Plant Productions - Articles List

Effect of rootstock and magnetized water on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of apple sapling (Malus domestica) under salinity stress

Zahra esmaillou; Mohammadreza Asghari; Fariborz Zaare-Nahandi; Ebrahim Sepehr

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46457.2154

Abstract

Salinity poses a significant challenge to plant growth and can lead to adverse physiological and metabolic alterations. The selection of tolerant rootstocks offers a promising solution ... Read More Salinity poses a significant challenge to plant growth and can lead to adverse physiological and metabolic alterations. The selection of tolerant rootstocks offers a promising solution to mitigate this issue. Magnetized water technology has emerged as an innovative approach to alleviate the negative impact of salinity on water quality. In this greenhouse study, we aimed to explore the synergistic effects of rootstock selection and magnetized water treatment under salinity stress conditions on the growth of apple saplings. By examining these combined factors, we seek to understand their potential in enhancing plant resilience to salinity-induced stress. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to develop sustainable strategies for managing salinity stress in agricultural settings, with implications for improving crop productivity and resilience in saline environments.Materials and MethodsThe factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replications from 2019 to 2020 at the University of Urmia, Iran. The factors examined included two rootstocks (M7 and MM106), three levels of magnetized water (0, 0.1, and 0.2 Tesla), and three levels of salinity stress (0, 40, and 80 mM). To evaluate the investigated factors, leaf thickness, leaf temperature, leaf area, internode length, rootstock diameter, branch growth, greenness index (SPAD), relative water content (RWC), total phenol, antioxidant capacity and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme were measured. Statistical analysis was done with SAS software (version 9.4). GLM procedure was used for the analysis of variance. Means were compared with the least significant difference (LSD) test.ResultsThe three-way interactions of rootstock × magnetized water × salinity stress significantly influenced total phenol and PAL enzyme activity. Additionally, the main effects of rootstock, magnetized water and salinity stress on leaf thickness, root diameter, RWC and, SPAD were significant. Increasing salinity levels reduced rootstock diameter, shoot growth, leaf water content, SPAD, and leaf area. However, salinity treatment increased leaf thickness, leaf temperature, phenolic compound concentration, antioxidant capacity, and PAL activity compared to control. The highest internode (17.58 cm) and rootstock diameter (2.18 mm) were obtained with 0.1 Tesla magnetized water treatment. Conversely, increasing salinity stress reduced internode length in both M7 and MM106 rootstocks, and the maximum internode length was produced in M7 under non-saline conditions (19.35 cm). Also, the highest rootstock diameter (19.83 mm) was observed in MM106 under non-saline conditions. Moreover, leaf RWC was higher in M7 (82.70%) compared to MM106. The highest PAL enzyme activity (62.77 nmol g-1F.W.-1) was recorded under 80 mM salinity, 1.0 Tesla magnetic water, and M7 rootstock.ConclusionThe utilization of magnetized water resulted in enhancements across various parameters including rootstock diameter, shoot growth, leaf water content, surface area, phenolic compounds, and PAL enzyme activity, surpassing the control group. Combining magnetic water treatment with M7 rootstock demonstrated significant mitigation of salinity-induced effects on apple saplings. Thus, the joint application of M7 rootstock and magnetic water is advocated for both saline and non-saline environments. This research underscores the importance of employing sustainable approaches to combat salinity stress in apple orchards, offering insights into effective management strategies for enhancing crop resilience in challenging agricultural conditions.

The effect of foliar application of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of strawberry cv. Camarosa

Naeimeh Soukht Saraei; Feryal Varasteh; Hamid Reza Sadeghipour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47877.2199

Abstract

IntroductionStrawberry is one of the most popular fruits, accordingly, its maintenance and increased quality without using harmful chemical compounds is of great concern. Gamma-aminobutyric ... Read More IntroductionStrawberry is one of the most popular fruits, accordingly, its maintenance and increased quality without using harmful chemical compounds is of great concern. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon non-protein amino acid that affects plant growth activities, tricarboxylic acid cycle, production of primary and secondary metabolites, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Growth hormones, especially those growth regulators that increase photosynthesis and plant function, have good potential for agricultural development. The plant hormone cytokinin plays an effective role in controlling many vital processes, including plant growth and flowering. Cytokinins cause an increase in cell division, and therefore, if they are used in the initial stage of the sigmoid curve of fruit growth, when cell division is underway, they may increase the number of cells in each fruit.Materials and MethodsThe well-developed and consistent strawberry plantlets of the Camarosa cultivar were planted during October 2022 in Ramian County, Golestan province, Iran (UTM: 318446, 4092385). The foliar application of GABA solutions at 10 and 20 mM as well as control (water) was carried out at the flowering stage and 10 days later and the foliar application of forchlorfenuron )CPPU( solutions at 5 and 10 mg/L was carried out at the flowering stage. This research was conducted in the form of a complete randomized blocks design in three replications. Fruits were collected when they reached a consistent ripening stage, as characterized by change of fruit's surface color to red by more than 75% and were promptly transported to the laboratory for analysis. Root volume and weight, total sugar and leaf photosynthetic pigments, length, diameter and shape of fruit, percentage of malformed fruit, fruit firmness, total sugar, fruit color, total weight of harvested fruit and fruit cytokinin were assessed. Data analysis was done using SAS version 9.1 software and comparison of means was done through Duncan's multiple range test at the 1% probability level.Results and DiscussionThe analysis of variance of the data showed that the effect of GABA treatment at the probability level of 1% on root volume and weight, carotenoid and chlorophyll b of leaf, fruit firmness and the total weight of the harvested fruit at the probability level of 1% and on the total chlorophyll of leaf and percentage of malformed fruit at the probability level of 5% was significant. Leaf area, chlorophyll a, total leaf sugar, fruit length, diameter and length-to-diameter ratio were not affected by GABA spraying. Also, the effect of CPPU treatment was significant at 1% probability level on root volume and weight, leaf area, leaf carotenoid, fruit length and firmness, and percentage of malformed fruits, and at 5% probability level on chlorophyll a and total, fruit length to diameter ratio. Total sugar and chlorophyll b of leaf, fruit diameter and total weight of harvested fruit were not affected by CPPU solution. GABA treatment (20 mM) could increase the total weight of the harvested fruits from each experimental unit by 17%. Plants sprayed with CPPU had more leaf area compared to the control non-sprayed plants. The total chlorophyll amount of leaf increased with increasing GABA and CPPU concentration, and the highest leaf total chlorophyll was found in 20 mM GABA (1.384 mg/g) and 10 mg/L CPPU (1.430 mg/g). 10 mg/L CPPU treatment caused 107 and 59% increase in root volume and weight compared to the control, respectively. The highest fruit length (65.51 mm) and fruit length to diameter ratio (1.69) were obtained in plants sprayed with 10 mg/L CPPU. The highest firmness of the fruit tissue (1.96 N/cm2) was observed in plants sprayed with 20 mM GABA. Accordingly, GABA and CPPU treatments could significantly reduce the malformed fruit and the lowest was observed in CPPU treatment at a concentration of 10 mg/L. Also, both GABA and CPPU treatments had a significant effect on fruit color brightness index and total fruit sugar.ConclusionGABA and CPPU can act as a regulatory factor for plant growth and development. In general, the fruits obtained from plants sprayed with GABA and CPPU were of higher quality. Finally, according to the results, foliar spraying of Camarosa strawberry plants with 20 mM GABA and 10 mg/L CPPU is recommended in order to produce high-quality and long-lasting fruit.

The Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside on some Morphological and Physiological Traits of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) under Salt Stress

Saeideh Alizadeh-salteh; Aysan Nourizad Ahmedabad; Sahebali Bolandnazar; Mina Amani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47316.2186

Abstract

Introduction: Salinity is one of the environmental stresses that has a negative effect on the growth and development process and causes oxidative stress in plants. By creating harmful ... Read More Introduction: Salinity is one of the environmental stresses that has a negative effect on the growth and development process and causes oxidative stress in plants. By creating harmful changes in the balance of ions, water status, nutrients, stomatal function and photosynthesis efficiency, salinity causes a decrease in plant growth and development processes such as germination, seedling growth, and finally, a decrease in the amount of crop production in the plant. Sodium nitroprusside is a relatively stable gas radical that prevents the production of reactive oxygen radicals in low concentrations. It has been reported that sodium nitroprusside as a signal conducting molecule in various physiological processes such as seed germination, leaf senescence, ethylene production, stomatal closure and various defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and UV-B radiation is involved. Also, sodium nitroprusside plays a role in regulating various developmental processes and plant growth, including root growth, respiration, flowering, and cell death. Considering the positive effects of sodium nitroprusside on plants and the importance of evening primrose, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside on improving the morphological and physiological properties of evening primrose medicinal plant in adjusting salinity stress in greenhouse cultivation.Materials and methods: In the present experiment, the effect of salinity stress caused by sodium chloride at four levels (0, 4, 8, 12 dS/m) and its modification by sodium nitroprusside as foliar spraying at four concentrations of zero (control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mM as sodium nitroprusside releasing compound in evening primrose was carried out factorially based on a completely randomized design in three replications in the greenhouse of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. Salt treatment (NaCl) was applied after planting in pots and two times in the form of a solution in water and injected into the plant roots, and nitroprusside treatment was applied at four levels and with an interval of two weeks until flowering (mid-spring). It was done to the leaf. To facilitate sodium nitroprusside foliar spraying and also to increase accuracy, a sprayer was used so that foliar spraying is done uniformly on the aerial part of the plant. At first, the test of normality of the data and the uniformity of intra-treatment variances was performed and confirmed. Analysis of the variance of the data was done factorially in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications. The mean comparison of the treatments was done by Duncan's test at the probability level of 1%. SAS software (Ver. 9.3) was used for data analysis and Excel software was used for drawing graphs.Results and Discussion: In total, the results of the present experiment showed that the application of salinity treatment caused a significant decrease in fresh and dry weight of leaves, the amount of leaf area and leaf chlorophyll index, while it caused a significant increase in the percentage of ionic electrolyte leakage. The decrease in leaf area due to salt stress is either as a result of a decrease in the number of leaves due to a decrease in photosynthesis or a decrease in leaf size due to a decrease in turgor pressure. So that the highest number (47/08) was obtained in the 4 decisimons treatment and per meter and leaf area (247/95) in the control treatment. Also, the highest percentage of ionic electrolyte leakage (27.5%) was observed at a concentration of 12 deci-siemens/m, but the effect of different concentrations of salinity on the amount of antioxidant activity was not significant. The results showed that sodium nitroprusside treatment caused a significant decrease in leaf dry weight, ion electrolyte leakage percentage. On the other hand, it has caused a significant increase in dry matter percentage, leaf surface, chlorophyll index and antioxidant activity. So that the maximum amount of leaf area, chlorophyll index and antioxidant activity was obtained in the concentration of 0.15 mM sodium nitroprusside. Conclusion: Sodium nitroprusside has a useful and effective role in improving the growth characteristics and function of aerial organs and the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of evening primrose. So that the concentration of 0.15 mM was considered as the optimal concentration for improving the morphological and physiological traits.

