometers, which have specific physical and chemical properties. Like many nanoparticles, zinc oxide and cerium dioxide nanoparticles are toxic to living organisms. The mechanism of toxicity of nanoparticles is generally caused by the induction of oxidative stress caused by the formation of free radicals. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide and cerium dioxide can increase the antioxidant capacity of plants by stimulating oxidative stress. Material and methods In order to study the changes in the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Japanese barberry under the influence of abiotic elicitors, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in the greenhouse and laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Imam Khomeini International University in 2019. Treatments including zinc oxide elicitors (0.1 g/L) and cerium dioxide nanoparticles (0.0002 g/L) and control (no elicitor) were investigated in three replicates. In this research, the amounts of protein, antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic pigments in tissues of Japanese barberry were extracted and measured. Data analysis was done with SAS 9.1.3 statistical software. Comparison of means was done with Duncan's multiple range test and graphs were drawn using Excel software. Results and Discussion The results of the data analysis of variance showed that the effect of treatment with cerium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticle elicitors on the amount of leaf protein, antioxidant activity and also the amount of photosynthetic pigments was significant. Comparison of the means showed that these two elicitors increased the leaf protein content by 26.2% and 12.4%, respectively, compared to the control, but they did not have a significant effect on the root protein content. Cerium dioxide decreased the activity of guaiacol peroxidase enzyme by 77.1% in the root; But in leaves, the activity of this enzyme increased by 134.8% due to treatment with zinc oxide. The highest activity of leaf superoxide dismutase enzyme (25.2% increase compared to control) was related to zinc oxide treatment. The lowest content of catalase enzyme in leaves and roots was obtained with cerium dioxide and zinc oxide. Zinc oxide increased the activity of leaf ascorbate peroxidase enzyme by 111.8%; In the root, the highest and lowest activity levels of this enzyme were obtained from the control and cerium dioxide treatments, respectively. Both elicitors significantly increased the leaf peroxidase enzyme activity compared to the control (128.6% and 157.1%, respectively); However, only the treatment with zinc oxide caused a significant increase of 25.5% in the activity of this enzyme in the root. The highest activity of glutathione reductase enzyme in leaf and root was observed in zinc oxide treatment (23.3% and 12.5% increase compared to control). Nano zinc oxide increased the amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoid in the leaves compared to the control by 93.4 and 67.5%, respectively. Conclusion It was concluded that zinc oxide nanoparticles elicitor had the greatest effect in increasing the amount of photosynthetic pigments and enzyme activity. By using this elicitor in Japanese barberry culture, the amount of antioxidant enzymes can be increased and the extract can be used as a strong antioxidant in pharmaceutical products.

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The effect of salinity stress on morphological and physicochemical traits of pomegranate to select the tolerant genotypes and cultivars

Seyed Rasoul Ziatabar Ahmadi; Esmaeil Seifi; Ferial Varasteh; Vahid Akbarpour

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 199-211

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42780.2073

Abstract

IntroductionSalt stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth, development and the yield of plants that cause structural changes in important plant organs such as ... Read More IntroductionSalt stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth, development and the yield of plants that cause structural changes in important plant organs such as stems, roots, leaves and petioles. In salinity conditions, the pomegranate tree cannot produce an economic product. Therefore, identification and use of selected pomegranate cultivars tolerant to salinity stress are necessary for breeding programs, introducing better cultivars and developing the pomegranate industry. Morphological and physicochemical changes can be used as indicators for selecting tolerant cultivars. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in 2019 in a factorial design based on a completely randomized block design in four replications in the laboratory of the department of horticultural sciences at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The first factor was pomegranate genotypes in 15 levels, including four wild genotypes (Vahshi Inchehbrun, Vahshi Aliabad and Vahshi Kordkoi from Golestan province, and Miankaleh from Mazandaran province), eight local genotypes (Qand and Torsh Galoogah, Shirin, Torsh, and Gol Anar Behshahr, Fereshteh qermez Sari, Shirin and Torsh Shivand of Khuzestan), two commercial export genotypes (Yosefkhani and Malas momtaz Saveh) and one foreign genotype (Wonderful) and the second factor was the salinity at three levels including control, 2.5 and 6.4 grams per liter of sodium chloride (EC 1.4, 4 and 8 dS/m, respectively). After rooting of the cuttings and growing the new pot plants, salinity stress was applied for 10 weeks. Then, the morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical traits were measured. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that after applying salinity stress in all genotypes and cultivars, morphological and physicochemical traits such as stem length, stem diameter, the number of branches, the total number of leaves, root length, root diameter, leaf surface and leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, the relative water content of leaf, chlorophyll, total phenol and anthocyanin decreased in comparison with the control. Some of the other physicochemical and phytochemical traits such as electrolyte leakage, the percentage of abscised leaves and the percentage of necrotic leaves, cell membrane damage, salinity damage index and proline increased in comparison with the control. Also, the responses of genotypes were different in terms of tolerance to salinity stress and growth traits. Some of the cultivars were introduced as tolerant cultivars, some as semi-tolerant and some others as sensitive. With increasing the salinity stress, the amount of morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical traits changed significantly in sensitive cultivars. Moreover, the results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of salinity on all measured traits was significant except the root dry weight. ConclusionBased on the obtained results, and after ranking and standardization, the Wonderful cultivar was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar. It was able to tolerate the salinity of 6.4 grams per liter of sodium chloride (8 dS m-1) well; followed by Fereshteh qermez and Malas Saveh. Torsh Galoogah, Torsh Shivand, Vahshi Inchehbrun, Shirin Shivand, Qand Galoogah, and Vahshi Miankaleh were identified as semi-tolerant cultivars and Vahshi Aliabad, Torsh Behshahr, Gol Anar behshahr, Vahshi Kordkoy and Shirin Behshahr were identified as sensitive cultivars to salt stress.

