Plant Productions - Articles List

Impact of intensive, sustainable and organic agriculture systems of grain yield and energy use efficiency in sesame, mung bean and corn crops

aram gorooei; amir aynehband; afraseyab rahnama

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2020

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2020.32356.1871

Abstract

Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the ... Read More Background and objective: Duo to limited natural resources and undesirable effect of misuse of different energy source on both human and environment healthy, it seems their study the patterns of energy consumption on agriculture will necessary. In addition, study of energy trend in environmental impact of agriculture activity (Baran and Gokdogan, 2017; Ozkan et al, 2004). Materials and methods: This study was conducted at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during the summer of 2018. Statistic design was split-plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main factor was agriculture production systems including: 1- intensive (all inputs including fertilizer, herbicide, and pesticide were chemical). 2- Sustainable (management of this system farming was the combination of both the organic and intensive systems) 3- organic (In this system farming, all inputs were organic and biological, and haven't used chemical fertilizers and poisons, control of weeds were mechanical). the sup-plot was three crops including corn (cereal), mung bean (legume) and sesame (oil seed). In this research, all input and output energy equivalent was measured, also, energy efficiency indices were calculated. Results: Results showed that grain yield of all three crops including corn, mung bean and sesame was the highest in conventional and the lowest in organic system. lowest (1.18) and highest (3.69) energy efficiency was belonged to intensive sesame and organic corn, respectively. We have found that Highest (34396.34 MJha-1) and lowest (8247 MJ ha-1) input belonged to intensive corn and organic mung bean, respectively. Energy intensive corn had the Highest (59649) net energy index but this index in sesame was the highest level (7032) at organic production systems. On the other hand, organic corn yield was reduced almost 30 percent in compared with intensive corn yield. But in return, input energy organic corn than intensive corn was reduced almost 50 percent. In other words, in the production of organic corn, reducing input energy (denominator) was much more effective in determining energy efficiency than reducing output energy (numerator). This subject has made the production of organic corn has the most energy efficiency. Therefore, in organic corn reducing inputs has been more effective that output in determining energy efficiency index. The comparison of means was performed using SAS software with Duncan’s method. Conclusion: For agricultural evaluation of both different crop production systems and crops we should be consideration set of agro ecological indices according to both production history (energy use efficiency, net energy, energy productivity and special energy) and agronomic culture (human productivity, agrochemical energy and co2 emissions) in each agriculture region. Also, we must consider the combine of optimum level of both crop yield and energy status.

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Evaluation of Wheat and Rapeseed Yield Gap Using Boundary Line Analysis (BLA) in Khoramshahr

hamid matourian; aydin khodaei joghan; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Benjamin Torabi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43754.2101

Abstract

IntroductionFood security is one of the most important challenges facing humankind. Therefore improving crop yields are essential to meet the increasing pressure of global food demands. ... Read More IntroductionFood security is one of the most important challenges facing humankind. Therefore improving crop yields are essential to meet the increasing pressure of global food demands. The loss of high-quality lands, increasing fertilizer use, and its effect on the environment indicate that we need to develop new strategies to increase grain yields with less impact on the environment. One strategy that could help address this concern is by narrowing the yield gaps using improved management. Therefore, the present study was conducted in khoramshahr region for recognition of best management practices, percentage of the affected fields, estimation of wheat and rapeseed yield potential and gaps using boundary line analysis.Materials and MethodsTo quantify the production and estimation of wheat and rapeseed yield gap in Khoramshahr, Farm management information of 60 wheat fields and 57 rapeseed fields in the years 2018-2019 were collected. This information was collected through continuous farm monitoring during the growing season as along with face to face interviews with the farmers. Farms were selected by consulting with agricultural service centers expert in Khoramshahr districts. Based on the available information at the service centers, only farms, which is different in terms of acreage, cultural practices and harvesting operations were selected. In this study, by plotting the distribution of the yield obtained in each field as the dependent variable against the independent variables (crop management activities), using SAS software and an appropriate function was fitted on the upper edge of the data distribution.Results and Discussion.Using this boundary line analysis method, the average yield, attainable yield and yield gap of wheat were obtained as 3740, 5455 and 1715 kg per hectare respectively. The yield gap percentage in wheat was 31.5% and rapeseed was 48%, which indicates the high effectiveness of wheat and rapeseed in relation to the use of appropriate management methods. The analysis of the investigated data in wheat fields showed that in order to achieve the achievable yield, 258 kg per hectare of seeds, the use of Mehrgan variety, the planting date until October 24, the amount of 280 kg per hectare of nitrogen fertilizer, the consumption of at least 100 Phosphorus fertilizer per hectare was at least 6 kg with irrigation and consumption of at least 70 kg of potassium fertilizer. Also, according to the frontier line analysis, the average yield of rapeseed farmers is 1663 kg, they can achieve a yield of 3197 kg per hectare by improving crop management, and for this purpose, the following measures should be taken into account: 1) consuming a maximum of seven kilograms of seeds per hectare 2) Planting date up to 17 November 3) Use of at least 300 kg of nitrogen fertilizer 4) At least 42 kg of phosphorus fertilizer 5) Use of Hyola 50 variety.ConclusionIn this study by examining several important management factors in growing wheat and rapeseed, optimal requirements of each factor to achieve the highest yield was determined by boundary analysis. In addition, the percentage of farms that had poor management as well as wheat and rapeseed yield potential and gaps in Khoramshahr. Yield responses to management practices were evaluated and studied by means of borderline analysis. Best management practices could be devised using study findings to realize the highest yield potential.

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Simulating response of lentil cultivars to sowing date and initial soil moisture in Lorestan province

Mojtaba Koohro; Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; khosro Azizi; Saeid Heidari; Seyed Reza Amiri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45041.2127

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Lentil is recognized as one of important legumes due to its favourable characteristics. The lintile production, like to other crops has been influenced by three ... Read More Abstract Introduction Lentil is recognized as one of important legumes due to its favourable characteristics. The lintile production, like to other crops has been influenced by three factors: management, genetics, and environment. Improving crop production can be achieved by optimizing these factors. Thus, paying attention to the above-mentioned factors can reduce the severe climatic effects on crop production. Among the above-mentioned factors, management strategies e.g., optimal sowing date and using the optimal cultivar are considered to improve crop production. Initial soil moisture, which can affect crop germination, establishment and ultimately growth and yield, is another important strategy. Accordingly, the current research was conducted in order to simulate the effects of cultivar, sowing date, and initial soil moisture on lentil grian yield in different locations of Lorestan province. Materials and Methods The study locations were Aligudarz, Nurabad, KhorramAbad, and Kuhdasht. Simple Simulation Models-iCrop2 (SSM-iCrop2) was used to simulate the lentil growth and development. The data required to run model included climatic, soil, management, and crop data. Daily long-term climatic data including maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, and radiation were collected from Iran Meteorological Organization The crop data e.g., the specific genetic coefficients of each cultivar were obtained form Amiri and Deihimfard (2018). The study treatments consisted of four sowing dates (21 January, 12 February, 4 March, and 30 April), two cultivars (early-maturity and late-maturity) and four initial soil moisture (32, 36, 42, and 58 mm). The model was run for 41 years (1980-2020). Initial soil water contents and sowing dates were obtained from a preliminary simulation experiment. Results and Discussion Averaged across all treatments, the highest grain yield was obtained at KhorramAbad (388 kg ha-1) due to higher rainfall during the growing season. In addition, the grain yield difference among the sowing dates ranged from kg ha-1 on 30 April to 364 kg ha-1 on 21 January. The reason for the higher grain yield on 21 January sowing date was the higher cumulative rainfall season (149.3 mm vs. 99.2 mm) and the lower mean temperature (22.9 °C vs. 23.9 °C) during the growing season compared to other sowing dates. Across locations, sowing dates, and cultivars, the highest grain yield (263 kg ha-1) was simulated under initial soil moisture of 58 mm. Also, on average across sowing dates, initial soil moisture contents, and locations, the early-maturity cultivar simulated more grain yield than late-maturity cultivar (405 kg ha-1 vs. 63 kg ha-1) due to the avoidance of drought stress at the end of the growing season. Considering different interactions, on average across locations, the highest grain yield was simulated by 704 kg ha-1 in the combination of early-maturity cultivar, early sowing date (21 January), and initial soil moisture of 58 mm. Conclusion In general, the results indicated that the lentil grain yield varied among the various study treatments (sowing date, cultivar, and initial soil moisture) as well as different locations of Lorestan province. Lentil growers can increase the lentil production in Lorestan province and study locations by using the interaction of early planting date (21 January)  early-maturity cultivar (Kimia)  higher initial soil moisture (58 mm). It should be noted that the current research was conducted under water-limited condition and it is suggested that researchers focus on other limitimg and reducing factors in the future studies.