The effect of sodium nitroprusside and triacanthanol on the morphological and phytochemical characteristics of the medicinal plant Dracocephalum moldavica in the full bloom stage

Saeideh Alizadeh-salteh; Samaneh Khalaf Khani; parinaz ferdowsi qebchaq

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44445.2116

Abstract

Introduction: Sodium nitroprusside and triacontanol , as plant growth regulators, improve plant growth and development and influence the production of secondary metabolites. Also, Triacontanol, ... Read More Introduction: Sodium nitroprusside and triacontanol , as plant growth regulators, improve plant growth and development and influence the production of secondary metabolites. Also, Triacontanol, as a plant growth stimulant, plays a central role in regulating many biochemical and physiological processes of plants, including photosynthesis. Dracocephalum moldavica L. is a herbaceous, annual and aromatic plant with white and blue flowers from the mint family (Lamiaceae), which is native to Central Asia but has been domesticated in Central and Eastern Europe. Considering the economic importance of Moldavian balm medicinal plant, in this research, it has been tried to investigate the effects of sodium nitroprusside and Triacontanol on the morphological changes and quantitative and qualitative performance of secondary metabolites, especially the yield of essential oil of moldavian balm medicinal plant.Materials and Methods: This investigation was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University. The studied factors include foliar spraying of three different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and tricanthanoltriethanol (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) in the flowering stage. Finally, growth traits (leaf surface and number of lateral stems), shoot yield (fresh and dry weight), essential oil yieldand percentage, biochemical traits (soluble solids, protein, flavonoid and total phenol content) and content of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodium) were examined in full bloom stage. After the measurement of desired parameters, the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software. Comparison of mean data was done using Duncan's multiple range test. All figures were drawn using Excel software.Results and Discussion: The results obtained in the present study showed that interaction of different concentrations of Tria and SNP had a significant effect on leaf area and the number of lateral branches. Also, SNP at a concentration of 1 mM caused a significant increase in the fresh and dry weight of shoots in the plant. Total soluble solids were significantly affected by different concentrations of Tria. Foliar spraying of Tria and SNP had significant effects on the nutrients content of leaf tissue and the highest increase was recorded at a concentration of 1 mM. Also, foliar spraying of SNP alone and together with Tria had a significant effect on the content of phenol, flavonoid and total soluble protein at the level of 1%, and the treatment of 1 mM SNP with 1 mM Tria caused an increase of 62.93, 51.24 and 34.92% compared to the control treatment, respectively. According to the results, the treatment of 1 mM Tria with 1 mM SNP had the greatest effect on the yield of essential oil and increased the essential oil yield of Moldavian Balm plant by 207% compared to the control treatment.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the use of sodium nitroprusside and triacantanol with the appropriate concentration had significant effects on the growth and yield of the Moldavian Balm plant, and the treatment of 1mM triacantanol + 1mM sodium nitroprusside was introduced as the optimal treatment in this study.

Evaluation of seed germination, visual quality, and morpho-physiological characteristics of several turfgrasses native to Iran

Sahar Mirzaei; Somayeh Esmaeili

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47889.2202

Abstract

IntroductionNative turfgrasses are highly important and valuable due to their higher tolerance to environmental stresses and the need for low maintenance, and after establishment, they ... Read More IntroductionNative turfgrasses are highly important and valuable due to their higher tolerance to environmental stresses and the need for low maintenance, and after establishment, they need less irrigation and fertilization than imported species. Turf grass species with low maintenance ability and at the same time maintaining acceptable quality by reducing management costs, especially mowing and adverse environmental effects, have been receiving more attention from lawn managers today. The primary aim of this study is to assess eight native turfgrass genotypes based on seed germination, visual quality, morpho-physiological traits, and tolerance to wear. Furthermore, the final goal is to identify top-performing genotypes that match breeding objectives, facilitating the development of advanced turfgrass cultivars that can replace foreign varieties. These innovative cultivars are meant to be showcased to urban green space managers and suburban planners as acclimated alternatives.Materials and MethodsEight native turfgrass species including (Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinaceae, F. ovina, F. rubra, Agropyron cristatum, A. intermedium, Poa pratensis and P. trivialis) are collected from from different areas of Iran. The seed germination indices, establishment speed, visual quality, growth characteristics and chlorophyll content were evaluated. Seed germination percentageFor germination, Petri dishes were used for 15 days in the germinator at a temperature of 25 ± 2 OC, 513 µmol m-2, a photoperiod of 12 h light/12 h darkness, and a relative humidity of 60%. Germination percentage and seed germination rate was done according to the method (Maguire, 1968). For measuring the height, samples were taken from each experimental unit and the height of the grass was measured with a ruler during the experiment. In order to measure tillering, samples were taken from each experimental unit and the number of tillers created in each plant during the experiment was counted. Among the genotypes in question, the appearance quality was measured by the observation method with scoring from 1 to 9 based on color, density, and uniformity, where the number 1 represents the worst and the number 9 represents the best quality (Morris and Sheerman, 2000). Artificial footing is done periodically on half of each main plot by a footing tension device. The amount of stress applied by the simulator is equivalent to the injuries caused by playing three football matches on grass per week (Canaway, 1976). Then, the wet and dry weight of the grass was measured using a digital scale. The amount of chlorophyll (mg of chlorophyll per gram of plant tissue) was calculated by the method of (Maxwell and Johnson, 2000). Comparison of data values was also done using Duncan's multi-range test and as a result 5% and 1% probability using SAS9.2 software.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that L. perenne turfgrass genotype showed the highest rates in terms of seed indices such as germination percentage and seed germination rate compared to other genotypes. In addition, in terms of visual quality, height, tillering, shoot fresh and dry weight and chlorophyll content, compared to other genotypes, it showed higher scores and values. Although there was no significant difference with the native genotype of F. arundinacea in most of the measured characteristics. In addition, Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis showed that there is a strong and positive correlation between seed germination rate and all measured characteristics (r≥0.94). This indicates that, in addition to the quantitative traits, the qualitative traits of the seed are also important in the establishment rate, visual quality, amount of chlorophyll and other growth characteristics in turfgrasses.ConclusionIt can be concluded that the native turfgrasses of L. perenne and F. arundinaceae can replace foreign turfgrasses and be used in urban green spaces. Also, other studied turfgrasses such as Agropyron spp. are recommended in suburban spaces and low-maintenance environments. Overall, the findings indicate that Iran has the capacity to enhance turfgrass germplasm resources, develop breeding programs, and cultivate compatible varieties by leveraging promising local turfgrass genotypes.

The effect of foliar application of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and nicotinic acid on the growth, yield, and morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

Sepideh Dalvand; Hasan Mumivand; Bahman Zahedi; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47919.2204

Abstract

IntroductionBiostimulants, such as amino acids and nitrogen-containing compounds, play a vital role in the biochemical and physiological processes of plants. These molecules serve as ... Read More IntroductionBiostimulants, such as amino acids and nitrogen-containing compounds, play a vital role in the biochemical and physiological processes of plants. These molecules serve as precursors and raw materials for the production of other essential compounds and are crucial for the regulation and control of cellular activities and various biological systems. Amino acids and nitrogen-containing compounds are essential for optimal plant growth and development, and improving nitrogen nutrition and amino acid management can enhance plant growth, yield, and resilience to environmental stresses. Foliar application of amino acids and nitrogen-containing biostimulants helps plants channel more of their stored energy into growth, development, and overall quality.Materials and MethodsThis study aimed to investigate the effects of amino acid and nitrogen-containing biostimulants on the growth, performance, and morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of fenugreek at Lorestan University. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and three replications. The treatments included a control (spraying with distilled water) and foliar applications of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and nicotinic acid, each at three levels (75, 150, and 300 mg/L). The first foliar application was performed during the 4 to 6 leaf stage, with subsequent applications every 14 days (for a total of 4 applications).Results and DiscussionThe results indicated that applying nicotinic acid and aspartic acid at a concentration of 300 mg/L significantly increased plant height. Foliar application of all three biostimulants at concentrations of 150 and 300 mg/L resulted in a significant increase in leaf area and fresh weight of root. The application of nicotinic acid and aspartic acid also led to a significant increase in the fresh weight of the plant. However, the positive effect of nicotinic acid on plant fresh weight was greater than that of aspartic acid. Nicotinic acid treatment at all three levels increased the dry weight of plant. Foliar application of glutamic acid and aspartic acid at concentrations of 150 and 300 mg/L also increased the dry weight of plant. However, root dry weight increased only with concentrations of 150 and 300 mg/L of nicotinic acid and aspartic acid, and 300 mg/L of glutamic acid. Foliar application of all three compounds—glutamic acid, nicotinic acid, and aspartic acid—resulted in significant increases in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll. The most positive effect on chlorophyll was observed with aspartic acid application. Carotenoid levels were also significantly increased with the application of nicotinic acid and aspartic acid compared to the control, while glutamic acid only increased carotenoids at the highest concentration. Photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, CO2 concentration under the stomatal chamber, and total nitrogen were significantly increased with the foliar application of all three compounds—glutamic acid, nicotinic acid, and aspartic acid.ConclusionThe results of the present study showed that the application of biostimulants such as nicotinic acid, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid generally led to improvements in the studied characteristics. Overall, it can be concluded that the use of biostimulants, particularly nicotinic acid and aspartic acid (especially at a concentration of 300 mg/L), is recommended for improving the growth, performance, and morpho-physiological traits of fenugreek.