Postharvest quality maintenance and improvement of antioxidant capacity of sour cherry fruits by malic acid treatment

Mahla Sanati; Zahra Pakkish; Soheila Mohammadrezakhani

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 213-224

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43467.2095

Abstract

IntroductionFruits are one of the most valuable horticultural products that play an important role in providing of human nutrition and health. This group of agricultural products are ... Read More

Phytochemical changes of Denak (Oliveria decumbens) in response to salinity stress and application of salicylic acid hormone

Anahita Boveiri Dehsheikh; Mohammad Mahmoodi Sourestani; Naeimeh Enayatzamir; Mehdi Safdarian

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 225-236

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43201.2090

Abstract

Introduction Salinity stress is one of the most important problems in the cultivation and production of agricultural products, including medicinal plants. The expansion of saline lands ... Read More Introduction Salinity stress is one of the most important problems in the cultivation and production of agricultural products, including medicinal plants. The expansion of saline lands following continuous droughts in recent years increases the importance of the tolerance level of medicinal plants determination, their type of reaction, and the necessity of finding a solution to reduce the damage of mentioned stress on plants and increasing the productivity of the above lands. Materials and Methods To study the effect of salinity stress and salicylic acid hormone on biochemical traits of Denak (Oliveria decumbens), a factorial pot experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2020-2021. The experiment factors included irrigation water salinity in four levels (1.1 (tap water), 2.5, 5, 7.5 dS/m) and foliar application of salicylic acid hormone in four levels (0, 100, 200, 500 mg/L). Biochemical traits included total soluble carbohydrates, proline, malondialdehyde, sodium and potassium elements, the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzymes were measured at flowering stage. Results and Discussion The interaction effect of salinity stress and foliar application of salicylic acid hormone significantly changed all the traits of Denak. The foliar application of 200 mg/L of this regulator in plants under 5 dS/m salinity stress increased the amount of total soluble carbohydrates, proline, the activity of superoxide desmutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase enzymes compared to the control treatment. The highest level of activity of ascorbate peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase enzymes was also obtained in the foliar spraying of plants under 5 dS/m salinity stress by the concentration of 500 mg/L of salicylic acid hormone, but no significant difference was observed between this concentration and the application of 200 mg/L of this hormone. The maximum concentration of potassium element and the minimum amount of malondialdehyde and sodium element of Denak leaf were also recorded in the treatment of plants under 2.5 dS/m salinity stress by the concentration of 200 mg/L of salicylic acid hormone. The salicylic acid regulator as a very important messenger in the plant's defense system through increasing the stimulation of antioxidant enzymes in Denak reduced the negative effects of free radicals, membrane destruction and the production of malondialdehyde compound in a 2.5 dS/m salinity stress. On the other hand, the application of this hormone reduced the damage caused by the secondary stress of dehydration by increasing the ability of the plant to produce osmotic pressure regulating compounds including soluble carbohydrates and proline. Conclusion Due to its ability to increase the production of osmolyte compounds including soluble carbohydrates and proline, activation of antioxidant enzymes and maintaining the stability of cell membranes, Denak is able to withstand salinity stress up to the level of 5 dS/m. The application of 200 mg/L of salicylic acid hormone is beneficial and recommended due to its positive effect on antioxidant capacity and increasing the production of osmotic protective compounds in the plant as a solution to increase the resistance of Denak against the salinity stress.