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Effects of salinity stress on some morpho-physiological traits and grain yield of quinoa cultivars under greenhouse conditions

Mojtaba Kaboodkhani; Hadi Salek Mearaji; Keyvan Aghaei; Afshin Tavakoli

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46220.2145

Abstract

Since plants cannot move, they face many environmental stresses. Salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture, causing inhibition and impairment of crop growth and development. ... Read More Since plants cannot move, they face many environmental stresses. Salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture, causing inhibition and impairment of crop growth and development. Salinity stress affects all vital plant processes such as photosynthesis, protein and metabolism of fat in the plant, causing changes in morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular functions of the plant, which ultimately decreases plant yield. Due to high nutritional value and high resistance to abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) has been proposed to ensure food security in the world. Quinoa genotypes have different morphological and physiological mechanisms in terms of germination, growth and grain yield under salinity stress. There is a great diversity among quinoa genotypes in terms of tolerance to salinity stress, and genotypes originating from coastal areas have more tolerance to salinity stress. Materials and Methods This experiment carried out as factorial at a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Zanjan University during the year 2019. The experimental treatments included three salinity levels of 0, 15 and 30 dS/m as the first factor and three quinoa varieties (Giza1, Titicaca and Q26) with different origins were considered as the second factor. First, soil with a ratio of 50% sieved farm soil, 30% sand and 20% rotted manure was added inside the 1 kg pots. Inside each pot, 10 seeds were planted then irrigated with desired concentrations of salinity. The temperature of the greenhouse during the day was 27±2 and at night 19±2 ˚C, and the relative humidity was 65-75%. After the seedlings were fully established, four plants were kept in each pot and the rest were removed. The volume of irrigation water was 400 cc for each pot with the desired concentration of salinity. In the following, the desired traits were measured based on the mentioned protocols in specific stages. After measuring the desired traits, variance analysis of the data was done with SAS software version 9.1, comparison of average data was done using Duncan's multi-range test at the five percent probability level. Results and Discussion Salinity stress had a significant effect on all the traits studied except the potassium concentration of the root. Salinity reduced the plant height, leaf area, greenness index, grain yield, dry weight shoot and root, but salinity caused increase in the amount of sodium in the root, stem and leaves. The highest and lowest grain yields, with 0.87 and 0.56 g/plant were observed in the control and 30 dS/m salinity treatments, respectively. The cultivar of Titicaca, at 25.7 cm, had the lowest plant height. The highest shoot dry weight, stem sodium concentration, Na+/K+ ratio in root and Na+/K+ ratio in stem were observed in the Giza 1 cultivar. The cultivar of Q26 has a high height of plant (33.8 cm), leaf area (3865.8 cm2/plant), root sodium (0.30 mg.g-1 dry weight) and potassium (0.16 mg.g-1 dry weight) concentration, while it had the lowest Na+/K+ ratio in leaf with 0.67 mg.g-1 dry weight. Traits such as leaf potassium concentration and grain yield were similar among the studied cultivars. Also, cultivar Q26 had the lowest Na+/K+ ratio in the leaves with 0.67 mg/g dry weight. The leaf greenness index in the control and salinity of 15 dS/m was the same among all studied cultivars, but in the salinity of 30 dS/m, the Titicaca cultivar had the lowest amount. Among the studied cultivars, Giza 1 cultivar had the lowest root dry weight, while it had the highest Na+/K+ ratio in root and stem (8.27 and 3.6 mg.g-1 dry weight, respectively) among all salinity treatments. The Titicaca cultivar had the highest stem potassium concentration of all salinity levels in studied cultivars. Conclusions The results obtained from this research showed that high salinity concentrations decreased the grain yield of quinoa. In general, the results showed that the cultivars examined in this research (Giza1, Titicaca and Q26) were different from each other in terms of traits related to salinity resistance. The results showed that the origin of cultivars probably plays a role in the resistance to salinity.

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Study of photosynthetic pigments, seed yield, and oil compositions of camelina (Camelina sativa L.) under the influence of urea foliar application and irrigation regimes in Tehran

Kimia Momeni-Shijani; Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy; Ali Heidarzadeh; amir mohammad abedi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46765.2161

Abstract

Introduction: Oilseeds are rich in fatty acids, hence they are of paramount importance. Fats and oils are recognized as primary sources of energy in human nutrition. Additionally, fat-soluble ... Read More Introduction: Oilseeds are rich in fatty acids, hence they are of paramount importance. Fats and oils are recognized as primary sources of energy in human nutrition. Additionally, fat-soluble vitamins, which play a crucial role in maintaining human health, are supplied through the consumption of oilseeds in the body. Therefore, studying and researching oilseeds and their importance in today's nutrition is crucial. Camelina is an oilseed product belonging to the Brassicaceae family, which can adapt well to various environments and produce suitable oil for biological purposes. Due to its appropriate composition of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (omega-9), linoleic acid (omega-6), alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3), and low levels of saturated fatty acids, it is considered one of the highest quality edible oils. Materials and Methods: This research aimed to investigate the performance and composition of camelina oil under the influence of urea foliar application and irrigation regimes in split plots within a randomized complete block design with three replications during the agricultural year of 2022 at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. In this study, the examined factors included different irrigation regimes at the flowering stage of the plant at four levels defined as the main factor. These levels included optimal irrigation (no stress), mild water deficit stress, moderate water deficit stress, and severe water deficit stress. Irrigation continued until the plant's available moisture in the root zone reached 20, 40, 60, and 80 percent, respectively, and then irrigation continued to the field capacity. The secondary factor included the application of nitrogen fertilizer from urea source as foliar spray at six levels (0% (distilled water spray), 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and no foliar spray (control)). Results and Discussion: Under optimal irrigation conditions, seed yield and oil content showed the highest values, with the optimal irrigation treatment exhibiting the best yield. In mild water deficit stress conditions, seed yield decreased by 12.83% compared to the control (optimal irrigation), while foliar application of urea at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% increased seed yield by 18.23%, 27.95%, 16.30%, and 11.74%, respectively, compared to the control (no foliar spray). In mild water deficit stress conditions, the use of urea fertilizer foliar spray at a concentration of 3% resulted in a greater increase in grain yield and oil content compared to other concentrations. Oil yield decreased by 4.42% and 21.23% in mild and moderate water deficit stress conditions, respectively, compared to the control (optimal irrigation). Additionally, foliar application of urea at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% increased oil yield by 23.85%, 35.37%, and 23.81%, respectively, compared to the control (no foliar spray). Under severe water deficit stress conditions, the treatment with 2% urea fertilizer concentration led to the highest amount of seed oil, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b. Regarding the anthocyanin content, under severe water deficit stress conditions, foliar application of urea fertilizer at a concentration of 1% resulted in a greater increase in anthocyanin content compared to other treatments. Conclusion: In optimal irrigation conditions, grain yield and oil content showed the highest values. In mild water deficit stress conditions, the use of foliar spraying of urea fertilizer with a concentration of 3% led to a greater increase in grain yield and oil content than other concentrations. In severe water deficit stress conditions, urea fertilizer treatment with 2% concentration resulted in the highest amount of oil content and chlorophyll a and b.

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Evaluation and comparison of the percentage and yield of seed oil in different populations of the Dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica Fisch. et Mey) in the northwest of the country

Jalil Shafagh-Kolvanagh; Adel Dabbagh Mohammadi-Nasab; Yaegoob Raee; Payvand Samimifar; Mina Amani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.46229.2148

Abstract

Introduction: Dragon's head, due to low water requirement or in other words, low water expectation, a short growth period of about 80-95 days can be useful for the climatic conditions ... Read More Introduction: Dragon's head, due to low water requirement or in other words, low water expectation, a short growth period of about 80-95 days can be useful for the climatic conditions of the Iran, especially Azerbaijan. According to the planting of several ecotypes with diverse growth and yield characteristics and the measurement of various quantitative and qualitative traits, as well as the use of statistical methods in data analysis, it is possible to identify and introduce the compatible and suitable ecotypes for the region and, if necessary, in the breeding programs. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the percentage and yield of the oil of 49 ecotypes of Dragon's head. Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the characteristics related to the percentage and yield of the oil of 49 ecotypes of the Dragon's head collected from different regions of the Iran, a research in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications was carried out during the years 2015 and 2016 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Tabriz. The most important traits measured included the length of the fertile branch, seed yield per unit area and the number of seeds in the main and branch branches, as well as some qualitative traits such as oil percentage and oil yield. Data normality test was done using SPSS software and statistical analysis of data based on randomized complete block design and composite analysis using MSTAT-C and SPSS software. The comparison of the average data of the evaluated traits was done using Tukey's test at the probability level of 1%. Also, to group the ecotypes, cluster analysis was done by Ward's method, and the cut point of the resulting dendrogram was determined using the detection function analysis, and Excel software was used to draw the figures. Research findings: The obtained results showed that the ecotypes significant differences in most of the studied traits. In the regression analysis of oil yield, the highest regression coefficient (1.098) was observed in seed yield per unit area. Based on the average comparison results, ecotypes No. 37 (Alwar village of Bostanabad) with an average of 116.3 gr/m2, No. 23 (Tabriz 4) with an average of 107.7 gr/m2 and No. 24 (local mass of Kalvanagh 14) with an average of 101.7 gr/m2 had the highest grain yield per unit area. According to the results of the variance analysis table of ecotype effect on seed oil percentage, the yield of oil per surface unit was significant. So that ecotype No. 8 (indigenous population of Kalvanaq 7 city) with an average of 44.3 % had the highest percentage of oil in the seed among the 49 tested ecotypes, and ecotype No. 27 (native population of Param 1 Harris village) was in the next rank. While ecotype No. 37 (native population of Alwar village, Bostanabad) had the highest oil yield per unit area with an average of 44.4 gr. Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, ecotypes No. 37 (Alwar village of Bostanabad), 23 (Tabriz 4) and 24 (Kolvanagh 14) were recognized as the most suitable and compatible ecotypes for Tabriz city in terms of grain and oil yield traits.