Effect of different intensities of continuous red and blue LED light on yield and secondary metabolites synthesis of basil microgreens

Afsaneh Abbasi; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Mohammadreza Fayezizadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.48202.2220

Abstract

IntroductionBasil microgreen (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a valuable plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which is known as a superfood in the 21st century due to its high antioxidant ... Read More IntroductionBasil microgreen (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a valuable plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which is known as a superfood in the 21st century due to its high antioxidant index, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and carotenoids. In addition to their antioxidant and nutritional properties, microgreens are introduced as one of the strategic products that can be produced in vegetable production factories due to their short growth period, compatibility with soilless cultivation systems, ability to be cultivated in layered cultivation systems and high profitability. However, there are several challenges facing vegetable producers that hinder the development of microgreen cultivation. One of the most important production parameters is light intensity, the results of which are limited on the performance and synthesis of basil microgreen secondary metabolites in past research. Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted in the Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, in February 2024. This experiment aims to investigate the effect of different intensities of red+blue continuous LED light with a ratio (1:1) including 18 (82.8 µmol m-2 s-1), 36 (165.6 µmol m-2 s-1), 54 (248.4 µmol m-2 s-1) and 72 (331.2 µmol m-2 s-1) Wm-2s-1 on the yield and synthesis of secondary metabolites of three cultivars (Kapoor, Red Rubin, Violetta) and one genotype (Abloq) of basil microgreen were investigated using a split-plot approach based on a randomized complete block design in a floating system with four replications.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the simple effect of light intensity on all studied traits had a significant difference at the 1% level. Also, the simple effect of cultivar and the interaction between light intensity and cultivar on all studied traits created a significant difference. The highest and lowest yield were obtained in Red Rubin cultivar (4.1 kg m-2) with light intensity of 331.2 µmol m-2 s-1 and in Violetta cultivar (0.5 kg m-2) with light intensity of 82.8 µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The highest antioxidant capacity (78.31%), anthocyanin (31.0 mg 100 g-1 of fresh weight), vitamin C (306.1 mg 100 g-1 of fresh weight) and phenolic compounds (2039.6 mg 100 g-1 of fresh weight) were measured in Ablaq genotype under light intensity of 331.2 µmol m-2 s-1. The highest amount of proline was measured in Red Rubin cultivar (3.61 mg g-1 fresh weight) grown under a light intensity of 331.2 µmol m-2 s-1 and the lowest amount of proline was measured in Ablaq genotype (1.55 mg g-1 fresh weight) under light intensity of 82.8 µmol m-2 s-1. The highest amount of flavonoids was measured in Violetta cultivar (8.42 mg g-1 fresh weight) under light intensity of 331.2 µmol m-2 s-1 and the lowest amount of flavonoids was measured in Red Rubin cultivar (3.45 mg g-1 fresh weight) under light intensity of 82.8 µmol m-2 s-1. Basil microgreen performance with antioxidant capacity, anthocyanin, carbohydrate, proline, vitamin C, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids had a positive and significant correlation at the 1% level.ConclusionThe light intensity of red+blue LED lamps affected the synthesis of secondary metabolites and the yield of basil microgreens. Based on the results of the Ablaq genotype under the light intensity of 331.2 µmol m-2 s-1, it can be used as a suitable method for growing basil microgreens in the floating system.

Combined effects of silicon aminochelate and phosphorus on photosynthetic indices and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. Paros) in greenhouse soil culture

edris shabani; Shohreh Zivdar; Afrasiyab Rahnama Ghahfarokhi; Abbas Danaeifar; Mehran Davoudi Arshad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48281.2225

Abstract

IntroductionMost of Iran's soils are calcareous soils. In these types of soils, the amount of phosphorus absorption decreases with the increase of soil pH. Phosphorus absorption from ... Read More IntroductionMost of Iran's soils are calcareous soils. In these types of soils, the amount of phosphorus absorption decreases with the increase of soil pH. Phosphorus absorption from the root surface happens quickly, and as a result, the area of 0.2-1 mm around the root becomes empty of phosphorus. An effective strategy to deal with phosphorus deficiency stress is the secretion of organic acid anions by plant roots. Current evidence shows that the application of silicon greatly increases the secretion of organic acids by the roots. According to the findings of the researchers, there is a positive correlation between the availability of silicon and the mobility of phosphorus in the plant. In addition, the external use of silicon also helps to increase the activation of phosphorus from mineral surfaces. Considering the lack of phosphorus resources in the world, the low mobility of phosphorus in the soil, the increase in its price and its excessive use, conducting studies related to phosphorus fertilizers in order to increase the absorption of phosphorus and fruit quality of greenhouse crops seems to be completely necessary.Materials and methodsThe experiment was conducted in the form of a split plot design and in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The treatments of this experiment included different levels of phosphorus fertilizer (0, 7.5, 15 and 30 kg/ha, in the main plots) and three levels of silicon aminochelate spraying (0, 2 and 4 ml/L, in the secondary plots). The measurement of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll was done using a spectrophotometer in mature leaves developed according to the method suggested by Arnon (1967). Phosphorus was also measured by colorimetric method. During the experiment, strawberry fruits from different treatments were harvested and counted. The weight of a single fruit was measured by a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g. The total weight of the fruit in each plant was calculated and recorded from the sum of the weight of the harvested fruits during the growth period. The dry matter percentage of the fruit was calculated by dividing the dry weight of the sample by the fresh weight of the sample multiplied by 100 (Tabatabaei, 2013). During the experiment, fruits from different treatments were harvested and their length and diameter were measured by calipers and reported in centimeters. The firmness of the fruit tissue was measured by a firmness meter, and the pH and EC of the fruit extract were measured by a pH meter and an EC meter, respectively. Also, the percentage of TSS was measured by a refractometer.Result and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that the application of 15 kg/ha of phosphorus with a concentration of 2 ml/L of silicon aminochelate (P3Si2) had the highest amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. The highest phosphorus concentration of the whole plant (0.98%) was obtained at the level of 15 kg/ha of phosphorus and the concentration of 2 ml/L of silicon aminochelate. Based on the results of average comparisons, the highest amount of total fruit weight (599.93 g) was observed in the treatment of 15 kg/ha of phosphorus and the level of 4 ml/L of silicon aminochelate (P3Si3), which had no significant difference with the P3Si2 treatment. P3Si2 and P3Si3 treatments compared to the control treatment (P1Si1) caused an increase of 67.62 and 68.33 percent of the total weight of strawberry fruits, respectively. The highest percentage of fruit dry matter (7.38%) was observed in the P3Si2 treatment, which had no significant difference with the P3Si3 treatment (6.97%). In many studies, an increase in chlorophyll and yield was observed after the application of foliar spraying with silicon. The use of silicon strongly increases the secretion of malate and citrate by the roots, and in this way, it helps to mobilize and absorb more phosphorus in conditions of its deficiency (Hu et al., 2021). ConclusionAccording to the results, it is recommended to use a concentration of 2 ml/L in silicon aminochelate and a level of 15 kg/ha of monopotassium phosphate to achieve maximum growth, yield and quality of strawberry fruits.

Improvement of morphophysiological characteristics and essential oil percentage of Iranian Borage (Echium amoenum Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) under salinity stress with foliar application of salicylic acid

Mina Amani; Mohsen Sabzi-Nojadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.47735.2195

Abstract

Introduction: Medicinal plants are essential components of both traditional remedies and modern pharmaceuticals, with their raw and processed forms widely utilized in various medical ... Read More Introduction: Medicinal plants are essential components of both traditional remedies and modern pharmaceuticals, with their raw and processed forms widely utilized in various medical practices today. Iran, endowed with significant natural and geographical advantages, has the potential to be a leading producer, consumer, and exporter of medicinal plants. Among these, Echium amoenum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. is cultivated to maximize the production of its bioactive compounds. However, the growth and yield of such plants are significantly affected by environmental factors, particularly salinity stress, which is prevalent in Iran arid and semi-arid climate. This stress presents a considerable challenge to the production of medicinal plants. Salicylic acid, a plant hormone, offers a promising solution by mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress through the modulation of physiological and biochemical responses, including the upregulation of osmolytes. Furthermore, it enhances the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which are critical for plant adaptation to environmental stressors. This study aims to assess the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid on the morphophysiological traits and essential oil yield of Iranian Borage under salt stress conditions. Materials and Methods: To investigate the effects of salicylic acid foliar spraying on the vegetative and physiological traits, as well as the essential oil yield of the Iranian Borage, under conditions of salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. The study examined the influence of salicylic acid concentrations (0, 180 and 360 µM) and varying salinity levels (0, 25, 50, 75 mM NaCl) on Iranian Borage. Prior to conducting a factorial ANOVA, the data were assessed for normality and homogeneity of variance. Results and Discussion: Salinity stress adversely affected all measured parameters of the Iranian Borage, while the application of salicylic acid enhanced their resilience under these conditions. The optimal growth, indicated by the highest fresh and dry weights, increased plant height, and essential oil yield, was achieved with a concentration of 360 µM salicylic acid in the absence of salinity stress. Additionally, the highest levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds were recorded with 180 µM salicylic acid at a salinity level of 25 mM. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the beneficial effects of salicylic acid on the growth and biochemical properties of Borage, particularly under varying salinity conditions. Specifically, the application of salicylic acid at a concentration of 360 µM in the absence of salinity stress has been shown to promote optimal plant growth and enhance the production of essential oils. This finding highlights the potential of salicylic acid as a plant growth regulator that can be utilized to improve the quality and yield of medicinal plants. Moreover, under conditions of mild salinity stress, the treatment with 180 µM salicylic acid significantly increases the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. These compounds are known for their antioxidant properties and play a crucial role in the plant’s defense mechanisms. The enhancement of these biochemical attributes indicates that salicylic acid not only supports growth but also boosts the plant’s ability to cope with stress, thereby improving its nutritional and medicinal value. Despite the negative impacts of salt stress on plant growth and overall biochemical attributes, the findings of this study underscore the effectiveness of salicylic acid at a concentration of 360 µM in alleviating these adverse effects. The treatment not only promotes plant development but also enhances vital biochemical properties that contribute to the plant’s resilience and adaptability in saline environments. In light of these results, the foliar application of salicylic acid emerges as a cost-effective and practical strategy for farmers and agricultural practitioners aiming to enhance the growth and antioxidant levels of medicinal plants such as Borage. This approach could provide significant benefits in sustainable agriculture, particularly in regions affected by soil salinity, ultimately contributing to improved crop yields and quality.