Investigating the amount of nutritional elements in reproductive organs on the fruit set of tissue culture derived and offshoot date palm cv. Barhee

Maryam Boroujerdnia; Seyyed Samih Marashi; Hojat Dialami

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 307-318

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43140.2087

Abstract

IntroductionDate is one of the important crops in arid and semi-arid regions in the world. Today, plant tissue culture technology, as an important commercial method, provides the possibility ... Read More IntroductionDate is one of the important crops in arid and semi-arid regions in the world. Today, plant tissue culture technology, as an important commercial method, provides the possibility of rapid reproduction of trees needed for the development of groves. Despite this, one of the main weaknesses of this method is the possibility of abnormal phenotypes such as delay in flowering, low levels of fruit set and formation of parthenocarp fruits. There is a difference between tissue culture date varieties in terms of the amount of abnormalities. In young tissue culture palm trees of Berhi cultivar, the amount of parthenocarp fruits reaches 59-86% and the yield of the date palm is greatly reduced. Therefore, identifying the causes of these abnormalities in tissue culture palms is very important. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in order to investigate the changes in nutrient elements related to fruit set in the pollination season on tissue culture derived date palms and derived from offshoot cv. Barhee in Date Palm and Tropical Fruit Research Center of Ahvaz city (year 2022). At the beginning of spring season, palm trees were selected from each group of tissue culture and offshoot trees 10- years -old. Sampling of flowers and fruits were done in the three stages of spath appearance, ripe spath and 2 weeks after pollination from three spathes. In the pollination stage, three spathes in each palm (1-2 days before natural opening) were pollinated with the same male pollen. Nitrogen, zinc, iron, magnesium, manganese, boron and potassium elements were measured in the flower or fruit samples collected from tissue culture and offshoot trees. In 5th week after pollination, fruit set percentage, parthenocarp fruits percentage and flower and fruit drop percentage were recorded.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that tissue culture derived plants had less fruit set and more seedless fruits and drop as compared to off shoot derived plants. Also, the fruit yield in the tissue culture plants was lower than off shoot derived plants. The levels of magnesium, manganese, boron, zinc and potassium in off shoot derived plants were higher than tissue culture plants in most of the measured stages. By using multiple linear regression analysis and superior model selection, the amount of calcium and iron of flower and fruit had a negative relationship with the amount of fruit set and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese and boron had a positive relationship with it. ConclusionThe lack of nutritional elements in tissue culture plants in comparison to offshoot derived plants in different stages, especially pollination and fruit formation, may cause disturbances in the synthesis of carbohydrates, protein, and organic matter, so the growth and development of the plant and ultimately the amount reduce fruit yield. Therefore, optimal feeding of trees and foliar spraying with key elements such as boron, zinc, manganese and magnesium at different stages can be one of the effective ways to improve fruiting and achieve maximum yield and increase the quality of the fruit of these trees.

The effect of two hydroponic systems on physical, chemical and fruit yield of two greenhouse tomato cultivars

Mohammad Reza Fayezizadeh; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Esmail Khaleghi; Mohamad Albaji

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 11-23

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2021.35144.1943

Abstract

IntroductionTomato is an economical high value product which is used fresh or processed. Having compound such as fibers, vitamin A, vitamin B, lycopene, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and ... Read More IntroductionTomato is an economical high value product which is used fresh or processed. Having compound such as fibers, vitamin A, vitamin B, lycopene, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and polyphenols in this product leads to prevent the cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Even though biosynthesis and accumulation of this biochemical matter in tomato fruit when growing is affected by the production conditions such as methods of production environmental factors and plant genetics. Tomatoes produced in a closed hydroponic system have better flavor and marketability. This research is done to show the affects to the physical and chemical characteristics and productivity of two greenhouse tomato cultivars in two open and closed systems. Materials and MethodsIn this research the effects of two open (drip) and closed (modified nutrient film technique) hydroponic systems on physical and chemical characteristics and productivity of two greenhouse tomato cultivars (V4-22 cultivar breaded in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and Amira cultivar from Rijkzwaan company of Netherland) was studied as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in agricultural faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The information gathered and correlation between characteristics were analyzed statically by MSTAT-C 1.2 software. To compare the means, Duncan's multi domain test in 5% level was used. Some of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics include productivity, fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit volume, fruit firmness, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solid, fruit dry matter, lycopene, fruit carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, polyphenols content, concentration of fruit elements such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium were analyzed. Results and DiscussionThe results of the experiment showed that the most fruit length, fruit firmness, and calcium concentration were recorded in the plants cultivated in open system and the highest total soluble solid, lycopene, carotenoids and fruit sodium concentration were seen in the closed system. The most antioxidant capacity, polyphenols content, concentration of calcium and sodium were observed in Amira cultivar and the most titratable acidity was recognized in V4-22 cultivar. The maximum yield belonged to V4-22 cultivar (3847/29 g per plant) and minimum yield belonged to Amira cultivar (3648/70 g per plant). The interaction effect of hydroponic system and cultivar on concentration of magnesium and potassium in 1% level and dry matter in 5% level were significantly different. The correlation between Antioxidant capacity, fruit total soluble solids content, vitamin C, lycopene and polyphenols content with potassium concentration was positive and significant. ConclusionThe results showed that V4-22 cultivar had higher yield than Amira cultivar and this is due to the adaptation of this cultivar to the environmental conditions of Ahvaz greenhouse. In this study, crop yield in both open and closed systems was not significantly different and the closed system increased the quality characteristics of fruit including total soluble solids, lycopene and carotenoids compared to the open system. This can be due to the most availability of nutrient solution in the closed system compared to the open system. The lowest capacity of antioxidant and total polyphenols were obtained in V4-22 cultivar. The decrease in production of these secondary metabolites indicates that this cultivar is more compatible with production conditions.