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Effect of Selenium, Silicon and Zeolite on Yield and Yield Components and Percentage of essential oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.) in Khosrowshahr Region

Jalil Shafagh-Kolvanagh; Mohammad Bagher Tajkhalili; Ahmad Bybordi; Mina Amani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44762.2122

Abstract

Abstract Introduction: Studies have shown that the use of some compounds whose importance is often neglected by researchers and farmers can have a significant effect on the growth and ... Read More Abstract Introduction: Studies have shown that the use of some compounds whose importance is often neglected by researchers and farmers can have a significant effect on the growth and yield of plants and increase the amount of essential oil production in medicinal plants. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of Selenium and Silicon foliar application and zeolite soil application on the yield and components of seed yield and the percentage and yield essential oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.). Materials and methods: This experiment was carried out in the form of a split split plot (twice chopped) based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Khosrowshahr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in the 2019 crop year. The first factor includes foliar spraying of calcium (zero and 4 gr/L) and the second factor includes foliar spraying of selenium (zero and 4 gr/L) in the main and secondary plots, respectively, and the third factor includes the application of zeolite (zero, 5 and 10 tons/ha) were placed in sub-sub-plots. In the full ripening stage, 50 plants were harvested from one square meter of each plot and the dry matter of the whole plant, number of seeds per umbels, number of seeds per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, percentage and essential oil yield were measured. Results and Discussion: The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of selenium on the number of umbels per plant, the number of seeds per umbel and plant was significant. The number of seeds in umbels and bush were affected by silicon and zeolite, respectively. The main effects of these treatments on grain yield, total dry matter and essential oil yield were significant. The seed yield increased with the application of these treatments, which resulted in an increase in the yield of fennel essential oil per unit area. Based on the results of the average data comparison, the use of all three compounds of zeolite, selenium and silicon caused a significant increase in the yield of fennel essential oil and increased this attribute by 24, 23.1, and 22.5 percent, respectively. gave silicon and selenium increased the yield of essential oil by increasing the seed yield. In addition, zeolite had a positive effect on seed yield through the number of seeds, while silicon and selenium increased both characteristics of yield components, including 1000-seed weight and number of seeds. Conclusion: In this study, the increase of essential oil yield under the influence of zeolite application was related to the increase of essential oil percentage, while silicon and selenium increased the yield of fennel essential oil. The results of this study showed that the use of all three compounds of zeolite, selenium and silicon caused an acceptable increase in the essential oil product and in most cases, the effects of all three compounds had an effect on the studied traits separately, so it can be said that these three compounds were effective on the studied plant with different mechanisms.

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The effects of biochar on the growth and some physiological characteristics of Artemisia dracunculus L. under salinity stress

lamia vojodimehrabani; Maehdiyeh Safavi; Maedeh Mohammadzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 July 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.47046.2173

Abstract

Introduction: Artemisia dracunculus L. is a fragrant and durable plant that is used as a flavoring vegetable in many countries. This plant is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, ... Read More Introduction: Artemisia dracunculus L. is a fragrant and durable plant that is used as a flavoring vegetable in many countries. This plant is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and health industries. The medicinal value of this plant is due to the presence of essential oil, phenolic and flavonoid compounds, phenolic acids, coumarin, and alkaloids. In the last decade, due to climatic changes, salinity stress has become one of the most important biological problems, which causes a decrease in plant productivity. Salinity stress, by creating water and ionic imbalance, causes dryness and increases the concentration of vacuolar sap. Creating ionic toxicity and ionic competition in the cell membrane as a result of salt stress causes programmed cell death. Therefore, it is important to find solutions to overcome or reduce the effects of salinity stress on plants. Biochar is an organic carbon compound that can affect the physicochemical structure of the soil. Biochar, by increasing the absorption of nutrients, increasing the cationic exchanging capacity, and water holding capacity in the soil, improves the soil structure, and increases the plant access to the soil nutrients, and in this way helps to increase the yield of the plant. Materials and Methods: To investigate the effects of soil-based biochar (zero, 7, and 14% v) application and, water salinity stress (zero, 75, and 150 mM) on the growth and some physiological traits of Artemisia dracunculus L.; a factorial experiment was conducted based on the completely randomized design with three replications during 2022-2023 in Research Greenhouse of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. Results and Discussion: Plant height, aerial part dry weight, chlorophyll a, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, proline, sodium, and potassium content were influenced by the interaction effects of experimental treatments. The treatments without salinity stress and 75 mM NaCl salinity stress with the application of 14% (v) biochar caused an increase in the plant height and aerial part dry weight of the plant. The highest content of chlorophyll a was obtained in the treatment without salinity stress with both levels of biochar and 75 mM NaCl salinity stress with the application of 14% (v) of biochar. The salinity stress )150 mM( in the condition of not using biochar increased the content of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and sodium content (35 mg g-1 DW) of the plant. The highest proline content was observed in 150 mM salinity stress with both levels of biochar application and non-application. The highest potassium content was obtained in the treatment without salinity stress with the application of 14% (v) of biochar, which showed a 71% increase compared to the control. The potassium-to-sodium ratio was affected by the main effect of biochar, and the use of 7 and 14% biochar, increased the potassium-to-sodium ratio of the plant. The independent effects of salinity and biochar stress affected leaf relative water content, essential oil, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content. Seven and 14% biochar treatments increased the chlorophyll b content compared to the control. Application of 14% biochar increased the relative water content of leaves (17% increase compared to the control), and carotenoids. By increasing the salinity stress to 150 mM, the leaf-relative water content decreased by 22% compared to the control, and the highest leaf-relative water content was observed in the control. Both 75 and 150 mM salinity stress treatments increased carotenoid content. The highest content of essential oil was observed in 14% (v) of biochar, which showed a 76% increase compared to the control. The main effect of 75 mM salinity stress increased the essential oil content. 18 components were identified in Artemisia dracunculus essential oil. Estragole (84.3-90.8%) was the dominant component of essential oil in A. dracunculus, and the highest content of this compound was obtained in 150 mM NaCl salinity stress with 14% biochar application. The second component in terms of abundance was dl-limonene (1.05-3.02%), and the highest content of this compound was observed in the 75 mM salinity stress with 7% (v) of biochar. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the 150 mM salinity stress hurt the growth and physiological characteristics of A.dracunculus, but the use of biochar at the rate of 14% improved the growth and physiological characteristics and increased the dominant component of essential oil under salt stress.

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Evaluating APSIM-Barley model for different barley cultivars under water and nitrogen stresses

Hassan Shahbazi; khosro Azizi; Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam; Solieman Mohamadi; Naser Akbari

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, , Pages 1-17

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43267.2092

Abstract

Introduction Background: Crop simulation models provide the possibility to study the effect of agronomic management practices on agricultural production activities in a given location. ... Read More Introduction Background: Crop simulation models provide the possibility to study the effect of agronomic management practices on agricultural production activities in a given location. The models are mechanistic and process-oriented that are able to simulate different agricultural systems (including arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran) through different sub-models (biological, environmental, managerial, and economic sub-models) connected with the main engine of the models. The APSIM-Barley model can be used to evaluate the management practices on barley crop. The current research was carried out to evaluate the APSIM-Barley model in relation to simulating the growth, development, and yield of three barley cultivars (Azaran, Jolgeh, and Bahman) under different conditions of nitrogen and irrigation supplies. Materials and methods In order to evaluate the APSIM-Barley model regarding simulating and quantifying the phenological stages, biomass, and grain yield of different barley cultivars, some independent experiment datasets were used. For crop model calibration, an experiment was conducted in a factorial split plot design at the Agricultural Research Center of Hamedan in 2019. The main factor consisted of three irrigation levels (30-40, 60-70, and 90-100% of the field capacity) and sub-factors included cultivar levels (Azran, Jolgeh, and Bahman as early, mid, and late cultivars, respectively) and three nitrogen levels (zero, medium, and optimum). For model validation, another series of independent datasets in different years consisting of published articles and research projects were used. For assessing the efficiency of the crop model and comparing the simulated and measured values, R2, nRMSE, d-index, and MBE indices were used and OriginPro software was considerd for all statistical analysis and drawing of figures.Results and Discussion The simulation results of APSIM-Barley model in the calibration step showed that nRMSE for days to flowering and maturity was 2.43 and 2.4%, respectively. Also, under full water and nitrogen conditions, nRMSE for the leaf area index of Azaran, Jolgeh and Bahman cultivars was 13.5, 14.1, and 10.7%, respectively, and under severe water and nitrogen stresses, it was 16.5, 18.6, and 26.5% respectively. At this step, and nRMSE and d-index for biomass and grain yield were 24.9% and 0.98 and 15.2% and 0.96, respectively. In model validation step, nRMSE, d-index, R2, MBE were 15.02%, 0.96, 0.82 and 0.34 t ha-1, respectively, for grain yield. ConclusionIn general, the results showed that the APSIM-Barley model was able to simulate the growth, development, and grain yield of different barley cultivars with acceptable accuracy under different water and nitrogen management conditions in different years and regions. Therefore, the APSIM-Barley model can be used as a reliable tool in future studies such as climate change assessment, yield gap analysis, agricultural zoning, and etc. by other researchers..