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Influence of mineral and organic substrates on improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cut lily flowers in soilless cultivation systems

Ali Atharjo; Abdolrahman Rahimian Boogar; Mehdi Aran; Nasim Forghani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48265.2223

Abstract

Introduction Lilies are fragrant ornamental bulbous plants known for their stunning cut flowers and valuable potted plants. They beautifully enhance parks, gardens, and landscapes, ... Read More Introduction Lilies are fragrant ornamental bulbous plants known for their stunning cut flowers and valuable potted plants. They beautifully enhance parks, gardens, and landscapes, making them a great choice for enhancing bouquets and perfuming the outdoor or indoor spaces. Substrates play vital roles in providing access to water, nutrients, and improving drainage, which are essential for plant stability and growth in soilless cultivation. In recent decades, the growth of hydroponic culture has significantly increased the demand for substrate materials. This rising interest underscores the urgent need for comprehensive research to identify the optimal substrates that align with specific plant characteristics, ultimately enhancing production and sustainability in hydroponics. The aim of current study was to detect the role of inorganic and organic substrates blend on the growth and quality of lily cut flowers. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, in 2022. The hydroponic substrate treatments included the following: perlite (control), perlite combined with cocopeat (1:1), perlite combined with peat moss (1:1), perlite combined with zeolite (1:1), a mixture of perlite, cocopeat, and peat moss (1:1:1), a mixture of perlite, cocopeat, and zeolite (1:1:1), and a combination of perlite, cocopeat, peat moss, and zeolite (1:1:1:1). Results and Discussion The results indicated a significant difference in the effects of the substrate mixtures on the evaluated characteristics of lily cut flowers. The highest fresh and dry weight of the flowering stem and flower diameter were observed in the mixture of perlite, cocopeat, and peat moss. The highest root volume, bulb diameter, and both fresh and dry weights of the root were achieved in a perlite and cocopit mixture, while the highest number of bulbs was obtained in a mixture of perlite, cocopit, and zeolite. The combination of perlite, cocopeat, and zeolite resulted in increased leaf area, petal weight, number of bulbs per plant, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. The highest percentage and yield of essential oil were obtained using a perlite and peat moss mixture. Overall, it can be concluded that different substrate mixtures can vary based on production purposes. The combination of zeolite with perlite and cocopeat (coconut fiber) improved the formation, color, and size of lily flowers. In contrast, using peat moss along with perlite and cocopeat resulted in larger stems. Conclusion To achieve the best growth of lily flowers, it’s crucial to combine both mineral and organic substrates effectively. Utilizing perlite and zeolite for their excellent physical properties, alongside cocopeat and peat moss for superior water, can make a significant difference in growth. For cut lily producers aiming for exceptional quality, incorporating a mix of perlite and zeolite with organic substrates of peat moss or cocopeat is an essential strategy. To ensure optimal vegetative characteristics, it's crucial to limit zeolite to no more than one-third of the total volume of the culture medium. Exceeding this proportion can lead to negative effects, primarily due to increased salinity from the element release in the medium.

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The effect of foliar application of humic acid, nano-Fe chelate and nano-Zn chelate on the morpho-physiological characteristics of Periwinkle

Parisa Sheikhzadeh; mitra rostami hir; Morteza Barmaki; Nasser Zare; Rasoul asghari zakaria; farzad fard

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 14 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48169.2218

Abstract

IntroductionThe use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine has a long and rich history, deeply rooted in various cultures around the world. Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus ... Read More IntroductionThe use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine has a long and rich history, deeply rooted in various cultures around the world. Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.) is a prominent medicinal plant belonging to the Apocynaceae family, recognized for its rich alkaloid content, which is distributed throughout all parts of the plant. This plant has been traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes, including the treatment of several diseases. Effective management of environmental conditions is crucial in the production of medicinal plants. By utilizing nutritional sources such as humic acid, nano-zinc chelate, and nano-iron chelate, both the quantitative and qualitative yields of these plants can be maximized, thereby enhancing their medicinal properties. Materials and MethodsTo assess the effects of humic acid, nano-iron chelate, and nano-zinc chelate on the characteristics of Madagascar periwinkle, a factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications at the municipal flower and plant production farm in Ardabil, located in the village of Soumea during the 2016 growing season. The experimental factors included three levels of humic acid (0, 100, and 300 mg L-1), three levels of nano-iron chelate (0, 2.5, and 3%), and three levels of nano-zinc chelate (0, 1.5, and 3%). For seedling preparation, seven seeds were planted in each pot measuring 10 cm in height and 12 cm in diameter on March 13, 2016. The soil mixture consisted of two parts soil and one part sand to ensure proper drainage and nutrient availability. The seedlings were transferred to the main field upon reaching the 10-leaf stage on June 9, 2016. Treatments were applied through foliar spraying in two stages: first during the vegetative growth stage (12 leaves) on July 6, 2016, and second during the reproductive growth stage (early flowering) on August 17, 2016. Distilled water served as the control treatment. Key traits evaluated included chlorophyll index, relative water content, stomatal conductance, plant height, number of branches per plant, pods per plant, number of seed per pod, thousand-seed weight, seed yield, and biological yield. Results and DiscussionThe results indicated that foliar application of each substance significantly increased all measured traits compared to the control treatment. This enhancement is attributed to their positive effects on nutrient absorption efficiency, osmotic regulation improvement, increased chlorophyll synthesis, and enhanced photosynthesis processes. Notably, simultaneous application of humic acid, nano-iron chelate, and nano-zinc chelate demonstrated a greater impact than individual applications and showed significant effects on all traits except for the number of seeds per pod. The highest values for chlorophyll index, number of lateral branches per plant, number of pods per plant, and biological yield were achieved with the simultaneous application treatment comprising 300 mg/L humic acid + 3% nano-iron chelate + 3% nano-zinc chelate. ConclusionGiven that the highest biological yield resulted from the simultaneous foliar application of 300 mg/L humic acid along with both 3% nano-iron chelate and nano-zinc chelate, it is recommended to utilize this combination to enhance vegetative growth as well as yield and yield components in Madagascar periwinkle cultivation.

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Assessment of drought resistance in various ecotypes of peppermint (Mentha piperita) through morphological and biochemical traits

ghader rostami; Leila Samiei; Sadrollah Ramezani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2025.48374.2229

Abstract

IntroductionPeppermint (Mentha piperita) is an important medicinal plant in the Lamiacea family and its essential oil is used in food, medicine, cosmetics, baking, gum making, soft ... Read More IntroductionPeppermint (Mentha piperita) is an important medicinal plant in the Lamiacea family and its essential oil is used in food, medicine, cosmetics, baking, gum making, soft drinks, and additive industries. This plant faces abiotic stresses including drought during the growth period. Considering that ecotypes have developed a series of adaptions against harsh environments, peppermint is one of the important genetic resources for developing products in regions with water shortage, Therefore because of the dominance of arid and semi-arid conditions in most parts of Iran, this study was conducted to evaluate effects of drought stress on growth and biochemical characteristics and select the best ecotypes of peppermint. Materials and MethodsTo evaluate the drought resistance of various ecotypes of peppermint, a pot experiment as a factorial based on a completely random design with three replicates was conducted in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the 2022 growing season. The first factor was drought stress in two levels including 70 (moderate stress) and 50 (severe stress) field capacity, and the second factor was six peppermint ecotypes (Mazandaran, Mahan (Kerman), Tabas, Sarakhs, Khash, and Qazvin) collected from different regions of Iran. Plants identification was done at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Research Institute of Plant Sciences.The drought was posed for two months and morphological and biochemical factors were measured in the flowering stage. The studied traits include the number of branches, length and width of leaves, diameter of stem, length of inflorescence, number of inflorescences, dry weight of leaf and stem, contents of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid), total phenol, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity, relative water content (RWC) and ion leakage. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the interaction effect of drought and ecotype was significant on all traits. With increasing drought stress, plant height, the number of branches, length and width of leaves, the number of influences, length of influence, diameter of the stem, dry weight of leaf and stem, the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and total) and relative water content of leaves were decreased in different ecotypes, so that the highest values for these parameters were in moderate stress (70% FC), and the lowest were in severe stress (50% FC). It is possible that the severe decrease in soil moisture in 50% of the field capacity has caused a decrease in the availability of water and minerals for the peppermint ecotypes and ultimately caused a decrease in growth indicators. With increasing drought stress (50% of field capacity), antioxidant activity (94.46%, 94%), carotenoid content (2.83, 2.80 mg/g FW), total phenolic content (8.55, 10.58 mg/g FW), and total flavonoid content (13.17, 12.27 mg/g FW) increased in the Mazandaran and Sarakhs ecotypes, respectively. Compared to mild stress (70% FC), antioxidant activity increased by 32% and 39.67% in the Mazandaran and Sarakhs ecotypes, respectively; carotenoid content increased by 138% and 131%; total phenolic content rose by 30.53% and 29.65%; and total flavonoid content grew by 38.34% and 33.36%. Meanwhile, cluster analysis and biplot grouped the resistance ecotypes (Sarakhs and Mazandaran) in the same cluster and the remaining ecotypes (Mazandaran, Mahan (Kerman), Tabas, Sarakhs, Khash, and Qazvin) in another cluster as sensitive ecotypes. It is believed that Fern and Mazandaran ecotypes have activated the non-enzymatic pathway to accumulate compounds such as total phenol, total flavonoid and increase antioxidant capacity to moderate the destructive effects of oxidative stress and increase the tolerance of this plant to drought stress. Also, the grouping of different peppermint ecotypes did not fully correspond to their geographical distribution, which indicates that apart from the climatic factor related to the geographical origin, there are other reasons such as the exchange of genetic materials, importing genetic materials and Genetic erosion is effective in existing diversity.ConclusionThe result of drought stress on peppermint ecotypes in two moderate (70% FC) and severe (50% FC) stresses indicated that Sarakhs and Mazandaran ecotypes have the highest adaptability under drought stress through increasing phenolic compounds, keeping humidity and the lowest damage from ion leakage compared to other ecotypes. Therefore, Sarakhs and Mazandaran ecotypes could be recommended as drought-resistance ecotypes compared to other ecotypes and proposed for further study.