The application of folic acid and biochar on drought stress in sport turfgrass

Fatemeh Firouzi; Mousa Solgi; Alireza Khaleghi; Hossein Bagheri

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 39-50

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41511.2053

Abstract

Introduction Use of biochare and folic acid in a lawns bed can be used as a method for reducing water consumption and also reducing the cost of maintaining green space. The aim of ... Read More Introduction Use of biochare and folic acid in a lawns bed can be used as a method for reducing water consumption and also reducing the cost of maintaining green space. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of folic acid and biochare composition on sport lawns under drought stress conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of folic acid and biochare composition on sport lawns under drought stress conditions. Materials and Methods For this purpose, two substances of folic acid (0, 250 and 500 mg L-1) and biochar (0, 20 and 40 g kg-1) after water stress were used at two levels of 100 (full irrigation) and 50 (drought) field capacity percentages. The traits of perspective quality (density, color, texture and coverage), chlorophyll, prolin and N, P, Ca and P elements were measured after the drought stress application. This research was carried out as factorial in a completely randomized design at department of Horticultural Science and Engineering of Arak University in 2018. Results and Discussion The application of biochar at 20 g kg-1 concentrations increased the cover surface in sport turfgrass. It was also determined that drought stress reduced the qualitative characteristics of color, density, texture and coverage, but increased nitrogen levels in the sports turfgrass. In this research, the reduced amount of potassium of leaf tissues by biochar application under drought stress was observed. Although, the increasing of potassium content was observed by using of folic acid treatment under drought stress. Biochar alone at a concentration of 20 g kg-1 increased the amount of grass cover compared to the control. However, the use of biochar in drought stress conditions did not have a positive effect on the studied traits and it even caused a 50% decrease in the amount of potassium under drought stress. In this test, drought stress reduced the characteristics of sports turfgrass, including color, density, texture, and coverage. The use of folic acid under drought stress conditions caused an increase in nitrogen and potassium levels in the studied turfgrass species. However, without the application of folic acid in combination with a concentration of 40 g kg-1 of biochar caused an increase in the amount of calcium compared to the control. When biochar and folic acid were used simultaneously under drought stress conditions, the amount of phosphorus increased compared to the control. Although biochar had a positive effect on the quality of the sports grass coverage, it did not have much effect on increasing the absorption of elements under drought stress. Therefore, the amount of 20 grams of biochar per kilogram of soil is recommended. However, folic acid had positive effect on the quality of the sports grass coverage and increasing the absorption of nutrients under drought stress. Therefore, the concentration of 250 mgL-1 of folic acid is the optimal and effective concentration that is suggested in this research. In general, folic acid is a natural tampon and a suitable chelator with high ion exchange capacity, which increases the absorption of mineral elements in plants and also increases the quality and quantity.

Pre-harvest application of chitosan and nano-chitosan on enzymatic activities, quality and sensory indicators of fresh pistachios (Pistacia vera L. cv 'Ahmad Aghaei')

Shirin Taghipour; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Hossein Hokmabadi