Evaluation of phenological characteristics, light consumption efficiency and growth indicators of rapeseed cultivars under the condition of no irrigation and increased levels of plant density

Hana Aboodeh; Abdelmahdi Bakhshandeh; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; SeyedAtaollah Siadat; Seyed Amir Moosavi

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, , Pages 37-52

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43064.2086

Abstract

IntroductionGrowth analysis has a significant perspective on the function of agricultural plants. In the early stages of plant growth, the growth indicators, including the leaf area ... Read More IntroductionGrowth analysis has a significant perspective on the function of agricultural plants. In the early stages of plant growth, the growth indicators, including the leaf area index, the growth rate of the product decreases, and then due to suitable vegetation, the absorption of light radiation is better, and the accumulation of plant dry matter also increases, and after that Due to aging and yellowing, the leaves are reduced. The amount of light radiation absorbed by the plant varies during the growth period, which depends on the leaf surface index and the arrangement of the leaves of the plant. Material and MethodsThe experiment was conducted in the research farm of Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2021-2022. In this research, the effect of three factors of irrigation interruption, cultivars and density was investigated in the form of factorial split with the base design of randomized complete blocks in three replications. The factor (no interruption of irrigation (control), interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering until the formation of 50% of the pod and interruption irrigation at the stage of pod formation until harvest the main factor, rapeseed cultivars Hayola 4815 and Aram and plant density per meter square (80, 110 and 140 plants per square meter) were considered as secondary factors. Results and DiscussionIrrigation interruption caused a decrease in growth indicators, including the amount of plant dry matter accumulation, leaf surface index, and leaf surface durability. The changes in harvest index and durability of leaf surface and accumulation of dry matter at the beginning of the development of leaves had a slow trend until a little before the appearance of inflorescences, but after that the slope of the mentioned parameters increased. During the experiment, changes in growth parameters including LAI, LAD, RGR, CGR and TDW were evaluated. At the beginning of the plant growth season, the growth rate of the product was low due to the lack of complete vegetation cover and proper light consumption efficiency. In all treatments, with the passage of time, the growth rate of the crop was gradually increasing and it reached the maximum value in the reproductive stages and then went through a decreasing process. The effects of stopping irrigation on dry weight were evident and the accumulation of dry matter was observed during the increasing time. which can be due to the increase in dry weight of stems, leaves and reproductive organs over time. Also The relative growth rate also showed an increasing trend with the increase of the leaf area index at first and then a decreasing trend. ConclusionIt seems that the second-stage irrigation interruption treatment at a density of 80 plants per square meter and Haiola 4815 variety, by maintaining more green area through more leaf surface durability and lower light consumption in the condition of irrigation interruption at the end of the growing season, was able to achieve a higher RUE100 compared to other treatments. to dedicate The highest seed yield (1572.61 kg per hectare) was obtained from the density of 110 plants per square meter and Hayola variety 4815..

Evaluation of pear seedlings P.betulifolia for tolerance to lime-induced chlorosis

Mitra Mirabdulbaghi; Hamid Abdollahi; Mahyar Tavusi; Ali Rezaei

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, , Pages 53-64

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45717.2137

Abstract

Introduction The aim of this research is to introduce the superior characteristics of P.betulifolia pear rootstock in comparison to the commercial Pyrodwarf (control) in terms of leaf ... Read More Introduction The aim of this research is to introduce the superior characteristics of P.betulifolia pear rootstock in comparison to the commercial Pyrodwarf (control) in terms of leaf parameters {leaf-N, -K, -Mg, Ca, -Fe, -Zn and leaf-B content; leaf area; chlorophyll (SPAD-Value); Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F0:minimum fluorescence; FM: maximum; fluorescence and value of photochemical capacity of photosystem 2 (FV/FM)}, growth traits (shoot length, diameter of shoot) under active lime tolerance in heavy-textured to clayey soils. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in a factorial design within the construction of a completely randomized blocks design, using pots. The factors included: 1- Soils with lime in the range of 15% (texture: clay-loam), 20% (texture: clay), 25% (texture: loam), and 45% (texture: sandy loam). 2- Rootstocks P.betulifolia, Pirrodwarf (as a control). In total, the experiment was carried out on 120 units (5 different levels of soil lime * 2 non-grafted rootstocks * 3 replications * 4 trunk of each studied rootstock/). Data analysis was performed using SPSS and SAS software, involving mean comparisons using Duncan’s method and determining regression relationships.The preparation of pots was carried out as follows: initially, drainage holes were created at the bottom of plastic pots and covered with gravel. Then, a layer of sand and gravel was added to the depth of the pots, followed by the application of animal manure. At this stage, the soils under study, representing different combinations of texture and lime treatments, were added to the 3-kilogram pots. Each pot’s soil composition consisted of 1/3 sand and gravel, 1/3 animal manure, and the remaining being the specified soil samples. Prior to commencing the experiment, the soil samples underwent chemical analysis to determine their general characteristics, including total neutralizing value (TNV), saturation pH, electrical conductivity, soil texture, and organic matter content. In this research, the “Chlorosis Power Index” (CPI) was employed using the formula: CPI = 10000 * (active lime) / (Fe, ppm) ² to estimate the intensity of chlorosis resulting from soil liming for the studied rootstocks. The iron content, extracted as active iron (Fe, ppm) ² using ammonium oxalate, was reported in milligrams per liter, while CPI was reported in milligrams per kilogram. Results P.betulifolia rootstock, compared to the control rootstock Pyrodwarf, showed lower sensitivity to the soil’s “Chlorosis Power Index.” Negative and significant regression relationships between the increase in the soil’s “Chlorosis Power Index” and the investigated traits were not observed in the P.betulifolia rootstock. Conclusion Notably, P.betulifolia demonstrated superior features, including active lime soil tolerance up to 45% lime (sandy loam texture and alkaline pH), in terms of leaf uptake of nutrients such as potassium, boron, total iron, and active iron, chlorophyll content, and growth traits like leaf length, leaf width, height, and trunk diameter.

Effect of foliar application of amino acids on some physiological processes of oil rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) under late-season drought stress conditions

Esmaeil Fayaz; ALI SOROOSHZADEH; Ali Heidarzadeh

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, , Pages 65-83

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45873.2138

Abstract

Introduction Oil rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) stands out as a precious oilseed plant cultivated globally, ranking as the third major source of oil production. The cultivation of this ... Read More Introduction Oil rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) stands out as a precious oilseed plant cultivated globally, ranking as the third major source of oil production. The cultivation of this plant is expanding due to its notable nutritional and economic advantages. However, the arid and semi-arid climate of Iran poses a challenge to rapeseed cultivation, particularly with the occurrence of water deficit stress towards the end of the season. Various strategies are employed to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress and enhance plant tolerance. One effective method involves the application of biological stimulants, such as amino acids. These compounds can stimulate plant growth and development, under optimal conditions and stress. Amino acids play direct and indirect roles in physiological metabolism, facilitating nutrient exchange and structural activities. This includes the augmentation of photosynthetic pigment concentration, enhancement of photosynthesis rate, and increased protein synthesis, particularly under stress conditions. In consideration of the significance of oil and the role of rapeseed in oil production, along with the challenges posed by drought stress during the reproductive growth stages of rapeseed, this study was conducted to examine the impact of foliar application of amino acids on the physiological parameters of oil rapeseed under conditions of irrigation interruption at the end of the season. Materials and methods This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of amino acids on the physiological characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic pigments of oil rapeseed under withholding irrigation at the end of the season (reproductive growth stage) as factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University, during the 2022-2023 growing season. The investigated factors were three levels of irrigation (full irrigation during the season, withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage, withholding irrigation from pod forming) and five levels of foliar spraying (no foliar spraying, zero foliar spraying (distilled water), one, two and three grams of amino acids per liter) in stem elongation, flower-bud emergence, and flowering stages. The experimental plots included four planting rows and three meters in length. In the field, one week after the last foliar spraying, photosynthetic and transpiration rates and various fluorescence parameters were measured using a portable gas exchange and Mini-PAM device, respectively. Moreover, pigments (including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid) in the fresh plant samples were determined in the laboratory. After ensuring the normality of the residual of data, statistical analysis was performed using SAS software (version 4.9.) to compare the average data. The LSD test was used at the five percent level. Results Physiological and biochemical traits were adversely impacted by water deficit stress, as evidenced by the withholding of irrigation. This stress condition significantly decreased various characteristics, including maximum photosystem efficiency, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and levels of photosynthetic pigments. However, applying amino acids via foliar spray mitigated the adverse effects of drought stress. The results indicated that the photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, intercellular CO2/ambient CO2 ratio, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly influenced by the interaction between drought stress and foliar application of amino acids. The results indicated that the foliar application of two grams of amino acids per liter significantly increased various physiological parameters compared to the control group. Specifically, it resulted in a 22% enhancement in the photosynthesis rate, an 80% improvement in stomatal conductance, a 30% elevation in transpiration rate, a 40% rise in chlorophyll b, and a 27% increase in carotenoid levels. Conversely, the foliar spraying of one gram of amino acids per liter yielded the highest levels of chlorophyll a and the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II. These values were 20% and 5.5%, respectively, different from those observed in the control group. Also, the highest grain yield was obtained under withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage (1440 kg ha-1), withholding irrigation from 50% flowering stage (2346 kg ha-1) and full irrigation during the season (4514 kg ha-1) with foliar application of 2 grams of amino acid per liter. Conclusion Based on the findings, the most favourable impact of foliar application of amino acids on the investigated traits was observed at a concentration of two grams per liter of water. Notably, the enhancement of these traits has a direct correlation with seed yield. Consequently, considering the substantial influence of these traits on the improvement of seed yield (22.4% and 61.4% under full irrigation and irrigation interruption conditions, respectively), the recommendation is to employ foliar spraying of two grams of amino acids per liter. This application is suggested to enhance rapeseed's physiological and biochemical characteristic across all three irrigation regimes, including full irrigation and interruption of irrigation from the flowering and budding stages.

Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative yield of some new sugar beet hybrids in Nir climatic conditions

Farhad Sanaii Niiri; salim farzaneh; Ali Asghari; Seyede Yalda Raeisi Sadati; Abazar Rajabi

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, , Pages 85-100

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45256.2131

Abstract

Introduction Today, after about 200 years of sugar beet history, about 40% of the sucrose needed by humans is supplied through this crop 1.8% of the country's sugar beet is produced ... Read More Introduction Today, after about 200 years of sugar beet history, about 40% of the sucrose needed by humans is supplied through this crop 1.8% of the country's sugar beet is produced in Ardabil province. Pathogens of sugar beet leaves and roots are among the factors that affect the quantity and quality of sugar beet products and in many cases prevent the development and even limit the cultivation of this product. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted to evaluate different quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet (20 hybrids) in the research field of Nair using a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019. For this study, 20 sugar beet monogerm hybrids that were produced in Ardabil Agricultural Research Station along with 9 paternal and maternal parents were used. To determine the effective traits on root and sugar yield and percentage of extractable sugar from cluster analysis and to determine the correlation coefficient Peberson method was used. Results The results showed that the characteristics of the percentage of green cover of the field, the number of plants and the amount of sodium and potassium at the probability level of five percent and the traits of number of total and branched roots, amount of harmful nitrogen, alkalinity coefficient, molasses sugar percentage, gross and pure sugar yield, root yield and green-yellowness score had a significant difference among the hybrids at the probability level of 1%. Also, for the attribute number of hybrid plant number 17 and number of roots of hybrid number 7, they were superior to other hybrids. In the current research, the maximum infection with rhizomania disease (13.7%) was observed in hybrid number 9, and the lowest amount belonged to two hybrids number 10 and 12. The highest amount of sodium and potassium was in hybrid 15, while hybrid number 20 had the highest amount of harmful nitrogen. Hybrid 3 had the highest alkalinity coefficient, while the highest percentage of molasses sugar belonged to hybrid 15. The highest yield of gross, pure and root sugar (respectively 10.69, 8.193 and 85.59 tons per hectare) was obtained from hybrid 12 and the lowest values belonged to hybrid 3. Conclusions In general, in terms of performance indicators, hybrids number 3, 12 and 15 were the most suitable hybrids compared to other hybrids.

Investigating integrated weed control on yield and yield components and qualitative traits of canola in rotation with corn

Negar Atashbar; Ali Monsefi; Esfandiar Fateh

Volume 47, Issue 1 , June 2024, , Pages 101-115

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.43934.2106

Abstract

Introduction Conservation tillage practices and the presence of crop residues on the soil surface have a positive effect on crop yields by reducing the germination and establishment ... Read More Introduction Conservation tillage practices and the presence of crop residues on the soil surface have a positive effect on crop yields by reducing the germination and establishment of weeds during crop growth. The presence of weeds is one of the most important factors that reduce agricultural products in the world and it leads to a large reduction in the yield of agricultural products. Weeds, as one of the effective limiting factors for canola cultivation, cause a decrease in the yield of canola due to the competition in absorbing the environmental resources of growth such as nutrients, radiation, and water. On the other hand, mixing weed seeds with canola reduces the quality of its oil. Therefore, this experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the integrated management of weeds and alternating plowing on the yield and some agricultural characteristics of canola in the conditions of Ahvaz. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of sequential tillage and weed management, research was conducted in the year 2021-2022 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz. The lay out of this research was an experimental design of split plots in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor of tillage in three levels: 1) zero tillage-zero tillage, 2) reduce tillage-conventional tillage and 3) Conventional tillage-zero tillage and the sub-plot of weed control in six levels: 1) control, 2) hand weeding, 3) cycloxidem herbicide 2 liters per hectare in installments of 15 and 30 days after sowing, 4) cycloxidem herbicide 2 liters per hectare at 30 days after sowing, 5) crop residues as surface mulch (maize @ 5 tons per hectare) and 6) crap residues + cycloxidem herbicide was 1.5 liters per hectare at 30 days after sowing. Statistical analysis of data was done using SAS software and comparison of averages with LSD method. Results and Discussion The results of the experiment showed that the highest seed number per silique, the highest seed yield, the highest biological yield, and the percentage of oil in the treatment were related to the mutual effects of conventional tillage and manual weeding. The highest silique number per plant and 1000 seeds weight were in the conditions of conventional tillage and the application of 2 liters of herbicide per hectare in installments. The highest rate of harvest index was obtained with 26.80 percent in the condition without tillage and the application of 2 liters of cycloxidum herbicide per hectare in installments. Conclusion The use of conventional tillage and the use of cycloxidum herbicide 2 liters per hectare in division along with manual weeding can be effective in controlling weeds and increasing crop yield. In other hand the use of integrated management of weeds and the use of an effective combination of different methods of weed control with sequential tillage, which is effective in terms of society and the environment, and can reduce the damage caused by weeds and burning of residue.

The effect of manure and humic acid fertilizer on ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) under salinity stress

Mahboobeh Sardar; Mohammad Ali Behdani; Seyd vahid Eslami; Gholam Reza Zamani

Volume 46, Issue 4 , March 2024, , Pages 491-505

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42864.2075

Abstract

Introduction Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important ... Read More Introduction Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, it threatens cotton production in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, it is possible to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress through application of organic fertilizers (manure and humic acid). In addition, Organic inputs can guarantee both agricultural production and nature conservation. The current approach is to employ the organic compounds like manure and humic acid (that are cost-effective and eco-friendly) as an appropriate substitute for chemical fertilizers.Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out to assess the effect of manure and humic acid application on some elements accumulation and ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) (cotton leaves) under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in the 2019-2020 cropping year in Beshravieh city in South Khorasan. The main plot included different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m-1) and sub-plots consisted of a factorial combination of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/ 100 kg of seeds as priming). In order to measure the concentration of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) elements, it was done using a flame photometer and chlorine concentration based on the method provided by Johnson and Ulrich (1995). In order to assess the cotton yield, the yield of two consecutive harvests were added together and was considered as the seed cotton yield of each experimental unit. Results and DiscussionThe results of the present study illustrated that the salinity stress increased Na+ and Cl- concentration in cotton leaves and consequently decreased K+ concentration. The increase of salinity stress from 2.5 to 5.5 and 8.5 dSm-1 caused a significant decrease in seed cotton yield. Manure application treatment increased Na+ (13.45%), K+ (2.67%), Cl- (18.30%) concentration in the leaves and seed cotton yield (13/90 %) compared to the no use of manure. Humic acid application treatment decreased Na+ (3.08%), Cl- (9.78%) concentration and increased K+ concentration (4.17%) and cotton yield (9/15 %) and improved the growth conditions compared to the treatment of no use of humic acid. The application of manure (before planting) and humic acid (as priming treatment) increased the seed cotton yield by improving the accumulation of beneficial elements in the leaves under salinity stress conditions. ConclusionBased on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the application of manure and humic acid (priming) moderated the negative effects of salinity stress on seed cotton yield. In addition, manure and humic acid can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and salinity stress in hot and dry climates. Therefore, manure and humic acid (organic fertilizers) are recommended to be applied under (environmental stresses) salinity stress conditions to mitigate the effects of salt stress and obtain a higher seed cotton yield.

The role of foliar application of plant-derived smoke on yield and growth characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)

Amene Akbarzade sharafi; Saeid Jalali Honarmand; Hamidreza Chaghazardi; Mohammad Eghbal Ghobadi

Volume 46, Issue 4 , March 2024, , Pages 523-537

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44408.2114

Abstract

IntroductionFood security concerns have necessitated the increase in agricultural production due to the ever-increasing world population, projected to exceed 9.6 billion people by 2050. ... Read More IntroductionFood security concerns have necessitated the increase in agricultural production due to the ever-increasing world population, projected to exceed 9.6 billion people by 2050. It has been reported that various physicochemical contents of plants are increased by the solution of plant smoke. The biologically active compounds of smoke are soluble in water and in very low concentrations, they cause significant physiological responses in plants. These compounds can be used in the form of aqueous extract under the name of water smoke, by designing a device based on previous research in this field. Through various studies, it has been reported that the smoke enhancing activity is due to the presence of karrikin compounds (KARs). Materials and methodsThis research was carried out in a factorial experiment in base of randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications in the research farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, in the crop years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. The factors included irrigated wheat cultivars (Mihan and Sirvan) and foliar application with a concentration of one liter per hectare in the phenological growth stages of wheat at eleven levels including no application (control), application in the stages of double ridge, second node detectable, ear emergence, anthesis, double ridge + second node detectable, double ridge + ear emergence, double ridge + anthesis, second node detectable + ear emergence, second node detectable + anthesis, ear emergence + anthesis. The studied traits in this research include seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, seed per spike, 1000-seed weight, seed filling duration and seed filling speed. Result and discussionThe results of this study showed that the maximum seed filling speed in foliar application at the stage of second node detectable was average (1.38 mg. day-1) in both Mihan and Sirvan cultivars, and the maximum weight of 1000-seed weight (48.93 g) in Mihan cultivar in foliar application at the stage of ear emergence was obtained, also foliar application in the stage of double ridge + second node detectable had the highest harvest index with average (45.79%) and seed filling duration with average (48.51 days) All of which were in the Mihan cultivar. Foliar application in the stages of double ridge + second node detectable and anthesis caused the highest seed yield with average (6.02 t. ha-1). The maximum number of seeds per spike with average (55.83) and biological yield with average (15.61 t. ha-1) was related to foliar application at the stage of double ridge + ear emergence in Mihan cultivar. ConclusionSmoke water has the necessary potential to increase the quantity of wheat. If the results of this research are confirmed in other researches, it can be recommended to use water smoke as a practical and low-cost technology, especially for poor farmers in developing countries..