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Optimization of greenhouse cucumber growth and fruit yield in response to foliar application of salicylic acid and boric acid

Amir Hossein Shahbazi; Seyyed Javad Mousavizadeh; Kambiz Mashayekhi; Ayoub Ghorbani Dehkordi

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, , Pages 69-85

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47687.2193

Abstract

Introduction Cucumber is one of the most widely cultivated greenhouse vegetables in Iran. It is essential to properly nourish plants and use elements and compounds that increase yield ... Read More Introduction Cucumber is one of the most widely cultivated greenhouse vegetables in Iran. It is essential to properly nourish plants and use elements and compounds that increase yield while maintaining and improving quality. However, its production is often challenged by environmental stresses that reduce water and nutrient uptake, directly affecting yield and quality. Salicylic acid serves as a key plant regulator and stress mitigator, while boron plays a critical role in sugar transport, hormone regulation, and fruit and leaf formation. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of salicylic acid and boric acid on the growth and yield of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Gohar) under soil-based cultivation. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted using a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Treatments included foliar spraying of salicylic acid at three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and boric acid at three concentrations (0, 2 and 4 mM). Foliar applications were carried out four times at 10-day intervals, starting from the emergence of the second true leaf. Morphological traits such as plant height, number of leaves, individual leaf area, and petiole length were recorded. Biochemical parameters, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin were analyzed. Fruit quality attributes such as total sugar, sucrose, glucose and fructose as well as yield-related traits including the number of fruit and total yield were also measured. Results and DiscussionBoth salicylic acid and boric acid significantly influenced plant growth, biochemical composition, and fruit yield. The highest leaf count (47.33) was observed with 0.5 mM salicylic acid and 0 mM boric acid, while the largest leaf area (306 cm2) was recorded with 0 mM salicylic acid and 2 mM boric acid. The maximum total chlorophyll content (12.11 and 10.8 mgg-1FW) was achieved with in 0 and 1 mM salicylic acid, respectively, combined with 2 mM boric acid. The highest sucrose (226.28 mg g FW-1) and fructose (87.9 mg g FW-1) contents were found in 1 mM salicylic acid without boric acid, while the highest glucose content (368.71 mg g FW-1) was recorded in 1mM salicylic acid with 2 mM boric acid. The greatest number of fruits (86.33) and the highest total fruit yield (9.59 kg plant-1; 21.10 kg m-2) were obtained with 0.5 mM salicylic acid combined with 2 mM boric acid. The lowest number of fruits (44) and yield (3.39 kg plant-1) were recorded in the control treatment. The lowest plant height of 189.3 cm was associated with 1 mM salicylic acid and 4 mM boric acid. The results showed that the highest petiole length with 15.66 cm was related to 0 mM salicylic acid, and 0.5 and 1 mM salicylic acid caused a decrease in petiole length with 14.88 and 14.33 cm, respectively. ConclusionSalicylic acid had a stronger effect on plant growth and yield than boric acid. However, their combined application produced better results than either treatment alone. The most effective treatment for optimizing cucumber growth and fruit yield was o.5 mM salicylic acid combined with 2 mM boric acid.

Investigating the effect of natural compounds before and post-harvest on the physicochemical characteristics of apple (Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicious) fruit

Fatemeh Eini Tari; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Hasan Mumivand; Mohamad Reza Raji

Volume 48, Issue 1 , April 2025, , Pages 87-103

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47136.2177

Abstract

IntroductionThe global demand for a healthy lifestyle has increased significantly in recent years. This growing awareness has highlighted the need for better preservation and storage ... Read More IntroductionThe global demand for a healthy lifestyle has increased significantly in recent years. This growing awareness has highlighted the need for better preservation and storage of fresh produce, particularly fruits, due to their rich vitamin and mineral content. Additionally, the increase in post-harvest waste has underscored the importance of using natural, eco-friendly compounds to extend shelf life, minimize waste, and maintain high nutritional value without introducing harmful substances. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted as a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor included pre- and post-harvest foliar treatments, with control treatments (spraying with distilled water), chitosan (50 mg l-1), Nano-chitosan (50 and 100 mg l-1) and the post-harvest immersion (Calcium chloride solution (0 and 2 %)). The second factor was storage duration (0, 60, 90 and 120 days). The study was carried out on Golden Delicious apples grafted onto MM 111 (Malling Merton 111) rootstock. Pre-harvest foliar spraying was carried out in an 18-year-old apple orchard in Abestan region of Khorramabad, while post-harvest immersion treatments were carried out at Lorestan University. After harvesting, the apples were initially washed with distilled water, dried, and immersed in a calcium chloride solution at room temperature for 8 minutes. To remove excess surface moisture, the treated fruits were placed in plastic fruit boxes and stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C with 80-90% relative humidity until the evaluation period. The study examined physiological and biochemical characteristics such as weight loss, acidity, titratable acids, soluble solids, ripening index, vitamin C content, and malondialdehyde levels. Results and DiscussionThe results of this study indicated that the applied treatments significantly affected the physicochemical characteristics of Golden Delicious apples. Treated fruits exhibited lower weight loss compared to the control group. Biochemical analyses further confirmed the beneficial effects of all treatments on the evaluated parameters. The highest level of titratable acids, vitamin C, along with the lowest acidity and malondialdehyde content, were observed in apples subjected to the combined treatment of nano chitosan and calcium chloride. Additionally, the treatments led to a reduction in soluble solids content and the fruit ripening index. Coatings such as chitosan function as barriers with selective permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide, modifying the surrounding atmosphere by increasing carbon dioxide levels and reducing oxygen concentration. This altered gaseous composition helps slow the respiration rate and ethylene production, thereby delaying the aging process and extending the fruit’s shelf life. Calcium also helps strengthen and maintain the integrity of the cell wall, ultimately preventing membrane deterioration and the increase in malondialdehyde in the fruit. Also, using calcium chloride plays a key role in strengthening cell walls, preserving the structure and function of membranes, and increasing the ability of cells to retain water. ConclusionOverall, the findings suggest that pre-harvest application of 100 mg/L chitosan nanoparticle, combined with post-harvest immersion in a 2% calcium chloride solution, yielded the most favorable results across most measured parameters. This combined treatment effectively preserved fruit quality and extended storage life, making it a promising approach for reducing post-harvest losses in Golden Delicious apples.

Effect of phytohormone concentration and composition on the micropropagation efficiency of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni

Atefeh Amini Neisiani; Abbas Saidi; Masoud Tohidfar

Volume 47, Issue 4 , January 2025, , Pages 581-594

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47365.2187

Abstract

IntroductionStevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a medicinal plant commercially used as a non-caloric sweetener for diabetic patients. Stevia seeds are small and infertile, and exhibit a relatively ... Read More IntroductionStevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a medicinal plant commercially used as a non-caloric sweetener for diabetic patients. Stevia seeds are small and infertile, and exhibit a relatively low germination rate. Moreover, given the steviol glycoside content and morphological characteristics (such as leaf shape and color), cross-pollination in this plant, leads to a great deal of diversity among the plants grown from the seeds. Consequently, asexual propagation methods are vital for the effective cultivation of this plant. Micropropagation not only enhances growth and reproduction rates, it also preserves genetic resources. Furthermore, it allows for the creation of a genetically homogeneous population with high yields of steviol glycosides, which makes it a suitable method for the propagation of Stevia. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of various growth regulators on this plant, presenting an efficient protocol for commercial cultivation.Materials and MethodsStevia seed germination rates were calculated on MS medium at four and eight days post-sowing. Shoot induction was examined using combinations of kinetin (KIN), gibberellic acid (GA3), and benzylaminopurine (BAP). Subsequently, rooting experiments were conducted with three auxin hormones: naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The acclimatization of the samples was conducted following successful rooting.Results and DiscussionThe germination rate of Stevia seeds was found to be 33.38%. The best shoot proliferation was achieved with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 2 mg/L KIN, producing the highest number of leaves and lateral branches. Optimal fresh weight (437.29 g) and shoot length (15.38 cm) were obtained in the treatment with 1.5 mg/L GA3 and 2 mg/L KIN. Significant negative correlations were observed at the 1% probability level between leaf number and shoot length (-0.61**), leaf number and fresh weight (-0.46**), lateral branch number and shoot length (-0.81**), and lateral branch number and fresh weight (-0.69**). Significant positive correlations were found between leaf and lateral branch numbers (0.95**) and between shoot length and fresh weight (0.98**). The longest root was observed in the treatment with 0.5 mg/L NAA, and the highest number of roots was found in the treatment with 1 mg/L IBA. The study reveal the effectiveness of specific combinations of growth regulators for the micropropagation of Stevia rebaudiana. The findings indicate that the hormonal treatments significantly affect various growth parameters, including leaf number, shoot length, fresh weight, and root development. The negative correlations between some traits suggest that optimizing one growth parameter might compromise. The positive correlations between other traits, such as leaf and lateral branch number, suggest that some growth attributes can be simultaneously enhanced.ConclusionThe optimized protocol for the micropropagation of Stevia rebaudiana (0.5 mg/L BAP and 2 mg/L KIN for shoot proliferation, and 0.5 mg/L NAA for root induction) demonstrated efficient and economical performance using fewer and less diverse hormones compared to existing micropropagation protocols. Therefore, it can be considered an optimum protocol for the propagation of Stevia, potentially benefiting commercial cultivation and research applications.

Effect of preharvest foliar spraying of calcium and potassium compounds on the shelf life of thornless blackberry

Ehsan Alinezhad; Mehdi Hadadinejad; Kamran Ghasemi; Morteza Soleimani Aghdam

Volume 47, Issue 4 , January 2025, , Pages 595-612

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46550.2157

Abstract

IntroductionBlackberries are susceptible to post-harvest decay, weight loss, and wrinkling due to the absence of a protective cuticle layer, leading to a short life and challenging ... Read More IntroductionBlackberries are susceptible to post-harvest decay, weight loss, and wrinkling due to the absence of a protective cuticle layer, leading to a short life and challenging long-term storage. The present study investigates the effect of pre-harvest foliar applications of calcium and potassium compounds on the shelf life and quality of thornless blackberries.Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment was conducted in 2020 using a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. The first factor consisted of nutritional treatments applied at the fruit-set stage at five levels: (1) control, (2) calcium nitrate (5 g/L), (3) potassium silicate (1 g/L), (4) calcium nitrate (5 g/L) + potassium silicate (1 g/L), and (5) potassium fertilizer (51-0-0, 3.5 g/L). The second factor was storage duration in cold storage (4 ͦC) at four levels (0, 6, 12 and 18 days post harvesting). Qualitative traits (weight loss percentage and fruit firmness), sensory quality (pH, soluble solids, taste index, ascorbic acid content), nutritional value (total phenol and anthocyanin), and sensory evaluation (marketability, taste, and color) were examined.Results and DiscussionThe results recorded an increase in the weight loss over the storage period with the combined treatment of calcium nitrate and potassium silicate significantly reducing water loss by day 18. This treatment also managed to maintain the highest firmness (0.21 N) during storage, whereas firmness decreased with extended storage. Fruit length and width declined with time, with the highest values obtained in the control treatment (2.107 and 1.923 centimeters, respectively). Soluble solids and taste index peaked on day 12, with the highest amounts (9 and 4.22, respectively) obtained in the potassium silicate treatment. Also, ascorbic acid content increased in the control treatment until day 6 but decreased thereafter while potassium silicate treatment significantly (P≤ 0.05) preserved vitamin C (9% retention) by day 18. The combined calcium nitrate and potassium silicate treatment resulted in the highest phenol content (74.75 mg/g gallic acid) and anthocyanin levels (189.8 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside/L) at harvest. Finally, sensory evaluation revealed a decline in fruit quality and consumer preference with extended storage, though potassium treatments were found to be most effective in maintain sensory attributes.ConclusionThe findings highlight the efficacy of pre-harvest foliar applications of calcium nitrate and potassium silicate in extending the shelf life of thornless blackberries. Additionally, these treatments improved fruit firmness, soluble solids, taste index, vitamin C content, phenol, and anthocyanin levels. The use of calcium nitrate and potassium silicate enhances the levels of phenols and anthocyanins in the fruit. Despite the natural decline in fruit quality during storage, these nutritional treatments offer a practical solution for farmers and fruit sellers to enhance product quality and prolong storage life.