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 51-63

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41148.2042

Abstract

Introduction Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the most important and popular tree nuts in the world. The kernels of this product are rich in oil (more than 50%) and contain linolenic, ... Read More Introduction Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the most important and popular tree nuts in the world. The kernels of this product are rich in oil (more than 50%) and contain linolenic, linoleic and oleic acid, which are essential for the human diet. Pistachio is also one of the important export products that is of strategic importance in the field of non-petroleum exports and currency and its role in the agricultural and national economy is significant and valuable. In addition to its economic value, pistachios are rich in essential nutrients such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, unsaturated and tonic fatty acids, the consumption of which has a great impact on health, well-being and community empowerment. The use of biodegradable, edible, and antimicrobial films and coatings as a suitable alternative to synthetic preservatives is important in order to maintain food security and prevent wastage of capital. Materials and Methods This study was performed in 2021 in the Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University and Green Tat Research Garden in Qazvin province. In this experiment, the effect of pre-harvest foliar application of chitosan (0, 500 and 1000 mg/l) and nano- chitosan (0, 250 and 500 mg/l) on the qualitative and sensory characteristics, activity of antioxidant enzymes and shelf life of fresh pistachios 'Ahmad Aghaei' cultivar in four different times (0, 25, 50 and 75 days after harvest) were stored in the cold storage at 4 ±0.5° C and 80% RH. The studied traits included, fruit kernel firmness, weight loss percentage, antioxidant enzyme activity, acid value, peroxide values (PV) and sensory properties were measured at different times. Results and Discussion The results showed that the fruits treated with nano-chitosan 500 mg/l had the highest tissue firmness (8.13 N). The lowest percentage of weight loss was observed in nano-chitosan 250 mg/l treatment on the 25th day (0.14%). The activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme in fruits treated with nano-chitosan 500 mg/l also increased. The lowest polyphenol oxidase activity belonged to nano-chitosan 250 mg/l treatment and the highest guaiacol peroxidase activity was observed in chitosan 1000 mg/l treatment. The lowest and highest amount of peroxide values was obtained in the treatment of nano-chitosan 250 mg/l and control, respectively, on days 0 and 75 days after storage. The amount of free fatty acids increased during storage and the increase was slower in chitosan and nano-chitosan treatments, so that the lowest amount of free fatty acids in nano-chitosan treatment was 250 mg/l in day 0 and the highest amount of free fatty acid in control treatment was observed on the 75th day. Fresh pistachios coated with nano-chitosan 500 and 250 mg/liter significantly showed the highest average sensory scores in marketability index, skin appearance, smile and texture crispness compared to the control. Conclusion According to the results, it can be stated that the application of nano-chitosan 250 mg/l in the pre-harvest stage, due to maintaining qualitative and sensory characteristics, and increasing the shelf life of fresh pistachios up to 75 days compared to the control, and as a natural and biodegradable compound is recommended.

Comparison of germination and primary growth of Ophrys schulzei Bornm. & Fleischm seedling in different culture media under in vitro condition

Frouzan Valadi; Jalal Khorshidi; Ali akbar Mozafari; Yavar Vafaee

Volume 46, Issue 1 , June 2023, , Pages 129-140

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42629.2068

Abstract

Introduction Ophrys schulzei Bornm. & Fleischm is an orchid species which its underground organ is harvested and has numerous applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. ... Read More Introduction Ophrys schulzei Bornm. & Fleischm is an orchid species which its underground organ is harvested and has numerous applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The population of this orchid species in the natural habitat has been greatly reduced and is at risk of extinction due to the low germination percentage, required specific ecological conditions and also overharvesting. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate different propagation methods in order to approach ex situ conservation, domestication and cultivation of this plant species. Vegetative propagation of orchids is difficult, time-consuming and expensive, and also a small number of propagules can be obtained from each mother plant. Sexual propagation in ex vitro condition is also difficult due to low endosperm of orchid seeds, undifferentiated embryo and need to symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. Therefore, it seems that in vitro seed germination is the most suitable method for producing orchid seedlings. The most important and crucial step in seedlings mass production is selecting appropriate growth media for in vitro cultivation. Therefore, in this research, the effect of different culture media on the germination and seedling growth of Ophrys schulzei was studied. Materials and Methods In this research, germination, protocorm formation and growth indices of Ophrys schulzei seedlings were evaluated in 5 different culture media including Malmgren, Orchimax, P723, and . At first, the seeds were sown in the mentioned culture media and transferred to the growth chamber with 25ºC and dark conditions. After germination, they were placed in a refrigerator at 4ºC for two weeks. At the end of two weeks, the culture containers were placed in the growth chamber with 25ºC and light conditions 16/8 h (light/dark). After 12 months from seed sowing, the mentioned factors were evaluated. This research was conducted as a completely randomized design with 5 replications at Research Center of Medicinal Plants Breeding and Development of University of Kurdistan, in 2019-2022. Results and Discussion The highest (25.26%) and lowest (0%) germination percentage were observed in Malmgren and Orchimax culture media, respectively. Protocorms were appeared earlier in the Malmgren medium than other media (19.33 days after seed sowing). Protocorms on medium were stayed in initial form, and no significant development was observed. Protomeristems were appeared earlier in Malmgren medium compared to P723 and (105.66 days after seed sowing). There was no significant difference between P723 and in terms of protomeristem appearance time (1/4 B5 148.33 and P723 159 days after seed sowing). Seedlings were formed only in P723, Malmgren and culture media. The highest protocorm weight (0.12 g) was belonged to the Malmgren culture medium, and the highest root length (21.44 mm), root weight (0.19 g), aerial weight (0.05 g), seedling length (45.98 mm) and seedling weight (0.37 g) were belonged to the seedlings grown in P723 medium. In terms of the number of roots and shoot length, no significant differences were observed between the three culture media. Conclusion In general, among the studied culture media, Malmgren and P723 were determined the most suitable culture media for production of Ophrys schulzei seedlings.