Respose of corn growth and yield characteristics to different rounds of irrigation in the soil contains Apirus and Atlantis herbicide residues

Narges Saaedi; Kamal Hajmohammadnia Ghalibaf; Ali Ghanbari; Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi

Volume 46, Issue 4 , March 2024, , Pages 539-552

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44963.2126

Abstract

Introduction Maize (Zea mays L.) is an annual plant from the Poaceae family, which ranks third among crops due to its special characteristics, including a wide range of adaptation ... Read More Introduction Maize (Zea mays L.) is an annual plant from the Poaceae family, which ranks third among crops due to its special characteristics, including a wide range of adaptation in tropical and subtropical climates. In recent years, herbicides that inhibit the action of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase and Acetolactate synthase have been widely used to control narrow leaves. One of the significant consequences of these herbicides being released into the environment is their persistence in the soil. This issue, along with the harmful effects on the activity of microorganisms and stability in the soil ecosystem, poses a serious threat to crop rotation, as their gradual leaching and runoff can lead to underground and surface water pollution. Materials and Methods This experiment aimed to investigate the residual effect of Acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides on some growth and yield characteristics of corn in different rounds of irrigation was conducted at Shadid Beheshti of Andimshek Agro-industrial Company in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. The Acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides used in wheat were Atlantis herbicide (Mesosulfuron-methyl+ iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, OD 1.2%, 1.5 L ha-1), Apirus herbicide (Sulfosulfuron, WG 75%, 26.6 g.ha-1), weedy check, and weed-free check as main-plot and different rounds of irrigation (one, two, three, and four rounds between wheat harvest to corn sowing) as sub plot were examined using a split-plot design with randomized complete block design with four replications. The investigated traits included plant length, number of leaves, ear length, ear diameter, number of rows per ear, number of seeds per row, 100 seeds weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, and herbicide carryover in the soil. Results and Discussion The analysis of variance revealed that the application of herbicide and irrigation rounds significantly affected the assessed traits of corn. The highest values for plant length, number of leaves, ear length, ear diameter, number of rows per ear, number of seeds per row, 100 seeds weight, seed yield, and biological yield were observed in the weed-free check with four rounds of irrigation. The weedy check with one round of irrigation had the lowest values for these traits. Increasing the irrigation rounds reduced the negative effect of Acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides on corn plants, and Atlantis herbicide demonstrated a more destructive effect compared to Apirus herbicide. Examination of herbicide carryover in the soil indicated higher residues of Atlantis herbicide compared to Apirus herbicide, resulting in a more detrimental impact on corn plants. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, Apirus herbicide, with better weed control in corn fields and lower soil stability, had a less negative effect on corn plants compared to Atlantis herbicide. The findings from the two years of testing supported this conclusion. Additionally, it was observed that increasing soil moisture through more rounds of irrigation reduced herbicide carryover in the soil and consequently minimized their negative effects on corn plants. Therefore, based on the results of this experiment, it seems that in the rotation of wheat-corn, the use of Apirus herbicide in wheat cultivation to control weeds, as well as the implementation of a rounder irrigation method for corn, can lead to a better corn yield compared to the use of Atlantis herbicide. .

Reducing the physiological effects of heat stress at the end of the growing season by using boron in three varieties of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Seyyed Mohammad Mola; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; Ali Moshattati; Ali Ghatei; Nafiseh Rangzan

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 367-380

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43212.2091

Abstract

IntroductionAmong the most common problems and stress in the conditions of Khuzestan province, heat stress at the end of the season and the deficiency of nutrients, which occurs in ... Read More IntroductionAmong the most common problems and stress in the conditions of Khuzestan province, heat stress at the end of the season and the deficiency of nutrients, which occurs in different periods of rapeseed growth, depending on their severity, causes physiological and metabolic disorders and ultimately reduces the yield of rapeseed plants with different intensity depending on the type of plant genotype, they affect Materials and MethodsWith the aim of evaluating the growth and yield response of rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napus) to boron element levels in late season heat stress conditions caused by late sowings dates, this study was carried out in a split-split plot arrangement in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The expeiment was carried out in the crop year of 2021-2022 in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Sowings dates (November 21, December 11, and December 31) in the main plots, four levels of boron (zero, 4, 8, and 12 kg/ha) in the subplots and rapeseed cultivars (RGS, Zafar, and Saffar) in the sub-sub-plots were investigated. Results and DiscussionThe results of the research showed that sowing date and end of season heat stress in Khuzestan conditions had a significant effect on most of the studied physiological traits, seed yield and biological yield. In addition, the effect of boron on traits such as leaf area index, leaf area ratio, and relative moisture content of leaf water, leakage of electrolytes, grain yield and biological performance was significant. The triple interaction effect of planting date, boron and variety was also significant on traits such as relative moisture content of leaf water, leakage of electrolytes, grain yield, and biological performance. So that with the delay in planting and the consequent increase in temperature and heat stress at the end of the season in the period of growth of the rapeseed plant, it causes a decrease in traits such as leaf area index, relative moisture content of leaf water, leaf area ratio, leaf specific area, seed yield and biological yield. And conversely, due to the heat stress at the end of the season, the leakage of electrolytes and the canopy temperature increased significantly. In general, the highest seed yield was obtained in Safar variety on the sowing date of December 11 and the boron level was 4 kg/ha with an average of 4590 kg/ha. Also, the highest average leaf area index was observed on the first sowing date and Safar variety with an average of 5.43 and the lowest value was observed on the third sowing date and Safar variety with an average of 2.11. It was also observed that the application of boron caused a significant decrease in the leaf area index in all three studied cultivars. This issue can indicate the lower need of boron consumption of the studied cultivars in this experiment. ConclusionIn general, the heat stress at the end of the season, which occurs in different periods of rapeseed growth, especially the seed filling period, depending on its intensity, causes physiological disorders in the plant and finally affects the grain yield with different intensity and depending on the genotype of the plant. The analyzed rapeseed genotypes also showed tolerance to different levels of boron element in the heat stress conditions of the end of the season and showed different reactions with different amounts of boron consumption per hectare

Effect of iron oxide and iron chelate nanofertilizers and different sizes of micro-tubers on yield and yield components of potato (Solanum tubersum L.)

Mohsen Pourahmadi; reza zarghami; Marjan Dyanat; Ali Mohammadi torkashvand

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 381-395

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.44309.2112

Abstract

IntroductionIn terms of harvested land area, potato ranks fourth in the world after wheat, corn and rice. In addition to providing energy and good quality protein, it is also considered ... Read More IntroductionIn terms of harvested land area, potato ranks fourth in the world after wheat, corn and rice. In addition to providing energy and good quality protein, it is also considered as a source of vitamin C and minerals. Despite the fact that iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust, only a small amount of iron can be used by plants in well-ventilated soils. Therefore, iron deficiency is one of the factors limiting the growth and development of plants. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out in a factorial trial in the base of a completely randomized design in three replications in a greenhouse conditions of Agricultural Research Institute of Hamedan (Jorqan) during the crop years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2029. The experimental factors include the weight levels of microtuber at three levels of 3-1, 3-5 and 5-10 grams and different iron fertilizers at seven levels, control, iron chelate in the form of soil consumption at the rate of 20 micromolar, nano iron oxide in the form of soil consumption to The amount of 20 micromolar was 1 and 2% foliar spraying of iron chelate and 1 and 2% nano iron oxide foliar spraying. The internal temperature of the greenhouse was provided by adjusting the air conditioning system and central heating in the range of 18 to 20 °C at night and 26 to 28 degrees during the day. The humidity of the greenhouse was also 60-65%. At the end of the experiment, after processing the crop, the plants were harvested and the yield and yield components were determined. Leaf greenness index in this experiment using SPAD device (Minolta 502 model) using three fully developed terminal leaves from ten plants in the budding stage in the middle part of the leaf on one side of the main vein, at 9:30 to 10:00 in the morning. It was measured in order to minimize daily changes. To measure the percentage of dry matter, 200 grams of tubers were randomly selected from each treatment, then the tubers were chopped and placed in an oven at a temperature of 75 degrees Celsius, and after their weight was fixed, they were weighed again. Then, based on the ratio of fresh and dry weight of the tubers, the percentage of dry matter of the tubers was determined (Hagman and Martenssen, 2009). Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the height of the plant, the number of stems per plant, the number of tubers per plant, the weight of tubers, the weight of tubers per plant, the percentage of dry matter and the greenness index increased with the increase in the weight of microtubers, and the most improvement in the morphological and qualitative characteristics of potato in microtubers. 5-10 grams were observed. With the application of iron chelate and nano iron oxide fertilizers, potato yield and yield components increased. The maximum tuber weight in the plant was shown in the treatments of 20 micromolar nano iron oxide and 2% nano iron oxide. The highest tuber weight in the plant in the 1-3 gram microtuber is 405.23 grams related to the consumption of 20 micromolar nano iron oxide, in the 3-5 gram microtuber is 444.61 grams related to the application of 2% iron chelate solution and in the microtuber 5-10 grams in the amount of 556.92, 544.52, 482.6 and 465.82 grams corresponding to the treatments of 20 micromolar nano iron oxide, foliar spraying of 2% nano iron oxide, foliar spraying of 1% nano iron oxide and solution The application was 2% iron chelate ConclusionMicrotuber 5-10 grams was able to acquire the best size of microtuber due to having suitable nutrients and accelerating the greening of plants and increasing photosynthesis and providing nutrients. The application of nano iron oxide fertilizer was more effective in improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of potatoes compared to iron chelate..