Morphological evaluation of some Caprifig accessions in South Khorasan Razavi

Mohammad Hasan Bagheri; Mahdi Alizadeh; Moslem Jafari; Esmaeil Seifi; khalil Zaynali Nezhad

Volume 47, Issue 4 , January 2025, , Pages 613-629

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46624.2160

Abstract

IntroductionFigs are among the earliest domesticated fruit trees, with their cultivation in Turkey predating many other crops. Historical evidence suggests that figs were one of the ... Read More IntroductionFigs are among the earliest domesticated fruit trees, with their cultivation in Turkey predating many other crops. Historical evidence suggests that figs were one of the first plants subjected to selection technique for breeding. Researchers agree that genetic diversity within a population is crucial for successful breeding programs. The first step in any breeding initiative is to identify and evaluate the existing accessions in a region and assess their potential. In many regions of Iran, wild fig trees grow ferally. While studies on wild figs in Iran have predominantly focused on the Fars province, no detailed reports exist regarding the fig populations in the southern regions of Khorasan-e-Razavi, a natural fig habitats. This study aims to evaluate the morphological characteristics of caprifigs found in these regions.Materials and MethodsThis study conducted a morphological evaluation of 10 fig accessions from southern Khorasan-e-Razavi, comparing them with two commercial cultivars from Estahban, Fars. Sampling locations covered a wide area, from the southernmost village of Gonabad to Bardskan. Morphological characteristics were assessed using the IPGRI international descriptor and the national guidelines for differentiation, uniformity, and stability tests for figs (Institute of Registration and Certification of Seeds and Seedlings of Iran). To this end, leaf vegetative traits and specific fig characteristics were measured in late spring and mid-summer. A nested design with three replications was used, with data derived from five samples per replication. Data analysis employed SAS version 9.4 for cluster analysis (UPGMA algorithm based on Euclidean morphological distance), as well as NTSYS version 2.0.1.5 for cluster visualization.Results and DiscussionSignificant differences were observed in the morphological characteristics of the studied fig accessions. Principle component analysis (PCA) of quantitative traits revealed nine factors with eigenvalues greater than one. The first three factors accounted for over 92% of the total variation. Similarly, PCA of qualitative traits identified 12 factors with eigenvalue greater than one, with the first six factors explaining more than 93% of the variation. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into three distinct clusters. The first cluster contained the Branjirs from Estahban Fars. The second cluster comprised only the Pechek and Bejestan accessions, while the remaining accessions formed the third cluster.ConclusionCharacterization and collection of germplasm are critical stages in fruit tree breeding programs. Iran, recognized as a significant center of plant genetic resources and a primary origin of figs, offers diverse fig populations. This study highlights the extraordinary diversity of caprifigs in southern Khorasan-e-Razavi. Given the observed diversity, further evaluation of these accessions from molecular and biochemical perspectives is recommended.

Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative traits of peach cultivars under climatic conditions of Kermanshah province

Isa Arji; Mohammad Gerdakaneh; Ali Imani; Rahmatollah Gholami

Volume 47, Issue 4 , January 2025, , Pages 631-646

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47668.2192

Abstract

Introduction Peach is among the most important fruit trees cultivated in Iran since ancient times. Thus, evaluating adaptability and identifying optimal peach varieties is crucial ... Read More Introduction Peach is among the most important fruit trees cultivated in Iran since ancient times. Thus, evaluating adaptability and identifying optimal peach varieties is crucial for its cultivation expansion. The ability of a peach cultivar (a specific cultivated variety of peach) to adapt to a new environment depends on several factors, including climate, soil as well as disease and pest resistance. Understanding these factors is crucial for the successful introduction of peach cultivars to new areas. Researchers and growers are constantly working to develop new cultivars, evaluate existing cultivars and refine agricultural practices. By considering cultivar adaptability and implementing appropriate strategies, growers can expand peach cultivation into new regions, increasing fruit production and diversifying the agricultural landscape. Materials and Methods The present study was conducted with 15 peach varieties to evaluate their adaptability for a period of three years starting from 2016 at Urban Orchard Research Station in Kermanshah Province. The trees were planted Within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications Spaced 4*4 m apart in March 2014 Four trees were planted in each experimental unit, and a total of 12 trees were evaluated for each variety. To evaluate the pomological and yield characteristics of the cultivars, various fruit traits were measured over a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. These traits included fruit and stone weight, fruit and stone dimensions, stone-to-flesh adhesion, skin and flesh color, percent soluble solids, pH, fruit acidity, tree yield, yield efficiency, ripening time, and ripening duration. At the onset of fruit color change, the total number of fruits on each tree was recorded. Upon ripening, all fruits of each cultivar were harvested and weighed. A 30-fruit sample was then selected to determine weight, flesh content, stone weight, and fruit quality parameters, including soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity. To assess quality traits, juice was first prepared from five ripe fruits. Soluble solids were measured using a handheld refractometer model [refractometer model]. pH was measured using a pH meter model [pH meter model]. Titratable acidity was determined by titration with 0.1 N NaOH solution in the presence of phenolphthalein indicator until a color change to purple was observed. The amount of NaOH consumed indicated the malic acid content per 100 g of fruit, which is the predominant acid in peach and nectarine fruits. The collected data were analyzed using the MSTATC software, and mean comparisons were performed using Duncan's multiple range test. Results and Discussion The results revealed significant differences between the varieties under study in terms of various fruit characteristics, including the number of fruits per tree, fruit weight, fruit and stone dimensions, fruit yield per tree and hectare, and fruit quality characteristics such as soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity. The average yield over three years indicated that the fruit yield per hectare varied among the varieties from about 5.5 tons per hectare to about 38 tons per hectare. The 'Suncrest' variety enjoyed the highest yield with over 35 tons per hectare. Other varieties such as 'Federica', 'Babygold 6', and 'Babygold 7' were also superior with over 25 tons of fruit per hectare. Based on their good yield, fruit weight, and fruit quality, the varieties 'Suncrest', 'Federica', 'DixiRed', 'Domiziana', 'J.H. Hale', 'Amipsimidia', 'Alberta', 'Spring Crest', and 'Anjiry' were found to be suitable for fresh consumption. For industrial purposes, the varieties 'Babygold 7', 'Babygold 6', and 'Sudanl' were found to be appropriate due to their fruit quality and very high yield. As the results indicate, the yield rate increased as the peach trees aged. Moreover, the yield was recorded to be very high in some cultivars at the age of five, yet lower in some cultivars due to genetic differences or in response to the observed environmental conditions. Conclusion This study provides valuable insights into the selection of suitable peach varieties for cultivation in Iran, considering both fresh market and industrial process applications. The findings can guide farmers and policymakers in optimizing peach production and enhancing the competitiveness of the Iranian fruit industry.

Effect of girdling time on flowering properties of olive trees in the Ahvaz climate

Yahya Mansouri; Shohreh Zivdar; Esmaeil Khaleghi

Volume 47, Issue 4 , January 2025, , Pages 647-661

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47834.2197

Abstract

IntroductionOlive trees are among the most important fruit crops globally, with particular importance in both the Iranian and international fruit production industries. During the past ... Read More IntroductionOlive trees are among the most important fruit crops globally, with particular importance in both the Iranian and international fruit production industries. During the past decades, in Khuzestan province, like in several other regions, many olive orchards were established without considering the selection of suitable cultivars. As a result, these trees face various issues related to flower production, such as insufficient flowering, poor fruit set, and a decrease in oil content. Several methods can address these challenges, with girdling be one of the most effective. Girdling, a method of bark pruning, encourages early flowering and fruiting, thereby enhancing the tree's productivity. This research aimed to investigate the effects of girdling at different times on the flowering and biochemical characteristics of three olive cultivars (Conservalia, Roghani, and Mission), which are known for poor flower production.Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted at the olive research orchard of the Faculty of Agriculture at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, using 20-year-old olive trees during the 2022-2023 growing season. The study investigated the effects of girdling on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of flower production as well as certain biochemical indicators. The experiment followed a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design, with four replications. The main plots included three olive cultivars (Conservalia, Roghani, and Mission), and the sub-plots consisted of four girdling treatments: control (no girdling), and girdling conducted in January, February and March.Results and DiscussionThe results revealed that girdling at all times increased the number of flowers per inflorescence compared to the control treatment. The highest number of flower in the inflorescence was observed with January girdling (18.17), which was more than double the control (9.1). The Roghani cultivar produced the highest average flower count per inflorescence (14.87). January girdling also resulted in the highest percentage of complete flowers (49.92%), with the Mission cultivar showing the highest percentage of complete flowers (45.31%). The relative water content in leaves was highest with January girdling (84.49%), significantly surpassing the control, February and March treatments. The Mission cultivar had the highest relative water content at 72.33%. Girdling significantly increased the fresh leaf weight in ringed branches, with the effect was diminishing from January to March. Roghani exhibited the highest leaf dry weight (14.94 g), which was not significantly different from Mission's leaf dry weight (13.69 g), but was significantly higher than Conservalia's dry weight. The highest leaf dry weight was recorded with January girdling (17 g), which was significantly higher than the other treatments. In terms of total soluble carbohydrates, the highest amount was observed in the Roghani cultivar in June (22.23 mg/g). Girdling increased total soluble carbohydrate content, although this effect diminished from January to March. Overall, girdling improved flowering traits, with increased numbers of flowers, fresh and dry flower weight, and a better flowering initiation. Roghani and Mission cultivars exhibited superior results in terms of flowering characteristics, carbohydrates, leaf water content, and leaf dry weight.ConclusionThe immediate effect of girdling is the restriction of sap flow from the leaves to the roots, leading to the accumulation of sugars and plant hormones in the upper part of the tree. These accumulated materials are then transferred to the growing buds and inflorescences, promoting their development. . In this experiment, girdling was shown to improve flowering characteristics, with January being the most effective time for girdling across the olive cultivars tested. Therefore, January girdling is recommended for improving flowering and productivity in olive trees in the Ahvaz region.