Expression Analysis of the Key Genes Involved in Biosynthesis Pathway of Major Component of Ziziphora persica Bunge Essential Oil under Drought Stress

Mozhdeh Jalilifar; Khosro Mehdikhanlou; Lila Nejadsadeghi; Qing-Yan Shu

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 463-474

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.39743.2007

Abstract

Introduction Iranian Kakoti (Ziziphora persica Bunge) which belongs to the mint genus is widely distributed in Iran. In some parts of Iran, it is used as a spice and condiment in food. ... Read More Introduction Iranian Kakoti (Ziziphora persica Bunge) which belongs to the mint genus is widely distributed in Iran. In some parts of Iran, it is used as a spice and condiment in food. Iranian Kakoti is also a medicinal plant with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Iranian Kakoti is used in traditional medicine as a stomach disinfectant and cold remedy. Since the effect of stresses on the increase of secondary metabolites of plants has been proven, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of drought stress on the secondary metabolites of Iranian Kakoti in comparison with normal conditions by assessment of the expression of genes which are related to the most important secondary metabolites of the studied plant. In previous studies, it was found that pulegone has the largest share among the metabolites produced in this plant. Materials and Methods Using the KEGG database, the metabolic pathway and genes involved in the production of the pulegone include the four key genes Isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, Limonene synthase, limonene hydroxylase and Isopiperitenone reductase were identified. Due to the lack of genomic information of Iranian Kakoti, the sequence of the four studied genes was predicted by the sequences of these genes in families close to this plant. The predicted sequences were used for primer design. The plants were cultivated under drought stress and normal conditions. The stress condition was achieved by reaching 30% Field Capacity. After observing phenotypic changes due to stress, the amount of proline and also Leaf relative water content (RWC) measured for the plants in both control and stress condition to confirm the accruing of the stress. Then leaf samples were collected. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The quantity and quality of the obtained RNA were evaluated by Nanodrop and gel electrophoresis. The qualified RNA samples were used for cDNA synthesis according to the manufacturer's protocols. Then the comparing the genes expression under drought stress with the control sample was performed. Results and Discussion In response to drought stress, leaf RWC was decreased to 31% in the plants under stress condition and proline levels increased by 1.9-fold compared to control value. Analysis of real-time PCR data showed that. The expressions of limonene synthase, limonene hydroxylase, Isopiperitenon dehydrogenase, Isopiperitenon reductase were increased 115, 400, 50 and 120 folds compared to control respectively. Conclusion The measurement of leaf RWC and proline were found to be beneficial methods to detection of incidence of drought stress in plant. The expression of genes involved in pulegone synthesis compared to the control plants changes with drought stress. The implement of drought stress is a useful method to increase essential oil in Iranian Kakoti.

The effect of different types of culture substrate on some morphological and physiological indices of African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl)

Masoud Ghasemi Ghahsareh; Foroozan Milani; Saeed Reezi; Masoud Fattahi

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 475-489

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2022.41507.2054

Abstract

Introduction The function of a growth substrate is to provide an ideal medium for plantlet emergence which allows for the optimal development of plants during the time they stay in ... Read More Introduction The function of a growth substrate is to provide an ideal medium for plantlet emergence which allows for the optimal development of plants during the time they stay in the container. A high-water storage capacity is necessary due to the limited volume available in growth substrate. There is a large variety of materials available for substrate elaboration, and their selection depends on the plant species to be propagated, season, propagation system, price, substrate availability and proper features. Compost seems to be an excellent alternative to peat. Also, the fresh material presents a high carbon: nitrogen ratio (C: N) and it may contain substances that are toxic to the plants, such as phenols, resins and tannins. Choosing the suitable planting bed for ornamental plants is one of the problems for most greenhouse managers. In this regard, in order to investigate the possibility of using liquorice residue compost as a by-product of the medicinal plant industry, in growth medium, the effect of peat moss, coir and liquorice root residue compost on the growth of African violet tested in an experiment. Materials and Methods The experiment was done with 7 treatments and 5 replications in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included: 60% (volumetric) peat moss, 60% coir, 60% liquorice root residue compost, 30% peat moss + 30% coir, 30% peat moss + 30% liquorice root residue compost, 30% coir + 30% liquorice root residue compost. Each treatment was mixed with 40% perlite. According to the results of a pre-test on the low water retention capacity of liquorice compost, a treatment was also performed using liquorice compost with superabsorbent polymer (Aquasorb made by SNF) at a rate of 5g/kg mixed medium. Results and Discussion Experiment results in African violet showed that in shoot fresh weight, leaf number, root fresh weight, leaf area and relative leaf water content of 30% peat + 30% coir treatment and shoot dry weight, flower number and chlorophyll a were the best in 30% peat moss + 30% liquorice root residue compost treatment. The highest amount of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were observed in 60% liquorice root residue compost + superabsorbent polymer, the highest carotenoid content in 60% peat treatment, and the highest root dry weight and proline content in 60% liquorice root residue compost treatment. In general, according to the obtained results, by using licorice root residue compost with peat, it is possible to achieve favorable growth results, and it is recommended to use it up to 50% of the required organic matter in the bed of African violets. Based on the results of this study, licorice root resigue compost with peat moss can achieve favorable growth results and it can be used up to 50% of the required organic matter in African violet bed. The effects of licorice compost on morphological and physiological parameters of plants may be due to its effects on increased water content and soil aeration. Because there is a strong relationship between RWC and plant biomass. That also suggests that plants having greater biomass can maintain higher water content in their leaves. Conclusion Presence of nutrient elements increased the overall fertility, and functionality of the tested media, leading to maintain better plant growth. RWC is a measure of plant water status, which reflects metabolic activity in plant tissues and is one of the most important indicators to identify differences in substrate conditions.