Response of grain ‎yield, and grain Zn and P content of wheat to seed-priming with Zn under different P ‎fertilizer rate application

Elham Rahnavadi; Mohammad Javad Zarea; Alireza Toolabi

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 397-410

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43941.2105

Abstract

Introduction Priming seed with nutrients may improve crop growth and yield. Nutrient seed priming is an easy, efficient, potential technique adopted widely by farmers and researchers ... Read More Introduction Priming seed with nutrients may improve crop growth and yield. Nutrient seed priming is an easy, efficient, potential technique adopted widely by farmers and researchers to improve seedling growth, standing establishment and grain yield as well as quality of crop plants. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Zn-seed priming and P application on Zn and P content in ‎grains of a winter wheat under rain-fed condition.‎ Materials and MethodsThe present study consisted of two main treatments: seed priming (Hydro priming and seed priming with Zn) and P fertilizer level (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P ha-1). The experiment was a 2×4 factorial combination of priming and P fertilizer. Experiment carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Yield and yield components and nutrient (Zn and P) concentration in seeds were evaluated in response to Zn-priming and P fertilizer. Field experiment conducted under dryland farming during wheat growing season (2021-2022) in Ilam province. Seeds were primed with water (hydro-priming) or 0.3% (W/V) ‎ZnSO4.7H2O solution (Zn-seed priming) for 10 h. P fertilizer was applied to the soil before seed sowing. Control treatment received no P application. Results and DiscussionSeed priming with ZnSO4.7H2O solution for 10 hours resulted in a significant increase in total zinc content of primed seeds compared to non primed group. Priming seeds for 10 h significantly increased (16-fold) primed Zn content in seeds as compared to hydro-primed seeds. Seeds priming and P fertilizer had a significant effect on grain yield of the wheat cultivar (Rijaw) tested in the present study. The number of spike plant-1 was not significantly affected by Zn-priming treatment. Priming seeds with Zn significantly enhanced thousand-grain weight. Seed number per spike was also significantly affected by Zn priming treatment. Plant grown from Zn-primed seeds exhibited higher number of seed per spike. Harvest index was significantly affected by Zn priming. Zn-primed plants showed higher harvest index than control plants. Yield components were also affected by dose of P fertilizer application. Grain weights, seed number per spike and harvest index were increased due to applied P fertilizer. P application of 60 kg per ha was the best in terms of enhanced seed weight, seed number per spike and harvest index. However, spike number was not significantly affected by P application rate. Result of the present study showed a significant interaction between Z priming and P application for seed number per spike, grain yield as well as Zn and P content in seeds. Application of 60 kg P ha-1 resulted in increase in seed P content and grain yield. Application of P fertilizer, especially at the highest rate (60 kg ha-1), significantly reduced Zn concentration in grains. The maximum grain yield was achieved by application of 60 kg P ha-1 and Zn-seed priming. Plants grown from Zn-primed seeds had lower P content in grain. Results showed that applied Zn via seed priming increased Zn content in grain. ConclusionResults of the present study showed that the benefit effects of priming with Zn depend on the P application rate. P application at higher rate significantly reduced Zn content in grain and increase P concentration in seeds. Zn priming has a promoted effect on elevation Zn content in wheat cultivars. However, applied P, especially at the highest rate, decreased Zn concentration in seeds.

Comparison of the effect of different methods and levels of irrigation and fertilization on the yield and morphophysiological characteristics of fodder maize

Zhaleh Zarei; Hassan Heidari; Saeid Jalali Honarmand; Ali Bafkar

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 411-426

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44098.2109

Abstract

IntroductionImproper management of irrigation and fertilizing methods cause large amounts of chemical fertilizers to be removed from the reach of plants and enter water sources through ... Read More IntroductionImproper management of irrigation and fertilizing methods cause large amounts of chemical fertilizers to be removed from the reach of plants and enter water sources through leaching.Materials and MethodsThe research was conducted in the Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University. The experiment was carried out in two crop years (2020-2021) and factorial in the randomized complete block design with three replicates. Experimental treatments included four levels of irrigation (wick irrigation, furrow irrigation with 50, 70, and 100% of the plant's water requirement) and two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (50 and 100% of the recommended fertilizer through urea). In the wick irrigation method, fertilizer was provided to the plant through tanks and in solution. While in the furrow irrigation method, fertilizer was used as topdressing. The amount of urea fertilizer required for each treatment was calculated based on the soil test. CROPWAT 8.0 program and Penman-Monteith method were used to calculate the volume of water consumption and potential evapotranspiration (ETo). The studied traits included number of nodes, internode length, number of yellow leaves, number of green leaves, total number of leaves, plant height, ear height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf area index, specific leaf weight, fresh fodder yield, dry fodder yield, water consumption, the relationship between water consumption and fresh fodder yield, and the relationship between water consumption and dry fodder yield. Data were compared using LSD test at the 5% probability level.Results and DiscussionThe results of variance analysis showed that the number of yellow leaves, ear height, leaf area index, leaf area, specific leaf weight, fresh forage yield, and dry forage yield were affected by year, fertilizer, and irrigation treatments. The interaction effect of fertilizer and irrigation on the total number of leaves, stem diameter, and plant height was significant. The mean comparison showed that wick irrigation with 100% fertilizer consumption had the highest stem diameter and plant height at the 5% probability level. In each year, there was a slight difference between the treatments in terms of ‎dry fodder yield. In the first year, wick irrigation with 100% fertilizer had ‎higher dry fodder yield compared to furrow irrigation with 50% water ‎consumption and 50 or 100% fertilizer consumption and wick irrigation with 50% ‎fertilizer consumption. In the second year, wick irrigation with 100% ‎fertilizer consumption was superior to furrow irrigation with 70% water ‎consumption and 100% fertilizer consumption and furrow irrigation with 50% ‎water and 50% fertilizer consumption. In the first year, furrow irrigation with 100% water consumption and 100% fertilizer and wick irrigation with 100% fertilizer had more leaf area index than other treatments. The water consumption in the wick irrigation method was less than that of the furrow irrigation with 70% of the plant's water requirement. The reduction of water consumption in the wick method can be due to the reduction of the wet surface of the soil, which reduces evaporation, because this irrigation method spreads water on a limited surface.ConclusionIn total, wick irrigation with 50% fertilizer consumption was recommended as the best treatment due to the saving in water (58%) and fertilizer. Although wick irrigation has a higher cost than furrow irrigation, but due to the dry climate of Iran and the high value of water, this irrigation method is useful.

Response of camellia yield and yield components to planting date and distance in Mazandaran province

Faezeh Zaefarian; Hamidreza Ghorbani; Parastoo Majidian; Mohammad Kaveh

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 427-440

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44449.2117

Abstract

IntroductionThe production of oilseeds plays a significant role in saving currency, accelerating the process of economic development, security and food independence of the country. ... Read More IntroductionThe production of oilseeds plays a significant role in saving currency, accelerating the process of economic development, security and food independence of the country. Camellia (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) from Brassicaceae family, is able to grow in different weather and soil conditions and requires less water, fertilizer and pesticides than other oilseeds. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of introducing this plant and evaluating its yield potential and cultivation compatibility in Mazandaran.Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design in four replications at Bayekola Agricultural Research Station (Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center). Six sowing dates (November 5, November 21, December 5, December 21, January 4 and January 19) and five planting distances (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 cm) were selected as the study factors.Results and DiscussionThe results of analysis of variance showed that the treatments of planting distance and planting date had a significant effect on different traits of camellia plant. Plant height, number of sub-branches and biological yield were influenced by the interaction effect of the studied factors. The highest plant height values were observed on the planting date of November 15 and at 20 and 30 cm intervals (125.5 and 124.75 cm, respectively). Also, the characteristics of seed yield, days to flowering, days to maturity, the number of seeds in a pod and 1000 grain weight were affected by sowing date factor, and the traits of days to flowering, days to maturity and 1000 grain weight were affected by planting distance factor.ConclusionIn the field of seed production and obtaining more seed yield, although the planting dates of November 5 to December 5 did not have significant differences with each other; but the planting date of November 21 is the best possible planting date due to the highest seed yield and the higher number of seeds in the pod. Also, the treatment combination of planting distance of 25 cm and planting date of December 5 with high biological yield can be a suitable treatment combination..