Efficacy of nitric oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in improving growth, nutrition, metabolism and reproductive development in tomato

Elham Danaee; Zahra Oraghi Ardebili

Volume 47, Issue 3 , November 2024, , Pages 337-353

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46944.2170

Abstract

IntroductionThere is no doubt that significant progress is being made in nanoscience and technology, which has paved the way for advancements in many different fields such as agriculture, ... Read More IntroductionThere is no doubt that significant progress is being made in nanoscience and technology, which has paved the way for advancements in many different fields such as agriculture, biology, food, and medicine. Among the different types of nano-scaled metal oxides, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are among the most widely employed nano-compounds in various industries, including agriculture, food, and medicine. Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive signaling substance in living organisms, including plants, which plays vital roles in different stages of plant development during the life cycle. Physiological responses of crop plants to long-term application of NO or ZnONPs individually and mixed manners have not been well investigated and remain largely unknown. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of long-term foliar application of NO or ZnONPs on the growth performance and physiology of tomato plants. Considering the necessity of developing a sustainable agricultural approach, this project was designed to evaluate the effect of long-term foliar application of NO or ZnONPs on the growth, performance, nutrition and metabolism of tomato. Materials and methodsThis study was implemented as a completely randomized design with four treatment groups and three independent replications. This experiment was conducted in soilless conditions (cocopeat and perlite) in a greenhouse (Islamic Azad University, Garmsar branch, Garmsar). Tomato seedlings was irrigated with Hoagland nutrient solution. 30-days-old tomato seedlings were sprayed with ZnO-NP at two concentrations (0 and 3 mg/L) or NO (0 and 25 μM) 15 times with an interval of 72 hours. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that NO and ZnONPs treatments, especially in the combined one, caused a significant increase in the biomass in shoot and root compared to the control. The applied treatments also affected the characteristics of the plants in the reproductive stage. The application of NO and ZnONPs treatments significantly reduced the time of entering into the reproductive phase, increased fruit production, and enhanced fruit biomass, which indicated the effectiveness of these treatments on plant reproductive development. Foliar spraying with NO and ZnONPs caused a significant improvement in the content of several essential minerals, including potassium (K+), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in leaves and fruits, compared to the control group. The NO and ZnONPs treatments synergistically and significantly augmented in the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and carotenoids in leaves in comparison to the control group. The highest amount of proline amino acid was observed in ZnONP and NO+ZnONP treatment groups, which was significantly higher than the control group. Single and combined treatments of seedlings with NO and ZnONPs led to a significant increase in the content of soluble phenols in leaves compared to the control group. Phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) enzyme activity also followed the same trend as soluble phenols. Also, the activity of antioxidant peroxidase enzyme showed a significant up-regulation in response to the application of NO or ZnONPs. The highest activity of nitrate reductase enzyme was recorded in the leaves of plants simultaneously supplemented with NO and ZnONPs. ConclusionThe results of this research indicated that foliar spraying with NO or ZnONPs at low concentration can lead to the promotion of plant growth and metabolism and also strengthening the plant's defense system, while reducing the risk of possible toxicity. These findings can be useful for designing future studies on nano-fertilizers or pesticides. This study also emphasizes the necessity of providing transcriptome and proteome data in future studies.

Effect of UV-B radiation on physiological and phytochemical indices related to cold tolerance in Yaghooti grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)

Ahmad Orooji; Rouhollah Karimi; Alireza Shayganfar

Volume 47, Issue 2 , August 2024, , Pages 195-212

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46261.2146

Abstract

IntroductionEnvironmental stresses, especially damage caused by frost, often have a significant effect on plant growth and development. In order to adapt to the cold, plants show specific ... Read More IntroductionEnvironmental stresses, especially damage caused by frost, often have a significant effect on plant growth and development. In order to adapt to the cold, plants show specific physiological and biochemical responses that lead to an increase in their duirability and survival during exposure to low temperature. The use of ultraviolet (UV) rays to increase cold tolerance and physiological and biochemical changes related to it has been less researched. This is while UV-B is not necessarily a source of stress, but moderate, non-harmful levels of UV-B act as an environmental signal in higher plants and able to induce several key reactions in order to adapt to cold in the plant. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out on rooted seedlings of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Yaghooti in a factorially (3×3) based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Malayer University in the spring and summer of 2022. In the 15-leaf stage, the vines (except for the control) were exposed to two doses of UV-B radiation in the following order: first dose (control): natural light, second dose (moderate): 5.98 kJ m-2 d-1 ( equal to 0.55 W/m2 for 3 hours) and the third dose (severe): 9.66 kJ m-2 d-1 (equal to 0.55 W/m2 for 4.5 hours) was applied to the plants under the natural photoperiod in the greenhouse in June. After applying UV-B radiation treatments, one group of pots was kept in the greenhouse (temperature 24±1 ºC) and another group of pots (control vines and treated with UV-B rays to apply cold stress to the cooling chamber) transferred and placed under the temperature of 4ºC and -4ºC (for 6 hours at each temperature).Results and DiscussionAccording to the results, the highest and lowest total chlorophyll content was related to the treatment without irradiation and temperature of 24°C and the treatment of severe irradiation and temperature of -4°C, respectively. The highest and lowest carotenoid content was related to the severe UV-B irradiation treatment and 24°C temperature and the treatment without irradiation and 24°C temperature, respectively. The relative water content was the highest in the treatments without radiation and temperature of 24°C, and the lowest in the treatment of moderate irradiation and temperature of -4°C. The highest and lowest percentages of electrolyte leakage were observed in treatments without irradiation and temperature of -4°C and treatment without irradiation and temperature of 24°C, respectively. The content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide was the highest in the vines under severe UV-B irradiation along with (-4°C) and was the lowest in treatment without irradiation along with 24°C. The highest content of soluble sugar and soluble protein was observed in plants treated with severe irradiation along with (-4°C), and the lowest amount of these compounds was observed in the treatment without UV-B irradiation along with (24°C). The content of proline was the highest in the treatments with severe irradiation along with (4°C), and the lowest in the treatment without radiation and temperature of 24°C. The highest and lowest activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme was observed in the treatments of sever irradiation along with (4°C) and moderate irradiation along with (-4°C), respectively. The activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and catalase enzymes (CAT) were the highest in plants under moderate irradiation along with (4°C), and the lowest activity of these enzymes observed under non-irradiation condition along with (-4°C). The highest and lowest total phenol and flavonoid contents were related to those vines that were treated with sever irradiation along with (4°C) and without UV-B irradiation along with 24°C, respectively.ConclusionTotally, it can be concluded that moderate radiation treatment through the stimulation of antioxidant systems, the accumulation of UV-B absorbing compounds and acclimate osmolytes in the plant led to an increase in their tolerance to chilling temperatures (+4°C), but there was no effect on frost tolerance (-4°C). However, sever UV-B irradiation treatment both at normal and low temperatures caused damage to cell membranes and leaf necrosis. Based on the results of application of moderate dose of UV-B rays, it can be used as an elicitor to improve plant antioxidant system and cell membrane stability under chilling temperature (4°C).

Improving growth, yield and quality characteristics of greenhouse tomato by using high density fish pond water

Amin Baji; Edris Shabani; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari; Mohamad Albaji

Volume 47, Issue 2 , August 2024, , Pages 245-258

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43551.2098

Abstract

IntroductionIran is positioned as the 11th largest producer of tomatoes globally, yielding in excess of 3 million tons. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product ... Read More IntroductionIran is positioned as the 11th largest producer of tomatoes globally, yielding in excess of 3 million tons. Therefore, providing enough water to produce this amount of product will be one of the challenges of the near future in the agricultural sector due to the drought problem in Iran. Reuse of fish waste in agriculture is one of the important dimensions of water resources planning. Recycling drainage water from aquaculture farms is one of the necessities because it is rich in substances that can be useful in agriculture. World population and food security is one of the most difficult challenges that most of the countries are facing, because the world population is increasing rapidly and will reach 9.6 billion people by 2050. In this situation, the food supply should increase by 70 to 100%. Considering these challenges, it is necessary to conduct applied research to make maximum use of effluents and wastewaters in the production of greenhouse products. Materials and methodsThe treatments of this experiment included 3 types of nutrient solutions (Resh nutrient solution, fish pond water and modified fish pond water) and 3 promising greenhouse tomato lines (AZ4, AZ5 and V4). The experimental design was factorial arranged in complete block design with 3 replications. At the end of the experiment, the plants were removed from the pot and the roots, leaves and stems were separated from each other. Their fresh and dry weight and the number of leaves were recorded separately for each treatment. To check yield indicators, ripe tomato fruits were harvested during the growth period, counted and weighed with a scale with an accuracy of 0.01 g. The firmness of the fruit tissue was measured by a firmness meter, and the pH and EC of the fruit extract were measured by a pH meter and an EC meter, respectively. The measurement of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll was done using a spectrophotometer in mature leaves developed according to the method suggested by Arnon (1967).Result and DiscussionThe results of this experiment showed that V4 and AZ4 cultivars had the highest stem and leaf weight compared to AZ5 cultivar. Also, the results showed that the Resh solution and modified pond water had the highest root dry weight (58 and 56 g, respectively) compared to the fish pond water treatment (47 g). The findings of this study showed that the use of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water compared to the treatment of fish pool water increased the number of leaves of tomato plants by 23.88% and 18.69%, respectively. It seems that irrigation with modified pool water and Resh solution increases the growth and development of the plant due to the increase in the level of nutrients. The highest amount of total chlorophyll was observed in the Resh solution and modified pool water with concentrations of 2.3 and 2.2 mg/g, respectively. The results of Silva et al (2021) showed that in irrigation with fish waste, greater availability of magnesium in plant tissue increases the content of chlorophyll b in leaves and increases plant chloroplast pigments. The highest total yield was observed in cultivar V4 and in the treatments of Resh nutrient solution and modified pool water. The results showed that modified pool water had the highest EC of tomato extract (1.9 dS/m). Also, the results of the interaction effect of cultivar and nutrient solution showed that the highest fruit firmness was observed in Resh solution and fish pond water in V4 cultivar. Also, the lowest fruit firmness was observed fish pond water in AZ5 cultivar. It seems that, in the present study, the reduction of calcium absorption in fish pond water caused the reduction of firmness of tomato fruit (Kaab omeir et al., 2020).ConclusionIt seems that according to the above results, it is possible to use pool water with a high density of fish after modification and changes in the amounts of its nutrients in greenhouse tomato cultivation. Among the tested cultivars, the promising line V4 can be recommended for cultivation in the greenhouse for the use of modified fish pond water.