Effect of vermicompost and nitroxin on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of blackberry

Roya Mousavi; Vida Chalavi; Kamran Ghasemi; Mehdi Hadadinejad

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 491-503

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.40821.2034

Abstract

IntroductionBlackberry is a plant of the genus Rubus and family Rosaceae, which due to its nutritional properties has role in human health. One way to increase nutritional properties ... Read More IntroductionBlackberry is a plant of the genus Rubus and family Rosaceae, which due to its nutritional properties has role in human health. One way to increase nutritional properties is to use bio-organic fertilizers such as vermicompost and nitroxin. These fertilizers not only reduce the negative effects of chemical fertilizers, but also improve the growth and reproductive characteristics of blackberries. Materials and MethodsTo investigate the effect of nitroxin and vermicompost on the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of blackberry, a factorial study was performed in a completely randomized design at 5 levels of vermicompost (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40) and two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation of nitroxin in pots in Noor city. For this experiment, culture media were prepared by mixing different levels of vermicompost with the base soil in the pot. Then, the rooted and uniform seedlings were prepared and selected for use in the experiment and the roots of the plants were placed in nitroxin solution (ratio of 1 to 10 with water) for 10 minutes and then planted in pots. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the highest number of buds (42.5 per plant), the number of clusters (5.5 per plant), fruit weight (3.37 grams per plant) and the shortest ripening period were produced in 20% volume of vermicompost. The highest weight of drupelets (0.10 grams) was obtained in 30% volume of vermicompost. In addition, the largest flower diameter (3.77 cm) was seen in nitroxin treatment with 30% vermicompost by volume. The highest internode length (5.65 cm), branch length (2.55 m) produced in nitroxin treatment alone. The highest internode length (5.65 cm), branch length (2.55 m) produced in nitroxin treatment alone. The largest number of nodes (67 per plant) belonged to nitroxin in combination with 20% vermicompost by volume treatment and the largest vegetative branch diameter (2.8 cm) and leaf surface (25.83 cm2) was obtained in vermicompost treatments of 20% and 10% by volume, respectively. The use of vermicompost at the level of 20 to 30 percent by volume can show the greatest effect on fruiting branches, while nitroxin alone or in combination with vermicompost had a greater effect on vegetative branches. Vermicompost improves the growing medium conditions by stimulating beneficial soil microorganisms and the stable supply of mineral elements, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. The physical and chemical properties of humic acid in vermicompost increase plant nitrogen accumulation by increasing nutrient storage capacity and growth regulatory hormones, and plant growth factors such as height, number of nodes, internode distance and leaf area will increase with increasing nitrogen. However, increasing the level of vermicompost increases the concentration of soluble salt, toxicity due to increasing the concentration of heavy elements and the presence of toxic compounds in the plant, which leads to reduced growth and yield. Under these conditions, the use of nitroxin modulates or neutralizes the harmful effects of abiotic stresses. Bio fertilizers that contain growth-promoting bacteria, in addition to providing part of the nutrients and their balanced absorption, increase the nutritional value of the fruit by preventing the imbalance between the plant's internal components. ConclusionThe use of vermicompost at the level of 20 to 30 percent by volume can show the effect on fruiting branches, while nitroxin alone and together with vermicompost has a greater effect on vegetative branches.

Investigating the effectiveness of environmental and ecological factors on the amount of alkaloid compounds of the medicinal plant henbane (Hyoscyamus spp.)