Investigating the rapeseed yield gap in Dehloran

Marzieh Absalan; Esfandiar Fateh; َAmir Aynehband; Abolfazl Derakhshan

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, , Pages 455-472

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.43006.2082

Abstract

IntroductionAs suitable agricultural land for increasing crop production is decreasing, while the expansion of agricultural land is associated with irreparable damage to the environmen, ... Read More IntroductionAs suitable agricultural land for increasing crop production is decreasing, while the expansion of agricultural land is associated with irreparable damage to the environmen, intensifying sustainability in existing agricultural land is the only way to increase production to meet the increasing demand for food resources. Therefore, investigating the biophysical limitations on yield and estimating yield gaps in the cultivated lands, as well as reducing this gap, is one of the ways to increase the yield per unit area. After soybean, rapeseed is the world's second produced oilseed. Ilam province is one of the most important oilseeds producer regions of the country, including rapeseed, and about 80% of the rapeseed crop of this province is produced in the border city of Dehloran, and this city is one of the pioneer cities and the main pole of rapeseed production in the province. Therefore, according to the importance of rapeseed in Deholran city, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the limiting factors of rapeseed production in Dehloran. Materials and MethodsIn the present study, all the management operations were performed from seedbed preparation to harvesting in 51 farms were recorded through field studies during the years 2021 to 2022. In this study, the yield gap was estimated by the method of yield comparison analysis and borderline analysis, and to determine the yield model, the relationship between quantitative and qualitative variables was measured and yield was evaluated by step-by-step regression method. Results and DiscussionDetermining the limiting factors on rapeseed production in the studied area showed that there was a gap between the actual yield of farmers and the yield predicted by the model of about 833.54 kgha-1, which was the contribution of the variables of potash fertilizer consumption, sulfur consumption, and the number of irrigations. The consumption of micronutrients from this yield interval was equal to 102.99, 118.56, 442.20 and 169.79 kgha-1, which is equivalent to 12.36, 14.22, 53.05 and 37, respectively. 20% of the total yield gap was observed. Gap analysis of rapeseed yield showed that the number of irrigations alone accounts for 53% of yield reduction compared to attainable yields.ConclusionAs, there is a need to irrigate the field in the very early planting date in October, it seems that with better management of rapeseed for this planting date in the region, the occurrence of drought stress can be reduced to the plant and to some extent fill the gap in the existing yield. In addition, 57% of the yield gaps in the region were related to the use of potash, sulfur and micronutrient fertilizers, which can be easily removed this limitations in the fields.

The effect of nitrogen application on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of barley mixed with vetch

Hossein Neyestani; Hamid Abbasdokht; Ahmad Gholami

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 171-183

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42974.2080

Abstract

Introduction One of the main goals of sustainable agriculture is controlling soil erosion, stabilizing yield in unfavorable conditions and increasing yield in favorable environmental ... Read More Introduction One of the main goals of sustainable agriculture is controlling soil erosion, stabilizing yield in unfavorable conditions and increasing yield in favorable environmental conditions, and finally creating diversity and stability in agricultural ecosystems. Mixed cultivation is a part of crop rotation program in sustainable farming systems. One of the most important advantages of mixed cultivation over pure cultivation is that in the mixed state, the plants show more compatibility together and increases the total yield. Among the different types of mixed cropping systems that are currently used by farmers, one-year mixed cropping systems are more economical and are of interest to most farmers. It also includes many positive aspects including increasing yield and increasing land equivalent ratio. Materials and Methods In order to study the production potential and competitive ability of barley and vetch plants in the mixed cropping pattern under the influence of different planting patterns and nitrogen use, an experiment was conducted in the crop year 2017-2018 in Shirvan Rain Research Station of North Khorasan Province. The experiment was in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design. The main factor includes nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 kilograms per hectare) and the secondary factor of different cultivation patterns at five levels (pure barley, pure vetch, incremental ratios of 15, 30 and 45% of vetch plant increase to barley plant density). And the cultivation was of a mixed and incremental type. Results and Discussion According to the results of the experiment, the highest value of 1000-grains weight in the treatment of pure barley cultivation and the use of 50 and 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare (52.75 grams) and in the treatment of mixed cultivation of 100:30 and in the absence of nitrogen use, the lowest value of 1000-garins weight ( 45 grams), the highest number of seeds per spike in nitrogen 100 kg per hectare and mixed cultivation 100:30 with an average of 17.25 and the least amount of this trait in the treatment of no use of nitrogen and pure barley cultivation with an average of 10.8 seeds It was at the peak. Also, the highest seed yield was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg (1515 kg) and the lowest was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the fertilizer treatment of no nitrogen use (732.5 kg). The mixture of 45:100 and 50 kg of nitrogen had the highest amount (1.158). Conclusion According to the results of LER, the use of vetch as a nitrogen-fixing species along with the consumption of 50 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare can be effective to achieve the optimal yield.

The effect of using of different levels of biological, chemical and manuare fertilizers on macro elements and some quantitative traits of forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica L.)

Fatemeh Fateminick; khosro Azizi; Soraya Ghasemi; Omidali Akbarpour

Volume 46, Issue 2 , September 2023, , Pages 185-198

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43071.2084

Abstract

Introduction The forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) belongs to the Cactaceae family, which is a xerophyte plant with a rapid growth rate and is well adapted to arid climates. This ... Read More Introduction The forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) belongs to the Cactaceae family, which is a xerophyte plant with a rapid growth rate and is well adapted to arid climates. This cactus, which is also known as prickly pear or rocket cactus, although it produces high yields in fertile soils with sufficient water, but also produces significantly in poor soils with low water levels. Since nutrients such as nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and potassium are very important in the diet of livestock, in this experiment, the nutritional value of this plant was investigated by evaluating these elements in forage cactus. The importance of producing fodder plants and improving their quality under the influence of nitrogen and manure fertilizers, this research with a sustainable agriculture approach to investigate the effect of different proportions of organic and chemical fertilizers especially nitrogen and their interaction on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forage cactus were done. Materials and Methods To investigate the effect of using biological, chemical and manure fertilizers on Separate and integrated tests were carried out on some forage cactus traits during two cropping years (2019 and 2020). The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of these fertilizers on the percentage of nutrients and some quantitative characteristics of forage cactus in the form of a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications and the factors including biofertilizer treatments: MY1: use of mycorrhiza and MY0: no use of mycorrhiza and four levels of manure, respectively: M0: no use of manure, M1: use of 10 tons per hectare of manure, M2: use of 20 tons per hectare of manure, M3: use of 30 tons per hectare of manure and four levels of nitrogen chemical fertilizer (urea), respectively, including treatments N0: no use of urea, N1: use of 100 kilograms per hectare of urea, N2: use of 200 kilograms per hectare of urea, N3: use of 300 kilograms per hectare of urea and the treatment of not using mycorrhizal biofertilizer; Urea chemical fertilizer and manure were used as control treatments. The distance between rows was 50 cm and between rows was 50 cm. A distance of 1.5 meters between plots and 3 meters between repetitions was created to create an irrigation stream and a waste water outlet stream. The size of each plot was 6 square meters (4 × 1.5) with 4 crop lines and the plant density was 3.33 per square meter. The main pad for planting was prepared from a three-year base and was prepared and transferred from the research farm affiliated with ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas) in Mehran city, belonging to the Agricultural Research Center of Ilam province. The measured traits were as follows: Pad length, pad width, dry forage yield, total pad number, nitrogen percentage, phosphorus percentage, potassium percentage and calcium percentage. Results and Discussion The results showed that the highest dry forage yield was obtained in the treatment at combined use of M3N3 in comparison with the control treatment (no use of fertilizer) with the lowest amount. The mentioned treatment improved the dry forage yield by approximately 75%, , compared to the control treatment. The best results after this treatment are in the combined M3N2, M2N3 and M2N2 obtained. The traits of Ca percentage, P percentage, K percentage, N percentage, the total number of pad and the length and width of each pad showed favorable results in the integrated application of manure and nitrogen, and the integrated application of manure and chemical was significant on all the experimental traits. Conclusion The results of this research showed that the effect of using mycorrhizal biofertilizer was effective only on the amount of phosphorus and on other measured traits. It was not significant and because no significant difference was observed between treatments using mycorrhiza and not using it; because the cactus plant is perennial, it is recommended that the study regarding the use of mycorrhizal fungi and the process of quantitative and qualitative changes of this plant be further investigated in multi-year and long-term supplementary experiments.

Volume 47 (2024)

Volume 46 (2023)

Volume 45 (2022)

Volume 44 (2021)

Volume 43 (2020)

Volume 42 (2019)

Volume 41 (2018)

Volume 40 (2017)

Volume 39 (2016)

Volume 38 (2015)

Volume 37 (2014)

Volume 36 (2013)

Volume 35 (2012)

Volume 34 (2011)

Volume 33 (2010)

Volume 32 (2009)

Main Subjects = A: Agronomy

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