Evaluation the morphological and phytochemical response of broccoli seedling to the application of sucrose, Bordeaux mixture and potassium silicate under sudden cold stress

Alireza Nickkhoo; Kamran Ghasemi; Vahid Akbarpour

Volume 47, Issue 2 , August 2024, , Pages 259-273

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44617.2120

Abstract

IntroductionBroccoli is a one of the vegetables that has a very high nutritional value and it is cultivated in many countries all around the world. Due to the intensification of climate ... Read More IntroductionBroccoli is a one of the vegetables that has a very high nutritional value and it is cultivated in many countries all around the world. Due to the intensification of climate change, sudden drops in temperature during the winter in northern countries pose a serious threat to some vegetable species, including broccoli. In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sucrose, potassium silicate, and Bordeaux mixture on increasing the tolerance of broccoli seedlings to sudden cold stress. Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with eight treatments, three replications, and three samples per each replication. The treatments included: control, sucrose1%, potassium silicate 0.2%, Bordeaux mixture 0.2%, sucrose + potassium silicate, sucrose + Bordeaux mixture, potassium silicate + Bordeaux mixture, and sucrose + potassium silicate + Bordeaux mixture. Results and DiscussionThe effect of the treatments on the growth of broccoli seedlings one week after exposure to low temperature stress, including stem height, leaf number, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, and root dry weight, was not statistically significant. The highest concentration of chlorophyll b (1.647 mg/g fresh weight) was obtained in the Bordeaux mixture treatment which along with the combined treatment of sucrose + potassium silicate + Bordeaux mixture were the only treatments that showed a significant superiority compared to the control. The highest transpiration rate among the tested treatments was observed in the sucrose + Bordeaux mixture treatment, which did not show a significant difference compared to the three-component treatment of sucrose + potassium silicate+ Bordeaux mixture, but showed a significant superiority compared to the other treatments. The foliar application of Bordeaux mixture caused a higher stomatal conductance compared to the control after a temperature stress of -2 °C, but the other treatments did not show a significant difference compared to the control. In terms of the non-photochemical quenching (Y(NPQ)), the highest Y(NPQ), was observed in the control and potassium silicate treatments, which was significantly higher than all other treatments. Meanwhile, the lowest level of this index was observed in the potassium silicate+ Bordeaux mixture treatment, which did not show a significant difference compared to the sucrose + potassium silicate, sucrose + potassium, and silicate+ Bordeaux mixture treatments. The highest level of antioxidant activity was observed only in the sucrose treatment and the sucrose + potassium silicate and Bordeaux mixture treatments, which were superior to all other treatments without any significant difference among them. In terms of total phenolic content, only the sucrose+ Bordeaux mixture treatment showed a significant superiority compared to the control, and the other treatments did not show a significant difference from the control. In the trait of soluble sugar content, the sole potassium silicate and the three-component treatments were better than the control, and the other treatments did not show a significant difference compared to the control. The highest ion leakage was observed in the sucrose + Bordeaux mixture treatment, which was higher than the control and all other treatments. The lowest ion leakage was also observed in the sucrose + potassium silicate and potassium silicate+ Bordeaux mixture treatments, although the difference between them and the control and potassium silicate-only treatments was not significant. The highest level of proline was observed in the sucrose+potassium silicate treatment, which was significantly superior to all other treatments. ConclusionSucrose+potassium silicate treatment improved the defense system of the plant against sudden cold stress by increasing the amount of carotenoid and proline, and as a result of these activities, the antioxidant of the whole plant and higher chlorophyll also increased. Also, this treatment showed low ion leakage and low non-photochemical quenching, which can show higher sudden cold tolerance. Another favorable treatment was potassium silicate + bordeaux mixture which produced a higher assimilation rate, although this photosynthetic production did not affect the biomass, but since the ion leakage was low and caused the lowest Y(NPQ), it can be said that the plant in this treatment receive lower stress. Overall, considering all the evaluated traits, the top-performing treatment in this experiment was the potassium silicate+ Bordeaux mixture treatment, followed by the sucrose + potassium silicate treatment..

The effect of salinity stress and the application of silver nanoparticles on flowering and some physico-biochemical characteristics of French parsley (Tagetes patula L.)

Khatoun Behzad; Abdollah Ehtesham Nia; Mohamadreza Raji; Hasan Moumivand; Majid Alikhani-Koupaei

Volume 47, Issue 2 , August 2024, , Pages 275-291

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45252.2130

Abstract

IntroductionSalinity stress leads to ion toxicity and osmotic stress. Salinity stress through the osmotic mechanism, due to the reduction of the osmotic potential of the soil solution, ... Read More IntroductionSalinity stress leads to ion toxicity and osmotic stress. Salinity stress through the osmotic mechanism, due to the reduction of the osmotic potential of the soil solution, causes disturbances in transpiration and photosynthesis. The mechanism of action of ionic toxicity is also related to ion absorption and changes in physiological processes caused by toxicity, deficiency or change in the balance of mineral elements. In the last decade, the tendency to use metal nanoparticle compounds in agriculture and horticultural sciences has become popular. Researchers believe that silver nanoparticles are absorbed faster by plants due to their small size and high solubility, therefore, by using these materials, optimal conditions for plant growth are created and stress conditions are prevented in the plant.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of Horticultural Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture located in Khorramabad city, Lorestan province in 2021. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor was included salinity treatment at four levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl, respectively equivalent to 0.067, 2.450, 5.440 and 9.520 dS m-1) and the second factor was foliar application of nanosilver at 4 levels (0, 10, 50 and 100 ppm). Salinity treatments were started gradually with the application of low concentration of salt after establishing the plants in the pot. Nano silver foliar spraying was applied weekly for 5 times until the flowering stage. Foliar spraying with silver nanoparticles was done in 3 stages of four leaves, full growth and flowering.Results and DiscussionIn this study, application of nanosilver increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of parsley, including the fresh weight of the flower (by 2.23%). Nanosilver in concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/liter increases the relative content of leaf water (7.70%), the content of total phenol (5.96%), the content of total flavonoids (34.91%) and the amount of potassium in leaves (4.055 %) under salinity stress conditions. Additionally, the lowest amount of sodium leaf (0.162 %), ion leakage (25.44 %) and malondialdehyde (21.56 %) was observed in this treatment. Researchers believe that silver nanoparticles are absorbed faster by plants due to their small size and high solubility, therefore, by using these materials, optimal conditions for plant growth are created and any stressful conditions are prevented in the plant. Silver nanoparticles with suitable size and remarkable chemical stability remain in constant shape and size in solutions.ConclusionBased on the results observed in this study, the treatment of silver nanoparticles in concentrations of 10 and 50 ppm in the conditions of salinity stress, relative water content of leaves, potassium content of leaves, fresh and dry weight of flowers and time of budding and flowering were increased, while ion leakage, malondialdehyde, proline, total phenol and flavonoid content, and sodium content of leaves were decreased. Therefore, it can be stated that the application of silver nanoparticles in the form of foliar spraying at levels of 10 and 50 ppm can reduce the negative effects caused by salinity stress and improve the ornamental characteristics of parsley in 25 and 50 mM of salinity stress..

Effect of paclobutrazol on the growth characteristics of two turfgrasses (Festuca aranudinaceae Scherb.) and (Poa pratensis L.)

Mostafa Fazeli; Mansour Matloobi; Faribourz Zare Nahandi

Volume 47, Issue 2 , August 2024, , Pages 293-308

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44964.2124

Abstract

IntroductionPaclobutrazol is a growth regulator used to control growth and reduce the frequency of mowing in all types of turfgrass plants. This material also affects the height and ... Read More IntroductionPaclobutrazol is a growth regulator used to control growth and reduce the frequency of mowing in all types of turfgrass plants. This material also affects the height and quality of different types of turfgrass. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to compare the growth behavior of two types of turfgrass subjected to paclobutrazol treatment and also to evaluate the possibility of using paclobutrazol to reduce the growth of turfgrass in areas with the same climate of Tabriz. Materials and MethodsTo determine the effect of paclobutrazol on height, and visual properties of turfgrass such as density, clippings fresh weight, leaf chlorophyll index, length and width of leaf blade, two grass plants Poa pratensis and Festuca arundinacea were treated with paclobutrazol in different concentrations. Grass plants were tested with concentrations of zero (control), 15, 30 and 45 mg/L-1 paclotrazol as foliar spray in 4 replicates of each treatment. This research was carried out in as a split plot experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design, so that the type of grass as the main factor in 2 levels and paclobutrazol as a secondary factor were considered in all the evaluated traits in both plant species.Results and DiscussionThe results of this research showed that paclobutrazol significantly affects the height of P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae turfgrass plants. This effect was in the form of a significant reduction in the height of plants and controlling their growth. By increasing the concentration of paclobutrazol from zero to 45 mg/L, the height of the plants decreased. In both mentioned types of turfgrass, the most effective concentration was 45 mg/L. By increasing the concentration of paclobutrazol, the density of P. pratensis and F. aranudinaceae turfgrass plants has increased. The increase in density after paclobutrazol treatment was more evident in F. aranudinaceae. In general, the fescue turfgrass plant has stronger foliage, deep and strong roots, and lower density. The only exception was the increase in the chlorophyll index of fescue leaves (10 days after treatment) and P. pratensis (20 days after treatment) and in both of them under the concentration of 30 mg/L of paclobutrazol. Following paclobutrazol treatment and increasing its concentration, the length and width of the leaf blade as well as the clippings fresh weight of turfgrass plants were decreased. The reduction in the length and width of the leaf blade was similar in both plants, and the most effective concentration of paclobutrazol was 30 mg/L. However, the optimal effect of paclobutrazol was observed up to 30 days after the treatment. In the fourth measurement (40 days after the treatment), the effect of paclobutrazol decreased and there was no significant difference in the length and width of the leaves of the treated plants and the control plants. ConclusionIn general, with the treatment of different concentrations of paclobutrazol, the number of aerial branches produced in F. aranudinaceae was more than that of P. pratensis. Since paclobutrazol is a growth inhibitor and by preventing the synthesis of gibberellin hormone, it prevents plants from elongation, this substance can be used to control the growth of turfgrass plants. This growth control reduces the number of mowing times, reduces fertilizer consumption, increases the efficiency of water use, and ultimately saves the cost of maintaining turfgrass plants. Since paclobutrazol accumulates in the roots and eventually causes the formation of new branches, it can be concluded that the effect of paclobutrazol on the density of F. aranudinaceae is greater than that of P. pratensis..

Volume 48 (2025)

Volume 47 (2024)

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = H: Horticulture

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