alireza asghari mirakk; Seyed Siamak Alavi Kia; Seyyed Abulqasem Mohammadi

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 549-559

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41987.2060

Abstract

Introduction Hyoscyamine and scopolamine alkaloids are valuable secondary metabolites that are mainly produced by plants of the Solanaceae family, especially the henbane genus. The ... Read More Introduction Hyoscyamine and scopolamine alkaloids are valuable secondary metabolites that are mainly produced by plants of the Solanaceae family, especially the henbane genus. The production of these alkaloids in henbane is influenced by genetic processes, but environmental factors play a more prominent role in the economic synthesis of these alkaloids. Materials and Methods This research was carried out in 2020 to investigate the effect of environmental factors on the quantity and quality of hyoscyamine and scopolamine alkaloids on 10 henbane populations in northwest of Iran. The seeds of H.niger, H.reticulatus and H.pusillus species were collected from Ardabil and East Azarbaijan provinces and dried in shade. After extracting alkaloids from the populations, the amount of these alkaloids was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To study the physical and chemical properties of the soil, soil sampling was done from the root development depth of each plant (30 cm) in the studied habitats. Results and Discussion The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of above mean sea level factor on the amount of hyoscyamine and scopolamine alkaloids is significant at the 1% probability level. The results of variance analysis showed that soil nitrogen and phosphorus have a significant effect on the increase of hyoscyamine and nitrogen on the increase of scopolamine at the probability level of 1%. While the effect of potassium on the amount of hyoscyamine and the effect of phosphorus and potassium on the amount of scopolamine is not significant. The research results showed significant phytochemical diversity in terms of hyoscyamine and scopolamine among species, populations, and genotypes of henbane. Based on this, H.pusillus species in terms of scopolamine content and H.reticulatus species in terms of hyoscyamine content were at the top of the studied species, and Meshkinshahr population was at the top in terms of scopolamine and hyoscyamine, while Tabriz and Givi populations were at the bottom in this respect. The high amount of alkaloid in some of the studied ecotypes is affected by the high amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon in the soil and due to the low potassium in the studied habitats. Conclusion Maximum similarity was observed between the populations of Ahar with Herris, Shabester with Azarshahr, Givi with Tabriz, and Shabester with Khalkhal in terms of the amount of hyoscyamine and scopolamine. In this case, in addition to genetic factors, the similarity of the ecological characteristics of the studied habitats can also be involved.

Effects of mycorrhizal and rhizobium inoculation on some physiological and biochemical traits of soybean under copper toxicity

Sharareh Shiati; Jalil Khara; Siavash Hosseini Sarghein; Abdollah Hassanzadeh Ghorttapeh

Volume 45, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 603-615

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.41415.2048

Abstract

Introduction Heavy metals enter the surroundings through natural means as well as human activities. These metals reduce biomass, growth and photosynthesis and absorption of nutrients, ... Read More Introduction Heavy metals enter the surroundings through natural means as well as human activities. These metals reduce biomass, growth and photosynthesis and absorption of nutrients, which ultimately lead to plant death. Heavy metals such as copper, induce oxidative stress in plants by producing reactive oxygen species. Nowadays, heavy metal refining by physical and chemical methods are less used for economic and environmental reasons, and biological refining has been introduced as an alternative method. Among these, we can refer to the inoculation of plants with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium, which can protect the plants against this stress. The purpose of this research was to study the effects of mycorrhiza and rhizobium on the physiological and biochemical traits of soybean under copper stress. Materials and Methods For this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was performed in the Faculty of Science, Urmia University in 2021. Experimental factors included four levels of copper sulfate stress (0, 50, 400 and 200 mg/kg soil) and four inoculation treatments (control, mycorrhiza, rhizobium and mycorrhiza + rhizobium). Plants were colonized by inoculum Glomus verusiforme (for mycorrhiza) and Rhizobium japonicum (for rhizobium). The soybean plants were grown in 16 treatment groups with a diurnal regime of 16-hour light and 8 hours dark at 18-29°C. Forty days after planting, the harvest was done and the factors were examined. The studied traits included the activity of guaiacol peroxidase and catalase enzymes, malondialdehyde, fresh and dry weight, soluble sugar of shoots and roots and chlorophyll a and b content. Results and Discussion Results showed that chlorophyll a and b content, soluble sugar and dry and fresh weights of shoots and roots were significantly reduced in treated plants compared to the control. This decrease was less evident in Inoculated plants than in non- Inoculated samples. However, antioxidant enzymes activity and malondialdehyde increased under copper stress. Increased enzymatic activity was more dramatic in rhizobia and mycorrhizal plants samples than non- rhizobia and mycorrhizal ones, which was the opposite of malondialdehyde. Based on the results of this study, the use of fungi and rhizobia in copper stress conditions reduced the effects of stress. The highest enzymatic activity, soluble sugar, fresh and dry weight and photosynthetic pigments and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde were observed in co-inoculation with Mycorrhiza- Rhizobia and control, respectively. The efficiency of plants inoculated with rhizobium and mycorrhizal against copper stress can be due to the reduction of oxidative stress, high antioxidant capacity, maintenance of natural plant metabolism, increased phosphorus uptake, increasing the rate of photosynthesis, Impact on heavy metals bio-availability and improvement of nitrogen fixation e in these plants. Conclusion According to the results, it is concluded that copper stress has severe effects on effects on soybean (Saba cultivar) and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia can somewhat reduce this stress. Furthermore arbuscular mycorrhiza and rhizobia had synergistic effects so in many cases co-inoculation was more effective than single inoculation. On the basis of these results, co-inoculation with Glomus verusiforme and Rhizobium japonicum is suggested for improving soybean tolerance to copper stress.

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = H: Horticulture

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